Activity pattern of Tityus serrulatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in an urban area in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) is a scorpion endemic to Brazil adapted to synanthropic life, colonising and proliferating in the most populous urban areas in the country. Here, we evaluated its activity pattern in an urban cemetery in the municipality of Americana, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Additionally, we tested the effects of species reproduction and climatic seasons on the activity pattern. The Saudade Municipal Cemetery was sampled between 17:00 and 22:00 h during 455 nights from April 2006 to December 2013. The circular mean and the peak of activity were quantified for the total number of specimens, and for specimens with and without broods. Activity patterns were inferred using a rosette diagram. Circular analysis of variance was used to investigate if activity patterns changed across climatic seasons (wet and dry seasons). A total of 25,969 records (467 specimens with broods) were obtained in the field. The circular mean varied between 19:44 and 19:48 h, and the peak of activity occurred between 18:00 and 20:00 h for all groups. Peaks of activity differed from that recorded under laboratory conditions (between 21:00 and 23:00 h). Activity patterns did not differ for specimens with broods, suggesting that the reproductive condition does not alter the species activity pattern. The activity pattern differed between wet and dry seasons for all specimens and specimens without broods, but differences were small and probably biologically irrelevant, probably because the species tolerates a wide variation in abiotic conditions. Deepening the knowledge of the behaviour activity of T. serrulatus can have practical applications for health surveillance agencies, aiming to increase the effectiveness of scorpion control in urban areas.

Tityus serrulatus Lutz & Mello (Scorpiones: Buthidae) é um escorpião endêmico do Brasil adaptado à vida sinantrópica, colonizando e proliferando nas áreas urbanas mais populosas do país. Aqui avaliamos seu padrão de atividade em um cemitério urbano no município de Americana, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Adicionalmente, testamos os efeitos da reprodução da espécie e das estações climáticas sobre o padrão de atividade. O Cemitério Municipal da Saudade foi amostrado entre 17:00 h e 22:00 h durante 455 noites, de abril de 2006 a dezembro de 2013. A média circular e o pico de atividade foram quantificados para o número total de espécimes, espécimes com e sem ninhadas. Os padrões de atividade foram inferidos usando um diagrama de roseta. Análises de variância circular foram utilizadas para investigar se os padrões de atividade mudavam com as estações climáticas (estações chuvosa e seca). Um total de 25.969 registros (467 espécimes com ninhadas) foram obtidos em campo. A média circular variou entre 19:44 h e 19:48 h e o pico de atividade ocorreu entre 18:00 h e 20:00 h para todos os grupos. Os picos de atividade diferiram dos registados em condições de laboratório (entre 21:00 h e 23:00 h). Os padrões de atividade não diferiram para os espécimes com ninhadas, sugerindo que a condição reprodutiva não altera o padrão de atividade da espécie. O padrão de atividade diferiu entre as estações chuvosa e seca para todos os espécimes e os espécimes sem ninhadas, mas as diferenças foram pequenas e provavelmente biologicamente irrelevantes, provavelmente porque a espécie tolera uma grande variação nas condições abióticas. Preencher lacunas sobre o comportamento de T. serrulatus pode ter aplicações práticas para órgãos de vigilância sanitária, visando aumentar a eficácia do controle de escorpiões em áreas urbanas.

Exploring the potential of Brazilian Amazonian scorpion venoms: A comprehensive review of research from 2001 to 2021.

The Amazon biome is home to many scorpion species, with around two hundred identified in the region. Of these, forty-eight species have been reported in Brazil so far and six of them are of medical importance: Tityus apiacas, T. metuendus, T. obscurus, T. raquelae, T. silvestris, and T. strandi. Three non-medically important species have also been studied: Opisthanthuscayaporum, Brotheas amazonicus and Rhopalurus laticauda. The venom of the scorpion T. obscurus is the most studied, followed by O. cayaporum. We aim to update the study of these Amazonian scorpion species. We will explore the harmful and beneficial properties of scorpion venom toxins and how they could be applied in drug development. This systematic review will focus on collecting and analyzing venoms from scorpions in Brazil. Only papers on Amazonian scorpion venom studies published between 2001 and 2021 (scientific articles, theses, and dissertations) were selected, based on the lists of scorpions available in the literature. Species found in the Amazon but not confirmed to be Brazilian were omitted from the review. Theses and dissertations were chosen over their derived articles. We found 42 eligible studies (13 theses, 27 articles and 2 patents) out of 17,950 studies and a basic statistical analysis was performed. The literature showed that T. obscurus was the most studied venom with 28 publications, followed by O. cayaporum with seven articles, B. amazonicus with four articles, T. metuendus with two article and R. laticauda with one article. No publication on the characterization of T. silvestris and T. apiacas venoms were found during the reviewed period, only the clinical aspects were covered. There is still much to be explored despite the increasing number of studies conducted in recent years. Amazonian scorpions have promising potential for pharmaceutical and clinical applications.

