Historia y reconceptualización del término sacro / History and reconceptualization of the sacrum term

RESUMEN: En Terminologia Anatomica el término sacro es identificado con el número 1071. En el humano, es el hueso vertebral de mayor tamaño formado por la fusión de cinco vértebras. El origen del término sacro sigue en discusión y no está del todo claro, además, la pertinencia de esta denominación ha sido poco abordada en la literatura. Así, el objetivo de este artículo fue analizar el término sacro y luego proponer un término para la denominación de esta estructura anatómica siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). A este hueso se le llamó sacro, por considerarse sagrado, ya que tiene un profundo significado religioso, aunque también se le ha atribuido otras tradiciones como las místicas y los rituales. El término sacro no favorece el entendimiento, ya que no es descriptivo ni informativo, por lo que sugerimos su cambio a vértebra magna (vertebrae magna), ya que esta propuesta sigue las recomendaciones de la FIPAT, es decir, no solo ser unívoco, sino también preciso.

SUMMARY: In International Anatomical Terminology, the term sacrum is identified with the number 1071. In humans, it is the largest vertebral bone formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The origin of the term sacrum is still under discussion and is not entirely clear, in addition, the relevance of this denomination has been little addressed in the literature. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the term sacrum and then propose a term for the denomination of this anatomical structure following the recommendations of the Federative International Program for Anatomical Terminology (FIPAT). This bone was called sacrum, because it is considered sacred, since it has a deep religious meaning, although other traditions such as mysticism and rituals have also been attributed to it. The term sacrum does not favor understanding, since it is neither descriptive nor informative, so we suggest changing it to vertebrae magna (vertebrae magna), since this proposal follows the FIPAT recommendations, that is, not only be unequivocal, but also accurate.

Diálogos sobre a Dança Circular sagrada na promoção da saúde mental / Dialogues on sacred Circle Dance in the promotion of health

A dança circular sagrada é uma das práticas integrativas e complementares em saúde (PICS) regulamentadas em 2017. A dança em questão possibilita a expressividade dos sentimentos por meio da linguagem corporal. Dentre seus benefícios destaca-se a associação mente-corpo como forma de promoção da saúde mental. O objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer a intervenção da dança circular sagrada (DCS) na promoção da saúde mental e qualidade de vida a partir da experiência de focalizadores desta prática. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de campo, descritiva e exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa. Foram selecionados 16 serviços de saúde da região da zona leste do município de São Paulo para entrar em contato com o público alvo da pesquisa. A partir do diálogo estabelecido com as unidades selecionadas foram realizadas 11 entrevistas virtuais com focalizadores capacitados. Os dados foram analisados por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin, tendo sido categorizados em quatro grandes temas que trataram sobre o significado da prática, os funcionamentos dos grupos na saúde, as adaptações durante a pandemia e a promoção na saúde mental. Este trabalho pretendeu contribuir na ampliação do conhecimento na área de saúde mental e das PICS no contexto da saúde pública brasileira, durante e após o período da pandemia de Covid-19, ampliando a utilização das DCS.

The sacred circular dance is one of the integrative and complementary practices in health (PICS) regulated in 2017. The dance in question enables the expression of feelings through body language. Among its benefits, the mind-body association stands out as a way of promoting mental health. The aim of this study is to understand the intervention of sacred circular dance (DCS) in promoting mental health and quality of life from the experience of the focusers of this practice. This is a descriptive and exploratory field research with a qualitative approach. Sixteen health services in the eastern region of the city of São Paulo were selected to get in touch with the target public of the research. From the dialogue established with the selected units, 11 virtual interviews were carried out with trained focusers. Data were analyzed using Bardin's Content Analysis technique, and were categorized into four major themes that dealt with the meaning of practice, the functioning of groups in health, adaptations during the pandemic and promotion of mental health. This work intends to contribute to the expansion of knowledge in the area of mental health and PICS in the context of Brazilian public health, during and after the Covid-19 pandemic period, expanding the use of DCS.

Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em saúde: um olhar artístico para as Danças Circulares / Integrative and Complementary Health Practices: an artistic look at look at Circular Dances

Esse estudo buscou verificar se há fatores artísticos inseridos na modalidade de Práticas Integrativas e Complementares em Saúde intitulada Dança Circular. Os fatores artísticos a serem considerados foram comunhão, arte clássica e arte espontânea. Podemos relacionar a arte na saúde, pensando nas ações de humanização, onde ocorrem situações de sofrimento, inquietude, tristeza, depressão, ansiedade, entre outros fatores psicossociais, e o indivíduo pode encontrar nas ações artísticas um papel importante de inspiração, divertimento e um apelo à reflexão e autoconhecimento. Esse estudo também buscou observar o efeito desse potencial artístico na rotina de aula dos alunos, e verificou como isso impacta na qualidade de vida das pessoas após a prática, sob o olhar de seus instrutores. Para buscar responder as perguntas deste estudo, foi escolhido o método qualitativo de pesquisa. Esse estudo se trata de uma pesquisa de campo, estudo de caso, utilizando a abordagem de análise de conteúdo temática proposto por Bardin, tendo como amostra focalizadores de dança circular. Foram entrevistados cinco focalizadores com experiência no ensino da dança circular, que atuam no Sistema Único de Saúde, ou que tenham fornecido cursos de formação para os profissionais da saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde, na cidade de São Paulo.

This study seeks to verify if there are any artistic factors inserted in the modality of Integrative and Complementary Practices in Health entitled Circular Dance. The artistic factors to be considered were communion, classical art and spontaneous art. We can relate art to health, thinking about humanization actions, where situations of suffering, anxiety, sadness, depression, anxiety, among other psychosocial factors, occur. However, an individual can find in artistic development an important role of inspiration, entertainment and an appeal to reflection and self-knowledge. This study also observes the artistic potential of the students while in the classroom routine and the impact on people's quality of life after the practice. To answer the questions of this study a qualitative research method was chosen. This study is a field research, case study, using the thematic content analysis approach proposed by Bardin, having as a sample circular dance focusers. Five professionals with experience in teaching circular dance or have provided training courses for health professionals in the Unified Health System, based in Sao Paulo, were interviewed.

Evaluation of the role of biocolonizations in the conservation state of Machu Picchu (Peru): The Sacred Rock.

Machu Picchu Inca sanctuary (Cusco Region, Peru) was constructed on a granitic plateau, better known as Vilcabamba batholith. One of the most important carved granitic rocks from this archaeological site is the Sacred Rock, used by Inca citizens for religious rituals. Due to the location and climatic conditions, different rocks from this archaeological site are affected by biocolonizations. Concretely, the Sacred Rock shows flaking and delamination problems. In this work, a non-destructive multi analytical methodology has been applied to determine the possible role of the biodeteriogens, forming the biological patina on the Sacred Rock, in the previously mentioned conservation problems. Before characterizing the biological patina, a mineralogical characterization of the granitic substrate was conducted using X-ray Diffraction, Raman microscopy (RM) and micro energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. For the identification of the main biodeteriogens in the biofilm, Phase Contrast Microscopy was used. RM also allowed to determine the distribution (imaging) and the penetration (depth profiling) of the biogenic pigments present in the biopatina. Thanks to this study, it was possible to asses that some colonizers are growing on inner areas of the rock, reinforcing their possible assistance in the delamination. Moreover, the in-depth distribution of a wide variety of carotenoids in the patinas allowed to approach the penetration ability of the main biodeteriogens and the diffusion of these biogenic pigments to the inner areas of the rocky substrate.

