Mitochondrial Small Heat Shock Proteins Are Essential for Normal Growth of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Mitochondria play important roles in the plant stress responses and the detoxification of the reactive oxygen species generated in the electron transport chain. Expression of genes encoding stress-related proteins such as the mitochondrial small heat shock proteins (M-sHSP) is upregulated in response to different abiotic stresses. In Arabidopsis thaliana, three M-sHSPs paralogous genes were identified, although their function under physiological conditions remains elusive. The aim of this work is to uncover the in vivo function of all three M-sHSPs at the whole plant level. To accomplish this goal, we analyzed the phenotype, proteomic, and metabolic profiles of Arabidopsis knock-down lines of M-sHSPs (single, double, and triple knock-down lines) during normal plant growth. The triple knock-down plants showed the most prominent altered phenotype at vegetative and reproductive stages without any externally applied stress. They displayed chlorotic leaves, growth arrest, and low seed production. Concomitantly, they exhibited increased levels of sugars, proline, and citric, malic, and ascorbic acid, among other metabolites. In contrast, single and double knock-down plants displayed a few changes in their phenotype. A redundant function among the three M-sHSPs is indicated by the impairment in vegetative and reproductive growth associated with the simultaneous loss of all three M-sHSPs genes. The triple knock-down lines showed alteration of proteins mainly involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant defense compared to the control plants. On the other hand, heat stress triggered a distinct cytosolic response pattern and the upregulation of other sHSP members, in the knock-down plants. Overall, depletion of all three M-sHSPs in Arabidopsis severely impacted fundamental metabolic processes, leading to alterations in the correct plant growth and development. These findings expand our knowledge about the contribution of organelle-specific M-sHSPs to healthy plant growth under non-stress conditions.

Regulatory motifs found in the small heat shock protein (sHSP) gene family in tomato.

BACKGROUND: In living organisms, small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are triggered in response to stress situations. This family of proteins is large in plants and, in the case of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), 33 genes have been identified, most of them related to heat stress response and to the ripening process. Transcriptomic and proteomic studies have revealed complex patterns of expression for these genes. In this work, we investigate the coregulation of these genes by performing a computational analysis of their promoter architecture to find regulatory motifs known as heat shock elements (HSEs). We leverage the presence of sHSP members that originated from tandem duplication events and analyze the promoter architecture diversity of the whole sHSP family, focusing on the identification of HSEs. RESULTS: We performed a search for conserved genomic sequences in the promoter regions of the sHSPs of tomato, plus several other proteins (mainly HSPs) that are functionally related to heat stress situations or to ripening. Several computational analyses were performed to build multiple sequence motifs and identify transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) homologous to HSF1AE and HSF21 in Arabidopsis. We also investigated the expression and interaction of these proteins under two heat stress situations in whole tomato plants and in protoplast cells, both in the presence and in the absence of heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2). The results of these analyses indicate that different sHSPs are up-regulated depending on the activation or repression of HsfA2, a key regulator of HSPs. Further, the analysis of protein-protein interaction between the sHSP protein family and other heat shock response proteins (Hsp70, Hsp90 and MBF1c) suggests that several sHSPs are mediating alternative stress response through a regulatory subnetwork that is not dependent on HsfA2. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, this study identifies two regulatory motifs (HSF1AE and HSF21) associated with the sHSP family in tomato which are considered genomic HSEs. The study also suggests that, despite the apparent redundancy of these proteins, which has been linked to gene duplication, tomato sHSPs showed different up-regulation and different interaction patterns when analyzed under different stress situations.

Increase of stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis via a novel food-grade vector expressing a shsp gene from Streptococcus thermophilus

The effects of the expression of a small heat shock protein (shsp) gene from Streptococcus thermophilus on stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis under different environmental stresses were investigated in this study. pMG36e-shsp, an expression vector, was first constructed by inserting a shsp open reading frame (ORF) cloned from S. thermophilus strain St-QC into pMG36e. Then, a food-grade expression vector, pMG-shsp, was generated by deleting the erythromycin resistance gene from pMG36e-shsp. The transformation rate of pMG-shsp was comparable to that of pMG36e-shsp when each of these two vectors was introduced into L. lactis. These results demonstrated that the shsp ORF could successfully used as a food-grade selection marker in both pMG-shsp and pMG36e-shsp. Furthermore, the growth characteristics were almost the same between L. lactis ML23 transformants harboring pMG36e or pMG-shsp. The survival rate of L. lactis ML23 expressing the shsp ORF were increased to 0.032%, 0.006%, 0.0027%, 0.03%, and 0.16% under the following environmental stresses: heat, acid, ethanol, bile salt and H2O2, respectively. These results indicated that the expression of the shsp gene in the food-grade vector pMG-shsp conferred resistance to environmental stresses without affecting the growth characteristics of L. lactis ML23.

Increase of stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis via a novel food-grade vector expressing a shsp gene from Streptococcus thermophilus.

The effects of the expression of a small heat shock protein (shsp) gene from Streptococcus thermophilus on stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis under different environmental stresses were investigated in this study. pMG36e-shsp, an expression vector, was first constructed by inserting a shsp open reading frame (ORF) cloned from S. thermophilus strain St-QC into pMG36e. Then, a food-grade expression vector, pMG-shsp, was generated by deleting the erythromycin resistance gene from pMG36e-shsp. The transformation rate of pMG-shsp was comparable to that of pMG36e-shsp when each of these two vectors was introduced into L. lactis. These results demonstrated that the shsp ORF could successfully used as a food-grade selection marker in both pMG-shsp and pMG36e-shsp. Furthermore, the growth characteristics were almost the same between L. lactis ML23 transformants harboring pMG36e or pMG-shsp. The survival rate of L. lactis ML23 expressing the shsp ORF were increased to 0.032%, 0.006%, 0.0027%, 0.03%, and 0.16% under the following environmental stresses: heat, acid, ethanol, bile salt and H2O2, respectively. These results indicated that the expression of the shsp gene in the food-grade vector pMG-shsp conferred resistance to environmental stresses without affecting the growth characteristics of L. lactis ML23.