Scorpion sting envenomation outbreak in Mexico. Strategies for prevention and control.

In Mexico occurs 25% of all worldwide cases of scorpion sting envenomation (SSE). An outbreak of SSE was identified in Villa Unión, Sinaloa, Mexico. The objective of this study is to describe the outbreak, and prevention and control strategies implemented. The design was a cross-sectional study. Eligibility criteria included confirmed cases (n = 425) identified from the date the outbreak was recognized (from November 08, 2023 to July 10, 2023). The cases from Villa Unión (n = 231) were included for the analysis of epidemiological and clinical findings. The research followed the recommendations of the Initiative Reporting of studies Conducted Using Observational Routinely collected Data (RECORD). Of the total cases (n = 425), 398 (93.6%) were from the municipality of Mazatlán, and 231 (58%) were from Villa Unión. The incidence rate was 13.64 per 1000 persons. The average cases per week was 51.5(SD ± 12). The male-to-female ratio was 3:4, the average age was 30.7(SD ± 19) years. Most of cases occurred in the 25-44 age group. The sting occurred mostly inside houses (n = 200, 86.5%). The predominant symptoms were local pain (95.2%), and local paresthesia (75.8%). The Case fatality rate was 0%. Implementation of prevention and control strategies based on field epidemiological research and scientific evidence are necessary to reduce the incidence and prevent fatal complications.

Curicta Stål, 1862 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Nepidae) from Maranhão, Brazil

ABSTRACT The genus Curicta Stål comprises aquatic insects commonly known as water scorpions and typically occurs in habitats associated with marginal mud. It is exclusively distributed in the New World, with 17 species recorded in the Neotropical Region, including 12 in Brazil. In the state of Maranhão, only one species, Curicta montei De Carlo, has been documented to date. Thus, this study aims to explore the diversity of Curicta in the state of Maranhão. A total of 124 specimens were collected, representing three species: Curicta granulosa De Carlo, C. johnpolhemi Keffer, and C. montei. Notably, C. johnpolhemi and C. granulosa are reported here as new distribution records for the state of Maranhão. Previously described based solely on a single female, our investigation of C. johnpolhemi enabled the description of the male, providing additional taxonomic insights for the species. Photographs of one specimen from each species are provided and diagnostic features are illustrated.

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential of scorpion venom in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Potencial inibidor da acetilcolinesterase do veneno de escorpião em Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Scorpion venom contains a variety of neurotoxins which interact with ion channels and affect their activities. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of scorpion venom as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor by using Aedes aegypti as model organism. Venoms of two species, Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) and Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) were selected for this study. Two peptides (36 kDa from H. tamulus and 54 kDa from A. finitimus) were separated from scorpion venom by using HPLC. Selected peptides caused significantly higher mortality in larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti than control (no mortalities were observed in control groups). Significant acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory potential of both peptides was recorded by spectrophotometer. The peptide of A. finitimus caused significantly higher mortality (95±1.53% in larvae and 100% in adults) than the peptide of H. tamulus (84.33±2.33% in larvae and 95.37±1.45% in adults). While H. tamulus peptide was more efficient in reducing AChE activity (0.029±0.012 in larvae and 0.03±0.003 in adults) than the peptide of A. finitimus (0.049±0.005 in larvae and 0.047±0.001 in adults). It was concluded that H. tamulus venom peptide was more efficiently reducing AChE activity, thus it could be a potential bio-insecticide which can be synthesized at industrial scale for the control of harmful insects.