Lentinula edodes based GIS mapping, biometabolites and antiinflamatory activity of wild edible mushrooms from tropical 'sacred grove' forests of Meghalaya, India / Mapas basados en GIS deLentinula edodes, biometabolitos y actividad antiinflamatoria de los hongos silvestres comestibles de los bosques tropicales "bosque sagrado" de Meghalaya, India

AbstractThe biodiversity rich state of Meghalaya, India located in the realms of mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to numerous species of wild edible macrofungi that are used extensively by the mycophillic ethnic population, as a part of their traditional cuisine and medicine systems. However, habitat loss, due to deforestation and climate change, is destroying the natural population of these mushrooms, depleting their availability to the local communities. In the present investigation, a GIS guided habitat search, using Lentinula edodes as a representative species, was used in mapping the habitats of wild edible macrofungi of the study region. Sampling of around 4 000 specimens per distinct morphological type available in the traditional markets and "sacred grove" forests indicated presence of ten common genera, belonging to nine different families of wild edible mushrooms. Nutritional profiling of the representative species Lentinula edodes was carried out by evaluation of its moisture, total fat, crude protein and carbohydrates contents by standard methods. Similarly, bioactive components determination was performed by estimation of total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopenes. Bioactivity of the mushrooms extracts was studied using the DPPH radical scavenging and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assays. The present investigation successfully attempted to explore remote sensing technologies and GIS (Geographic Information System) based system to predict the natural habitats of wild edible mushrooms of Meghalaya, India which we believe will lead to the generation of a mushroom specific non-wood forest resource mapping system in the near future. Results of nutritional profiling and biological activity studies on the representative species of wild edible mushrooms from the studied region revealed that it is a rich source of essential nutrients and antioxidants.

ResumenLa rica biodiversidad del estado de Meghalaya, India situado en los reinos de los hotspots mega-biodiversidad es el hogar de numerosas especies de macro hongos silvestres comestibles que se utilizan ampliamente por la población étnica micofílica como parte de su alimentación y medicina tradicional. Sin embargo, la pérdida de hábitat debido a la deforestación y el cambio climático está destruyendo la población natural de estos hongos, que agotan su disponibilidad para las poblaciones locales. En la presente investigación, se utilizó el SIG para la búsqueda guiada de hábitat usando Lentinula edodes como especie representativa en la cartografía de los hábitats de macrohongos silvestres comestibles de la región de estudio. Alrededor de cuatro mil ejemplares de distinto tipo morfológico fueron muestreados según su disponibilidad en los mercados tradicionales y los "sacred grove" (bosques sagrados) lo que indicó la presencia de diez géneros comunes pertenecientes a nueve familias de setas silvestres comestibles. Perfiles nutricionales de las especies representativas Lentinula edodes se llevaron a cabo mediante la evaluación de su humedad, grasa total, proteína cruda y contenido de carbohidratos. Del mismo modo, la determinación de componentes bioactivos se realizó por estimación de fenoles totales, flavonoides, ácido ascórbico, β-caroteno y licopeno. La bioactividad de los extractos de setas se estudió mediante la captación de radicales DPPH y el ensayo de estabilización de la membrana de glóbulos rojos de la sangre humana (hRBC). Los resultados de estudios de perfiles nutricionales y actividad biológica en hongos comestibles revelan que es una fuente rica en nutrientes esenciales y antioxidantes. La presente investigación ha intentado con éxito explorar las tecnologías de teledetección y SIG (Sistema de Información Geográfica) para predecir el hábitat natural de los hongos silvestres comestibles de Meghalaya, India que creemos dará lugar a la generación de un mapeo de los recursos forestales no madereros, específicamente de hongos, en el futuro cercano.

Tlazolteotl, the Aztec goddess of epilepsy.

Epilepsy has afflicted humanity during most of the extent of documented history. The Aztecs believed that illnesses were punishments that were sent from a furious goddess. In particular, epilepsy was considered in Aztec culture as a "sacred disease", and convulsions were traditionally associated with a deified woman who had died at childbirth. As the goddess Shiva and Apasmâra in ancient India and Saint Valentine in Germany, Tlazolteotl was considered able to bring about and send away epilepsy. We performed a comprehensive review to identify Tlazolteotl depictions and its historical context related with epilepsy. Tlazolteotl is one of the most endearing and complex goddesses of the Mesoamericans. She was the deity of the black fertile and fecund earth that gains its energy from death and in turn feeds life. Associated with purification, expiation, and regeneration, she embodied fertility and turned all garbage, physical and metaphysical, into rich life. This article reviews the most relevant artistic works related with Tlazolteotl. We also present a modern depiction of the Aztec goddess of epilepsy from the Mexican artist Eduardo Urbano Merino, displaying the supernatural view of epilepsy in America.