Increase of stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis via a novel food-grade vector expressing a shsp gene from Streptococcus thermophilus

The effects of the expression of a small heat shock protein (shsp) gene from Streptococcus thermophilus on stress resistance in Lactococcus lactis under different environmental stresses were investigated in this study. pMG36e-shsp, an expression vector, was first constructed by inserting a shsp open reading frame (ORF) cloned from S. thermophilus strain St-QC into pMG36e. Then, a food-grade expression vector, pMG-shsp, was generated by deleting the erythromycin resistance gene from pMG36e-shsp. The transformation rate of pMG-shsp was comparable to that of pMG36e-shsp when each of these two vectors was introduced into L. lactis. These results demonstrated that the shsp ORF could successfully used as a food-grade selection marker in both pMG-shsp and pMG36e-shsp. Furthermore, the growth characteristics were almost the same between L. lactis ML23 transformants harboring pMG36e or pMG-shsp. The survival rate of L. lactis ML23 expressing the shsp ORF were increased to 0.032%, 0.006%, 0.0027%, 0.03%, and 0.16% under the following environmental stresses: heat, acid, ethanol, bile salt and H2O2, respectively. These results indicated that the expression of the shsp gene in the food-grade vector pMG-shsp conferred resistance to environmental stresses without affecting the growth characteristics of L. lactis ML23.

Implicaciones de las proteínas de choque térmico pequeñas (sHsp/HSPB) en el desarrollo de enfermedades degenerativas / As proteínas pequenas de choque do calor (sHsp/HSPB) e sua implicação no desenvolvimento de doenças degenerative / Small heat shock proteins (sHsp/HSPB) and their implication in the development of degenerative diseases

Las proteínas de choque térmico pertenecen al grupo de proteínas de estrés y son moléculas presentes en todas las células, se unen a los péptidos nacientes para dirigir su plegamiento, garantizando su estructura tridimensional y con ello su funcionamiento correcto. Dentro de éste grupo de moléculas se encuentran las proteínas de choque térmico pequeñas (sHsp/HSPB), también, capaces de unirse a péptidos y proteínas dañadas por diversos tipos de agresiones, facilitando su reparación o degradación. En células expuestas a situaciones adversas produce un rápido aumento en las concentraciones de estas proteínas. Aunque inicialmente se asoció la expresión de las proteínas de estrés a aumentos bruscos de temperatura, hoy día es conocido que existen en condiciones fisiológicas normales y sus concentraciones aumentan en respuesta a un amplio espectro de agresiones ambientales como: infecciones virales, inflamaciones, cuadros febriles, exposición acompuestos citotóxicos, acidificación del pH, anoxia o shock térmico....

The small heat shock proteins (sHsp/HSPB) and their implication in the development of degenerative diseases. Stress proteins are present in all the cells and participate in the synthesis of proteins binding their selves to the newly formed peptides to direct their folding, thus ensuring their three-dimensional structure and appropriate functioning. Besides, stress proteins are able to bind to damaged peptides and proteins due to diverse types of aggressions, enabling their repair or degradation. When cells are exposed to adverse situations, a rapid increase in concentration of stress proteins occurs. Stress protein expression had been associated to heat shocks only, but nowadays we know that stress proteins are induced as a response to a wide array of physiological and environmental aggressions such as: viral infections,inflammations, febrile responses, cell exposure to cytotoxic compounds, pH acidification, anoxia, and heat shock. The production of this type of molecules is a defense mechanism that allows the cell to adapt to anomalous situations and increase its survival capacity. In our study we present a brief historical account on stress proteins, their association with some pathologies, and discuss the current state of knowledgeabout this type of molecules and the possible mechanisms involved in protein conformational disorders or proteopathies...

As proteínas pequenas de choque do calor (sHsp/HSPB) e sua implicação no desenvolvimento de doenças degenerative. As proteínas do estresse são moléculas presentes em todas as células e estão envolvidas no processo de síntese protéica, ligando-se aospeptídeos nascentes para dirigir o seu dobramento, o que garante sua estrutura tridimensional e, consequentemente, o seu bom funcionamento.Além disso, são capazes de se ligar a peptídeos e proteínas danificadas por diferentes tipos de agressão, facilitando a sua reparação ou degradação. Quando as células ficam expostas a situações adversas aumentam rapidamente as concentrações dessas proteínas. Embora no inicio associou-se a expressão das proteínas de estresse com uma mudança brusca de temperatura, atualmente é conhecido que elas são induzidas como resposta a um amplo espectro de agressões fisiológicas e ambientais, tais como: infecções virais, inflamações, febres, exposição das células a compostos citotóxicos, a acidificação do pH, anoxia ou choque térmico. A produção de tais células é um mecanismode defesa que permite à célula se adaptar a condições anormais e aumentar a sua capacidade de sobrevivência. Neste trabalho se apresenta um breve histórico das proteínas de estresse, a sua associação com certas doenças e se discute o estado atual do conhecimento sobre este tipo de moléculas e os possíveis mecanismos envolvidos nas doenças conformacionais ou proteinopatias....