O veneno do escorpião contém uma variedade de neurotoxinas que interagem com os canais iônicos e afetam suas atividades. O presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar o potencial do veneno de escorpião como inibidor da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) usando o Aedes aegypti como organismo modelo. Venenos de duas espécies, Hottentota tamulus (Fabricus, 1798) e Androctonus finitimus (Pocock, 1897) foram selecionados para este estudo. Dois peptídeos (36 kDa de H. tamulus e 54 kDa de A. finitimus) foram separados do veneno de escorpião usando HPLC. Peptídeos selecionados causaram mortalidade significativamente maior em larvas e adultos de Aedes aegypti do que o controle (não foram observadas mortalidades nos grupos controle). O potencial inibitório significativo da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) de ambos os peptídeos foi registrado por espectrofotômetro. O peptídeo de A. finitimus causou mortalidade significativamente maior (95 ± 1,53% em larvas e 100% em adultos) que o peptídeo de H. tamulus (84,33 ± 2,33% em larvas e 95,37 ± 1,45% em adultos). Enquanto o peptídeo de H. tamulus foi mais eficiente na redução da atividade da AChE (0,029 ± 0,012 em larvas e 0,03 ± 0,003 em adultos) do que o peptídeo de A. finitimus (0,049 ± 0,005 em larvas e 0,047 ± 0,001 em adultos). Concluiu-se que o peptídeo do veneno de H. tamulus foi mais eficiente na redução da atividade da AChE, podendo ser um potencial bioinseticida que pode ser sintetizado em escala industrial para o controle de insetos nocivos.

Comparative analysis of mitochondrial genomes reveals family-specific architectures and molecular features in scorpions (Arthropoda: Arachnida: Scorpiones).

Scorpions are a group of arachnids with great evolutionary success that comprise more than 2,000 described species. Mitochondrial genomes have been little studied in this clade. We describe and compare different scorpion mitochondrial genomes and analyze their architecture and molecular characteristics. We assembled eight new scorpion mitochondrial genomes from transcriptomic datasets, annotated them, predicted the secondary structures of tRNAs, and compared the nucleotide composition, codon usage, and relative synonymous codon usage of 16 complete scorpion mitochondrial genomes. Lastly, we provided a phylogeny based on all mitochondrial protein coding genes. We characterized the mitogenomes in detail and reported particularities such as dissimilar synteny in the family Buthidae compared to other scorpions, unusual tRNA secondary structures, and unconventional start and stop codons in all scorpions. Our comparative analysis revealed that scorpion mitochondrial genomes exhibit different architectures and features depending on taxonomic identity. We highlight the parvorder Buthida, particularly the family Buthidae, as it invariably exhibited different mitogenome features such as synteny, codon usage, and AT-skew compared to the parvorder Iurida that included the rest of the scorpion families we analyzed in this study. Our results provide a better understanding of the evolution of mitogenome features and phylogenetic relationships in scorpions.

Picadura de escorpión en Bolivia: una revisión crítica de la literatura

Las picaduras son frecuentes y se consideran un verdadero problema de salud pública. Objetivo: describir las especies de escorpiones, propiedades del veneno, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico y su manejo en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed-MedLine, Google Académico, así como en los servicios ClinicalKeys, se extrajo la información relevante, se seleccionaron aquellos estudios de tipo serie de casos, artículos originales o revisiones narrativas, de alcance y sistemáticas. Desarrollo: en Bolivia, fue descrita la especie Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis. El 66 al 90 por ciento de las picaduras tienen signos y síntomas limitados a dolor local, parestesias y cambios en la piel. Los efectos sistémicos se hacen evidentes a los 30 minutos y por lo general, dentro de las cuatro horas posteriores a la picadura. El tratamiento puede ser empírico, aplicar medidas generales, manejo del dolor y si está presente algunas complicaciones como edema pulmonar, choque cardiogénico es necesario su manejo en una sala de cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: la intoxicación por picadura de escorpión, es rara, es un reto terapéutico, parece ser recomendable la administración del antídoto (antiveneno) junto al tratamiento de sostén. un mejor conocimiento de los escorpiones, puede alentar el interés en realizar nuevas investigaciones.

Bites are frequent and are considered a real public health problem. Objective: describe the species of scorpions, properties of the venom, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and its management in the intensive care unit. Methodology: a literature search was carried out in the SciELO, LILACS, Scopus, PubMed-MedLine, Google Scholar databases, as well as in the ClinicalKeys services, in the period February-April 2023. Relevant information was extracted, They selected case series studies, original articles or narrative, scoping and systematic reviews. Development: in Bolivia, the species Tityus (Tityus) sorataensis was described. 66 to 90 percent of bites have signs and symptoms limited to local pain, paresthesias, and skin changes. Systemic effects become apparent within 30 minutes and generally within four hours of being bitten. The treatment can be empirical, apply general measures, pain management and if some complications are present such as pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock, it is necessary to manage it in an intensive care room. Conclusions: Scorpion sting poisoning is rare, it is a therapeutic challenge, it seems to be advisable to administer the antidote (antivenoin) together with supportive treatment. a better understanding of scorpions may encourage interest in further research.