Aproximación psicoanalítica a lo político y el discurso del capitalismo

El presente texto tiene como objetivo producir un abordaje psicoanalítico del discurso político y el discurso del capitalismo; para formalizar las problemáticas que afectan la subjetividad de la época. El método empleado es la argumentación, arribando a resultados y conclusiones correspondientes al período anual que se informa. Distinguimos la escena de la política de lo real político, manifiesto en el acontecimiento. Cada sistema político se define por el modo de lo sagrado que le es propio. El discurso político clásico sufre una crisis y es sustituido por el discurso del capitalismo, produciendo nuevos efectos en la subjetividad y en el campo social.

The goal of this text is to produce a psychoanalytic approach to political discourse and the discourse of capitalism; to formalize the problems that affect the subjectivity of our time. The argumentative method is used to reach the results and the conclusions for the report of the annual period. We distinguish the political scene of the real political, shown at the event. Every political system is defined by the way of the sacred that is proper. The classic political discourse suffers a crisis and is replaced by the discourse of capitalism, producing new effects on subjectivity and the social field.

Limnology in El Dorado: some surprising aspects of the regulation of phytoplankton productive capacity in a high-altitude Andean lake (Laguna de Guatavita, Colombia)

High-altitude mountain lakes remain understudied, mostly because of their relative inaccessibility. Laguna de Guatavita, a small, equatorial, high-altitude crater lake in the Eastern Range of the Colombian Andes, was once of high cultural importance to pre-Columban inhabitants, the original location of the legendary El Dorado. We investigated the factors regulating the primary production in Laguna de Guatavita (4°58’50” N - 73°46’43” W, alt. 2 935m.a.s.l., area: 0.11km², maximum depth: 30m), during a series of three intensive field campaigns, which were conducted over a year-long period in 2003-2004. In each, standard profiles of temperature, oxygen concentration and light intensity were determined on each of 16-18 consecutive days. Samples were collected and analysed for chlorophyll and for biologically-significant solutes in GF/F-filtered water (NH4+, NO3- , NO2-; soluble reactive phosphorus). Primary production was also determined, by oxygen generation, on each day of the campaign. Our results showed that the productive potential of the lake was typically modest (campaign averages of 45-90mg C/m².h) but that many of the regulating factors were not those anticipated intuitively. The lake is demonstrably meromictic, reminiscent of karstic dolines in higher latitudes, its stratification being maintained by solute- concentration gradients. Light penetration is poor, attributable to the turbidity owing to fine calcite and other particulates in suspension. Net primary production in the mixolimnion of Laguna de Guavita is sensitive to day-to-day variations in solar irradiance at the surface. However, deficiencies in nutrient availability, especially nitrogen, also constrain the capacity of the lake to support a phytoplankton. We deduced that Laguna de Guatavita is something of a limnological enigma, atypical of the common anticipation of a “mountain lake”. While doubtlessly not unique, comparable descriptions of similar sites elsewhere are sufficiently rare to justify the presentation of the data from Laguna de Guatavita that our studies have revealed so far.

Los factores que regulan la producción primaria en un lago remoto, pequeño, ecuatorial y de elevada altitud en la región Oriental de los Andes Colombianos (4°58’50” N - 73°46’43” W, altura 2 935m.s.n.m., área 0.11km² y profundidad máxima 30m), que también tuvo importancia cultural para los indígenas precolombinos y los orígenes de la leyenda de El Dorado, fueron investigados. La relativa lejanía del lugar requirió una serie de tres campañas intensivas de estudio, en un periodo de un año (2003-2004). Durante cada campaña se realizaron perfiles temperatura, concentración de oxígeno e intensidad de luz. Se recolectaron muestras para medir la concentración de clorofila y de solutos de significado biológico en agua filtrada GF/F. Cada día de la campaña se llevaron a cabo mediciones de la producción primaria, como se indica por la producción de oxígeno. Estas demostraron que el potencial productivo es particularmente modesto (promedio de campañas de 45-90mgC/m².h, pero casi todos los aspectos de su regulación fueron sorprendentes y contrarios al sentido común. El lago es meromíctico, reminiscencia de dolinas kársticas de latitudes más altas y la estratificación se mantiene por los solutos. La penetración de luz es pobre, atribuible a la alta turbidez debida a la calcita fina y a otras partículas en suspensión. La producción primaria neta del mixolimnion de la Laguna de Guatavita es sensible a las variaciones del día a día de la radiación superficial. Deficiencias en la disponibilidad de nutrientes, sobre todo, del nitrógeno, también limitaron la capacidad productiva del fitoplancton. La laguna de Guatavita es una especie de enigma limnológico: aunque sin duda, no es el único, las descripciones de sitios similares en otras partes son lo suficientemente raras para justificar la presentación de los datos revelados hasta hoy en nuestro estudio.