Kinetic Activity of Chromosomes and Expression of Recombination Genes in Achiasmatic Meiosis of Tityus (Archaeotityus) Scorpions.

Several species of Tityus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) present multi-chromosomal meiotic associations and failures in the synaptic process, originated from reciprocal translocations. Holocentric chromosomes and achiasmatic meiosis in males are present in all members of this genus. In the present study, we investigated synapse dynamics, transcriptional silencing by γH2AX, and meiotic microtubule association in bivalents and a quadrivalent of the scorpion Tityus maranhensis. Additionally, we performed RT-PCR to verify the expression of mismatch repair enzymes involved in crossing-over formation in Tityus silvestris gonads. The quadrivalent association in T. maranhensis showed delay in the synaptic process and long asynaptic regions during pachytene. In this species, γH2AX was recorded only at the chromosome ends during early stages of prophase I; in metaphase I, bivalents and quadrivalents of T. maranhensis exhibited binding to microtubules along their entire length, while in metaphase II/anaphase II transition, spindle fibers interacted only with telomeric regions. Regarding T. silvestris, genes involved in the recombination process were transcribed in ovaries, testes and embryos, without significant difference between these tissues. The expression of these genes during T. silvestris achiasmatic meiosis is discussed in the present study. The absence of meiotic inactivation by γH2AX and holo/telokinetic behavior of the chromosomes are important factors for the maintenance of the quadrivalent in T. maranhensis and the normal continuation of the meiotic cycle in this species.

Scorpion envenomation in Brazil: an update / Escorpionismo en Brasil: Una actualización

Abstract Accidents caused by scorpions represent a major health problem on planet, both in individual terms and in the public health sphere. Morbid events can occur in different manifestations, and different clinical conditions must be differentiated for adequate treatment. In addition to the potential injury to human hosts, scorpion venom has been investigated for the therapy of several illnesses. Based on these aspects, the present article aims to present the clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic aspects of scorpionism.

Resumen Los accidentes causados por escorpiones representan un problema mayor de salud pública tanto en términos de daños individuales como en la esfera de la salud pública. Los eventos mórbidos pueden ocurrir con diferentes manifestaciones y condiciones clínicas que deben ser diferenciadas para un manejo adecuado. Ade más del daño potencial que ocasionan a los humanos, el veneno del escorpión ha sido estudiado con el fin de analizar su potencia aplicación para le tratamiento de algunas enfermedades. Este articulo presenta una actualización sobre los aspectos clínicos, terapéuticos y profilácticos del escorpionismo.

Pinching or stinging? Comparing prey capture among scorpions with contrasting morphologies.

Background: Scorpions can use their pincers and/or stingers to subdue and immobilize their prey. A scorpion can thus choose between strategies involving force or venom, or both, depending on what is required to subdue its prey. Scorpions vary greatly in the size and strength of their pincers, and in the efficacy of their venom. Whether this variability is driven by their defensive or prey incapacitation functionis unknown. In this study, we test if scorpion species with different pincer morphologies and venom efficacies use these weapons differently during prey subjugation. To that end, we observed Opisthacanthus elatus and Chactas sp. with large pincers and Centruroides edwardsii and Tityus sp. with slender pincers. Methods: The scorpion pinch force was measured, and behavioral experiments were performed with hard and soft prey (Blaptica dubia and Acheta domesticus). Stinger use, sting frequency and immobilization time were measured. Results: We found that scorpions with large pincers such as O. elatus produce more force and use the stinger less, mostly subjugating prey by crushing them with the pincers. In C. edwardsii and Tityus sp. we found they use their slender and relatively weak pincers for holding the prey, but seem to predominantly use the stinger to subjugate them. On the other hand, Chactas sp. uses both strategies although it has a high pinch force. Conclusions: Our results show that scorpionspecies with massive pincers and high pinch force as O. elatus use the stinger less for prey subjugation than scorpionspecies with slenderpincers.

Toxinology in the proteomics era: a review on arachnid venom proteomics.

The word venomics was coined to acknowledge the studies that use omics to investigate venom proteins and peptides. Venomics has evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The first works on scorpion or spider venomics were published in the early 2000's. Such studies relied on peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to characterize venom complexity. After the introduction of new mass spectrometers with higher resolution, sensitivity and mass accuracy, and the next-generation nucleotide sequencing, the complexity of data reported in research on scorpion and spider venomics increased exponentially, which allowed more comprehensive studies. In the present review article, we covered key publications on scorpion venomics and spider venomics, presenting historical grounds and implemented technologies over the last years. The literature presented in this review was selected after searching the PubMed database using the terms "(scorpion venom) AND (proteome)" for scorpion venomics, and "(spider venom) AND (proteome)" for publications on spider venomics. We presented the key aspects related to proteomics in the covered papers including, but not restricted to, the employed proteomic strategy (i.e., PMF, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, shotgun/bottom-up and/or top-down/peptidome), and the type of mass spectrometer used. Some conclusions can be drawn from the present study. For example, the scorpion genus Tityus is the most studied concerning venomics, followed by Centruroides; whereas for spiders the studied genera were found more equally distributed. Another interesting conclusion is the lack of high throughput studies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of scorpion and spider proteins. In our opinion, PTMs should be more studied as they can modulate the activity of scorpion and spider toxins.

Linking toxicity and predation in a venomous arthropod: the case of Tityus fuhrmanni (Scorpiones: Buthidae), a generalist predator scorpion.

BACKGROUND: Scorpions are arachnids that have a generalist diet, which use venom to subdue their prey. The study of their trophic ecology and capture behavior is still limited compared to other organisms, and aspects such as trophic specialization in this group have been little explored. METHODS: In order to determine the relationship between feeding behavior and venom toxicity in the scorpion species Tityus fuhrmanni, 33 specimens were offered prey with different morphologies and defense mechanisms: spiders, cockroaches and crickets. In each of the experiments we recorded the following aspects: acceptance rate, immobilization time and the number of capture attempts. The median lethal dose of T. fuhrmanni venom against the three different types of prey was also evaluated. RESULTS: We found that this species does not have a marked difference in acceptance for any of the evaluated prey, but the number of capture attempts of spiders is higher when compared to the other types of prey. The immobilization time is shorter in spiders compared to other prey and the LD50 was higher for cockroaches. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that T. fuhrmanni is a scorpion with a generalist diet, has a venom with a different potency among prey and is capable of discriminating between prey types and employing distinct strategies to subdue them.

Tendência temporal e perfil epidemiológico dos acidentes por animais peçonhentos no Brasil, 2007-2019 / Tendencia temporal y perfil epidemiológico de los accidentes por animales venenosos en Brasil, 2007-2019 / Temporal trend and epidemiological profile of accidents involving venomous animals in Brazil, 2007-2019

Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos acidentes causados por animais peçonhentos no Brasil, de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, realizado com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Para a análise temporal, utilizou-se a regressão linear de Prais-Winsten. Foram calculadas as incidências por sexo e faixa etária, risco relativo e letalidade. Resultados: No período de estudo, houve 2.102.657 casos de acidentes por animais peçonhentos. Com exceção do ofidismo, os demais acidentes apresentaram tendência temporal crescente na maioria das macrorregiões nacionais. Escorpionismo, ofidismo e araneísmo foram responsáveis por 86% dos acidentes, principalmente entre pessoas do sexo masculino em idade economicamente ativa. A de letalidade foi mais elevada para acidentes ofídicos (0,4%) e apílicos (0,3%). As crianças foram as principais vítimas de acidentes com abelhas, lagartas e "outros". Conclusão: Os acidentes com animais peçonhentos apresentaram tendência temporal crescente para a maioria dos agravos e diferentes perfis epidemiológicos.

Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de los accidentes con animales ponzoñosos en Brasil de 2007 a 2019. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con datos del Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria (Sinan). Para el análisis temporal se utilizó la Regresión Lineal de Prais-Wisten. Se calcularon las incidencias por sexo y grupo de edad, riesgo relativo y letalidad. Resultados: Durante el período del estudio hubo 2.102.657 casos de accidentes con animales ponzoñosos. Con excepción de la mordedura de serpiente, los demás accidentes mostraron una tendencia temporal creciente en la mayoría de las regiones del país. El escorpionismo, la mordedura de serpiente y la picadura de araña fueron responsables del 86% de los accidentes, afectando principalmente a personas del sexo masculino en edad laboral. Las tasas de letalidad más altas fueron por accidentes de mordedura de serpiente (0,4%) y picadura de araña (0,3%). Los niños fueron las principales vitimas de los acidentes con abejas, lagartas y "otros". Conclusión: Los accidentes com animales ponzoñosos mostraron una tendencia temporal creciente para la mayoría de las enfermedades y diferentes perfiles epidemiológicos.