A ausência de questões ligadas à sexualidade na obra de Moreno: The absence of issues related to sexuality in Moreno's work

O autor procura refletir sobre a ausência da sexualidade na obra de Moreno. Estimulado pelo trabalho terapêutico e após ter visitado a cidade de Pompeia, na Itália, e o Museu de Arte Precolombino, em Santiago do Chile, onde havia uma exposição sobre a tribo Moche, que viveu no Peru do século I ao VIII, e trazendo bibliografias sobre a sexualidade destes povos, foi possível notar semelhanças de costumes destas populações, tão distantes no tempo e espaço uma da outra, e ainda a extensa bibliografia do Egito. Estes conhecimentos, somados às mudanças revolucionárias da sexualidade feminina, a partir do final do século XIX e início do XX, deram ânimos ao autor para refletir sobre o tema e escrever este artigo, por certo polêmico. Embora Moreno se sustente teoricamente no binômio espontaneidade/criatividade, o autor sempre sentiu falta de como age o sexo na personalidade humana, pois, sua prática, sem espontaneidade e criatividade, torna-se vazia; mas, e na formação da pessoa, ele tem algum valor, alguma função? Respondo que sim, se Freud o fez como centro da personalidade e na formação do EU, Moreno o ignorou, sendo sobre isto que o autor se propõe a refletir.(AU)

The author of this paper reflects on the absence of sexuality in Moreno's work. Inspired by his therapeutic work, having visited the Italian city of Pompey and an exhibition at the Museum of Pre-Colombian Art in Santiago de Chile about the Moche tribe who lived in what today is Peru between the 1st and 8th century, and having red about the sexuality of these cultures as well as the extensive bibliography about Egypt, the author observes similarities between the customs of these populations living at great geographical and temporal distances from each other. Bringing these experiences together with the revolutionary changes in women's sexuality that took place at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, inspired the author to reflect on this subject and write this somewhat polemic paper. While Moreno's theory is underpinned by the spontaneity/ creativity binomial, the author always felt it lacks considerations regarding how sex contributes to human personality, as in the absence of spontaneity and creativity sex becomes an empty exercise; therefore the author wonders whether sex would have any particular value or function in our personal development. He believes that is has, and explores why Moreno might have ignored this subject, when Freud saw it as central in the development of the personality and self.(AU)

Presença do sagrado em um momento crítico: internação em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva / La presencia del sagrado en un momento yo critico: La internación en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva / Presence of the sacred in a critical moment: internment in an Unit of Intensive Therapy

Tem-se como propósito compreender o significado dado, pelo paciente, ao objeto sagrado em um momento de internação em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. Destaca-se formas de expressão do sagrado em um instante crítico no qual o homem em estado de fragilidade físico-emocional, busca respostas transcendentais frente a angústia da doença e do morrer. O sagrado é uma artimanha da religião por meio da qual o homem tende a se refugiar do caos instalado. A presença do objeto sagrado, junto ao paciente, representa um acontecimento de imensurável significado cultural, revelando-se em um vínculo supra-natural do qual exala esperança, segurança, amparo, conforto e, até mesmo, companhia.