Objective: to analyze the temporal trend of accidents involving venomous animals in Brazil from 2007 to 2019. Methods: this was a cross-sectional study carried out with data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System (SINAN). Prais-Winsten linear regression was used for the temporal analysis. We calculated incidence rates according to sex and age group, relative risk and case fatality ratio. Results: during the study period there were 2,102,657 cases of accidents involving venomous animals. With the exception of snakebite, the remaining accidents showed a rising temporal trend in most regions of the country. Scorpion stings, snake bites and spider bites were responsible for 86% of accidents, mainly affecting male people of working age. Accidents involving snakes (0.4%) and bees (0.3%) had the highest case fatality ratios. Children were the main victims of accidents involving bees, caterpillars and "others". Conclusion: accidents involving venomous animals showed a rising temporal trend for most conditions, as well as different epidemiological profiles.

Toxinology in the proteomics era: a review on arachnid venom proteomics

The word venomics was coined to acknowledge the studies that use omics to investigate venom proteins and peptides. Venomics has evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The first works on scorpion or spider venomics were published in the early 2000's. Such studies relied on peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to characterize venom complexity. After the introduction of new mass spectrometers with higher resolution, sensitivity and mass accuracy, and the next-generation nucleotide sequencing, the complexity of data reported in research on scorpion and spider venomics increased exponentially, which allowed more comprehensive studies. In the present review article, we covered key publications on scorpion venomics and spider venomics, presenting historical grounds and implemented technologies over the last years. The literature presented in this review was selected after searching the PubMed database using the terms "(scorpion venom) AND (proteome)" for scorpion venomics, and "(spider venom) AND (proteome)" for publications on spider venomics. We presented the key aspects related to proteomics in the covered papers including, but not restricted to, the employed proteomic strategy (i.e., PMF, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, shotgun/bottom-up and/or top-down/peptidome), and the type of mass spectrometer used. Some conclusions can be drawn from the present study. For example, the scorpion genus Tityus is the most studied concerning venomics, followed by Centruroides; whereas for spiders the studied genera were found more equally distributed. Another interesting conclusion is the lack of high throughput studies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of scorpion and spider proteins. In our opinion, PTMs should be more studied as they can modulate the activity of scorpion and spider toxins.(AU)

Toxinology in the proteomics era: a review on arachnid venom proteomics

Abstract The word venomics was coined to acknowledge the studies that use omics to investigate venom proteins and peptides. Venomics has evolved considerably over the last 20 years. The first works on scorpion or spider venomics were published in the early 2000s. Such studies relied on peptide mass fingerprinting (PMF) to characterize venom complexity. After the introduction of new mass spectrometers with higher resolution, sensitivity and mass accuracy, and the next-generation nucleotide sequencing, the complexity of data reported in research on scorpion and spider venomics increased exponentially, which allowed more comprehensive studies. In the present review article, we covered key publications on scorpion venomics and spider venomics, presenting historical grounds and implemented technologies over the last years. The literature presented in this review was selected after searching the PubMed database using the terms (scorpion venom) AND (proteome) for scorpion venomics, and (spider venom) AND (proteome) for publications on spider venomics. We presented the key aspects related to proteomics in the covered papers including, but not restricted to, the employed proteomic strategy (i.e., PMF, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, shotgun/bottom-up and/or top-down/peptidome), and the type of mass spectrometer used. Some conclusions can be drawn from the present study. For example, the scorpion genus Tityus is the most studied concerning venomics, followed by Centruroides; whereas for spiders the studied genera were found more equally distributed. Another interesting conclusion is the lack of high throughput studies on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of scorpion and spider proteins. In our opinion, PTMs should be more studied as they can modulate the activity of scorpion and spider toxins.

Linking toxicity and predation in a venomous arthropod: the case of Tityus fuhrmanni (Scorpiones: Buthidae), a generalist predator scorpion

Abstract Background: Scorpions are arachnids that have a generalist diet, which use venom to subdue their prey. The study of their trophic ecology and capture behavior is still limited compared to other organisms, and aspects such as trophic specialization in this group have been little explored. Methods: In order to determine the relationship between feeding behavior and venom toxicity in the scorpion species Tityus fuhrmanni, 33 specimens were offered prey with different morphologies and defense mechanisms: spiders, cockroaches and crickets. In each of the experiments we recorded the following aspects: acceptance rate, immobilization time and the number of capture attempts. The median lethal dose of T. fuhrmanni venom against the three different types of prey was also evaluated. Results: We found that this species does not have a marked difference in acceptance for any of the evaluated prey, but the number of capture attempts of spiders is higher when compared to the other types of prey. The immobilization time is shorter in spiders compared to other prey and the LD50 was higher for cockroaches. Conclusions: These results indicate that T. fuhrmanni is a scorpion with a generalist diet, has a venom with a different potency among prey and is capable of discriminating between prey types and employing distinct strategies to subdue them.

Pinching or stinging? Comparing prey capture among scorpions with contrasting morphologies

Background: Scorpions can use their pincers and/or stingers to subdue and immobilize their prey. A scorpion can thus choose between strategies involving force or venom, or both, depending on what is required to subdue its prey. Scorpions vary greatly in the size and strength of their pincers, and in the efficacy of their venom. Whether this variability is driven by their defensive or prey incapacitation functionis unknown. In this study, we test if scorpion species with different pincer morphologies and venom efficacies use these weapons differently during prey subjugation. To that end, we observed Opisthacanthus elatus and Chactas sp. with large pincers and Centruroides edwardsii and Tityus sp. with slender pincers. Methods: The scorpion pinch force was measured, and behavioral experiments were performed with hard and soft prey (Blaptica dubia and Acheta domesticus). Stinger use, sting frequency and immobilization time were measured. Results: We found that scorpions with large pincers such as O. elatus produce more force and use the stinger less, mostly subjugating prey by crushing them with the pincers. In C. edwardsii and Tityus sp. we found they use their slender and relatively weak pincers for holding the prey, but seem to predominantly use the stinger to subjugate them. On the other hand, Chactas sp. uses both strategies although it has a high pinch force. Conclusions: Our results show that scorpionspecies with massive pincers and high pinch force as O. elatus use the stinger less for prey subjugation than scorpionspecies with slenderpincers.(AU)

Epidemiological aspects of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in Brazil's northeastern / Aspectos epidemiológicos dos acidentes escorpiônicos em um munícipio do nordeste brasileiro

Scorpionic accidents are a major public health problem due to the high occurrence with potential seriousness. In this manner, the research aimed to analyze the occurrence of scorpionic accidents in a municipality in the northeastern of Brazil. An exploratory, descriptive study was made, with a quantitative approach, using secondary data which was gotten from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN), from 2008 to 2018. Data such as neighborhood, presence of street markets were also used, and the existence of sanitation and climatic data such as temperature and season. Geoprocessing was used to identify possible changes in the environment. In the analyzed period, 9,330 cases of scorpion accidents were recorded, with an average of 848 annual notifications. Scorpionic accidents occurred more frequently in women (5,686; 60.94%). Individuals aged 20 to 29 years (1.727; 18.51%) were more frequent to scorpion stings. Regarding the body parts where the stings were made, the highlights were on the foot (3.515; 37.67%) followed by the hand (2.818; 30.20%). No statistically significant relation was observed between climatic factors and scorpionic accidents. However, the high number of cases of scorpionic accidents was observed in the last 11 years studied. It was evident that during the study period there was no statistical relationship when climatic factors were correlated to scorpionic accidents. On its turn, when it was verified the results of the geoprocessing analysis, it was seen that anthropic factors have been motivating the potentiation of the occurrence of these accidents.(AU)