It is had as purpose understands the given meaning, for the patient, to the sacred object in a moment of internment in Unit of Intensive Therapy. Stands out forms of expression of the sacred in a critical instant in which the man in state of physical-emotional fragility, looks for answers transcendental front the anguish of the disease and of dying. The sacred is a trick of the religion through which the man tends taking refuge of the installed chaos. The presence of the sacred object, close to the patient, represents an event of immeasurable cultural meaning, being revealed in a supra-natural entail of which exhales hope, safety, help, comfort and, even, company.

Se tiene como el propósito entiende el significado dado, para el paciente, al sagrado objeto en un momento de internación en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva. Las posiciones fuera las formas de expresión del sagrado en un momento crítico en que el hombre en el estado de fragilidad físico-emocional, miradas para las respuestas el frente transcendental la angustia de la enfermedad y de teñir. El sagrado es un truco de la religión a través de que el hombre cuida refugio de la toma de los caoses instalados. La presencia del sagrado objeto, cerca del paciente, representa un evento de significado cultural inmensurable, revelándose en un entai supra-natural de que exhala la esperanza, seguridad, la ayuda, el consuelo y, incluso, compañía.

A sagração das flores: um ritual para encantar o corpo da mulher no cuidado / The consecration of flowers: a ritual to enchant the woman's body in care

A enfermagem moderna, instruída pelo modelo biomédico e pela herança cristã, tem como referencial os dualismos corpo e espírito e sagrado e profano, o que caracteriza o corpo de quem se cuida como profano-cristão, do qual pouco se tem falado. O ponto de partida para a investigação, foi a inquietação diante do silêncio a respeito das concepções e crenças das enfermeiras sobre o corpo da mulher cuidada, no contexto da Enfermagem brasileira. Os objetivos foram conhecer o simbolismo que as enfermeiras reconhecem no corpo da mulher cuidada e identificar as crenças que elas atribuem a esse corpo, evidenciando os aspectos profanos e sagrados que instruem tais crenças. Teoricamente, o estudo foi norteado pelos conceitos de simbolismo e de sagrado e profano de Mircea Eliade. O caminho metodológico trilhado foi a etnografia e, acreditando ser possível transformar a pesquisa numa fonte de prazer lúdica e criativa, para pesquisadoras e pesquisadas, os dados foram coletados por meio de oficinas de sensibilização, criatividade e expressividade, articuladas em um Curso de Extensão, oferecido a dez enfermeiras que cuidam de mulheres em sua prática profissional. Os dados são apresentados sob a forma de narrativa e sua análise e interpretação da produção sensível e coletiva de conhecimentos revelaram que o corpo da mulher cuidada é mais do que um locus de patologias e sítio de intervenções de enfermagem - é uma imagem enantiomorfa das próprias enfermeiras, que transcenderam a visão de corpo objetificado, coisificado, profanizado-cristão, vendo-o como veículo do sagrado eliadiano e, conferindo-lhe simbolismo, alçaram-no à condição de hierofania.

Modern nursing, intructed by the biomedical mode and by Christian heritage, has a reference the duality between body and soul and sacred and profane, which features the body being taken care as Christian-profane - about which little has been said. The starting point for this study was the concern before the silence towards the concepts and beliefs of the nurses about the body of women being taken care, in the Brazilian Nursing setting. The objectives were to comprehend the symbolism through which the nurse recognized the body of the woman being cared and identify the beliefs that they attributed to this body, showing the sacred and profane aspects that instruct these beliefs. Theoretically, the study was led by the premises over Mircea Eliade´s symbolism and sacred-profane concepts. Ethnology was the methodological approach chosen and, believing to be possible to change the study into a playful creative source of pleasure for both researches and those interviewed, the data was collected through workshops on sensitivity, creativity and expressitivy, organized in an extension course format made available for ten nurses who take care women in their professional practice. The information is presented in narration and the analysis and interpretation or the sensitive and collective production of knowledge reveal that a woman´s body being taken care is more than a locus of pathologies and site of nursing interventions - it´s an enantiomorphous image of the nurse herself, wich transcended the view of the body as something like an object, a thing, Cristian-profane, to something Eliade-sacred and, providing it with symbolism, placing it, therefore, in the hierophany position.