Os acidentes escorpiônicos apresentam-se como um grande problema de saúde pública em virtude da grande ocorrência com potencial gravidade. Nesse sentido, o trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a ocorrência de acidentes escorpiônicos em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo, de caráter exploratório, com abordagem quantitativa em que foram utilizados dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN), no período de 2008 a 2018. Também foram utilizados dados como bairro, presença de feiras livres e a existência de saneamento básico e dados climáticos como temperatura e estação do ano. O geoprocessamento foi utilizado para identificar as possíveis alterações no ambiente. No período analisado, foram registrados 9,330 casos de acidentes com escorpião, com média de 848 notificações anuais. Os acidentes escorpiônicos ocorreram com mais frequência em mulheres (5,686; 60,94%). Em indivíduos na faixa etária de 20 a 29 anos (1,727; 18,51%) foram mais frequentes a picada de escorpião. Com relação ao local das picadas destacaram-se o pé (3,515; 37,67%), seguido da mão (2,818; 30,20%). Não foi observada relação estatisticamente significativa entre os fatores climáticos e os acidentes escorpiônicos. Foi observado elevado número de casos de acidentes escorpiônicos nos últimos 11 anos estudados. Ficou evidente que durante o período de estudo não existiu relação estatística quando se correlacionou fatores climáticos aos acidentes escorpiônicos. Por sua vez, ao verificar os resultados da análise de geoprocessamento foi visto que fatores antrópicos têm sido motivadores da potencialização da ocorrência desses acidentes.(AU)

Predadores de escorpiões (Arachnida: Scorpiones): uma revisão

Scorpions are invertebrates with worldwide distribution, except Antarctica. They are nocturnal animals and prey on from insects to small mammals. This work aimed to revise the literature on scorpion predators globally and, more especifically, the predators of species fo scorpions of health concern in Brazil. The data set obtained was used to create graphs by class, order, family and species of scorpion predators, as well as a compiled table with the most relevant information. The main results showed mammals constituted the main predators of scorpions worldwide, with one hundred and sixty-nine of the six hundred and thirty-eight records obtained. As for Brazil, sixty-three records were found and arachnids were the main predators, with intraguild predation and even predation of the species itself (cannibalism). Only six records are related to species of health concern in Brazil (all belonging to genus Tityus), which shows the lack of information on ecological aspects for these species. More studies are necessary to better know the predators of the Brazilian species of scorpions considered as of health concern, both in the field as in laboratory experiments. These informations are important to develop more effective strategies to scorpion control.

Os escorpiões são invertebrados encontrados em todos os continentes, exceto na Antártida. São animais que possuem hábitos noturnos, e predam desde insetos a pequenos mamíferos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo a realização de revisão bibliográfica sobre predadores de escorpiões globalmente com o intuito de sintetizar o conhecimento sobre os principais predadores dos escorpiões no mundo, principalmente das espécies de interesse em saúde no Brasil. Foram produzidos gráficos para Classe, Ordem, Família e Espécie de predadores de escorpiões, bem como uma tabela compilada com as informações mais relevantes. Os mamíferos constituíram os principais predadores de escorpiões mundialmente, com cento e sessenta e nove dos seiscentos e trinta e oito registros obtidos. Quanto ao Brasil, foram encontrados sessenta e três registros e os aracnídeos constituíram os principais predadores, ocorrendo predação intraguilda e até mesmo a predação da própria espécie (canibalismo). Apenas seis registros estão relacionados com espécies de interesse em saúde no Brasil (gênero Tityus), o que evidencia a deficiência de informações sobre aspectos ecológicos observados na natureza para essas espécies. Mais estudos são necessários para conhecer os predadores das espécies de interesse em saúde no Brasil, tanto de trabalhos em campo quanto no laboratório. Essas informações são importantes para se criar estratégias mais eficazes de controle de escorpiões.

Linking toxicity and predation in a venomous arthropod: the case of Tityus fuhrmanni (Scorpiones: Buthidae), a generalist predator scorpion

Background: Scorpions are arachnids that have a generalist diet, which use venom to subdue their prey. The study of their trophic ecology and capture behavior is still limited compared to other organisms, and aspects such as trophic specialization in this group have been little explored. Methods: In order to determine the relationship between feeding behavior and venom toxicity in the scorpion species Tityus fuhrmanni, 33 specimens were offered prey with different morphologies and defense mechanisms: spiders, cockroaches and crickets. In each of the experiments we recorded the following aspects: acceptance rate, immobilization time and the number of capture attempts. The median lethal dose of T. fuhrmanni venom against the three different types of prey was also evaluated. Results: We found that this species does not have a marked difference in acceptance for any of the evaluated prey, but the number of capture attempts of spiders is higher when compared to the other types of prey. The immobilization time is shorter in spiders compared to other prey and the LD50 was higher for cockroaches. Conclusions: These results indicate that T. fuhrmanni is a scorpion with a generalist diet, has a venom with a different potency among prey and is capable of discriminating between prey types and employing distinct strategies to subdue them.(AU)