Development of methodologies for virus detection in soybean and wheat seeds.

Seeds that contain large amounts of oil, starch, fibers and phenols are the most difficult tissues for RNA extraction. Currently, there are some reports of virus detection in seeds using commercial kits for RNA extraction. However, individual seeds were used, which may not be always suitable for analyses that deal with large amounts of seeds. Sangha [1] described a simple, quick and efficient protocol for RNA extraction and downstream applications in a group of seeds of jatropha (Jatropha curcas), mustard (Brassica sp.) and rice (Oryza sativa). We tested this protocol for soybean (Glycine max), maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) seeds and further reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)/quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in order to have a faster and more practical method for virus detection from seeds than the traditional scheme of seed planting and subsequent Elisa/RT-PCR from leaves. The essential points in the method are:•Some modifications in the protocol [1] were done in order to increase performance: Wheat and triticale seeds are incubated with water prior to maceration. An amount of 1.2 g of dry soybean seeds is used to maceration.•RT-PCR is used for detection of Wheat streak mosaic virus from wheat seeds and RT-qPCR for detection of Soybean mosaic virus from soybean seeds.•The method may be tested for other viruses, however, pre-validation will be needed.

Estratégias de marketing na área de sementes / Marketing strategies in the area of seeds

O marketing na área de sementes é um instrumento promissor para o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes certificadas. Objetivou-se no presente trabalho analisar o marketing como ferramenta para promover o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes certificadas. Vale ressaltar que o não pagamento de royalties com a compra de sementes clandestinas descapitaliza a indústria de sementes e reduz o investimento em novas tecnologias e cultivares pelos setores público e privado, diminuindo consequentemente à probabilidade de sucesso dos agricultores pela utilização de tecnologias ultrapassadas. De maneira geral, verifica-se que o marketing na área de sementes é um importante recurso empregado pelas empresas de sementes, a fim de superar a concorrência e atender às exigências do mercado e, por conseguinte, promover o aumento da taxa de uso de sementes certificadas pelos agricultores.(AU)

The marketing in the seeds is a promising tool for increasing the utilization of certified seed. The objective of the present study was to analyze seed marketing as a tool to promote the use of certified seed. It is noteworthy that non-payment of royalties by buying clandestine seeds undercapitalizes seed industry and reduces investment in new technologies and cultivars by public and private sectors, thereby decreasing the likelihood of success of farmers for the use of outdated technology. In general, the use of marketing in the seeds is an important tool used by seed companies in order to outperform the competition and meet market demands and consequently promote increased utilization of certified seeds by farmers.(AU)

Marketing strategies in the area of seeds / Estratégias de marketing na área de sementes

The marketing in the seeds is a promising tool for increasing the utilization of certified seed. The objective of the present study was to analyze seed marketing as a tool to promote the use of certified seed. It  is noteworthy that nonpayment of royalties by buying clandestine seeds undercapitalizes seed industry and reduces investment in new technologies and cultivars by public and private sectors, thereby decreasing the likelihood of success of farmers for the use of outdated technology. In general, the use of marketing in the seeds is an important tool used by seed companies in order to outperform the competition and meet market demands and consequently promote increased utilization of certified seeds by farmers.

O marketing na área de sementes é um instrumento promissor para o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes cer tificadas. Objetivouse no presente trabalho analisar o marketing como ferramenta para promover o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes certificadas. Vale ressaltar que o não pagamento de royalties com a compra de sementes clandestinas descapitaliza a indústria de sementes e reduz o investimento em novas tecnologias e cultivares pelos setores público e privado, diminuindo consequen temente à probabilidade de sucesso dos agricultores pela utilização de tecnologias ultrapassadas. De maneira geral, verificase que o marketing na área de sementes é um importante recurso empre gado pelas empresas de sementes, a fim de superar a concorrência e atender às exigências do mercado e, por conseguinte, promover o aumento da taxa de uso de sementes certificadas pelos agricultores.

Marketing strategies in the area of seeds / Estratégias de marketing na área de sementes

The marketing in the seeds is a promising tool for increasing the utilization of certified seed. The objective of the present study was to analyze seed marketing as a tool to promote the use of certified seed. It  is noteworthy that nonpayment of royalties by buying clandestine seeds undercapitalizes seed industry and reduces investment in new technologies and cultivars by public and private sectors, thereby decreasing the likelihood of success of farmers for the use of outdated technology. In general, the use of marketing in the seeds is an important tool used by seed companies in order to outperform the competition and meet market demands and consequently promote increased utilization of certified seeds by farmers.(AU)

O marketing na área de sementes é um instrumento promissor para o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes cer tificadas. Objetivouse no presente trabalho analisar o marketing como ferramenta para promover o aumento da taxa de utilização de sementes certificadas. Vale ressaltar que o não pagamento de royalties com a compra de sementes clandestinas descapitaliza a indústria de sementes e reduz o investimento em novas tecnologias e cultivares pelos setores público e privado, diminuindo consequen temente à probabilidade de sucesso dos agricultores pela utilização de tecnologias ultrapassadas. De maneira geral, verificase que o marketing na área de sementes é um importante recurso empre gado pelas empresas de sementes, a fim de superar a concorrência e atender às exigências do mercado e, por conseguinte, promover o aumento da taxa de uso de sementes certificadas pelos agricultores.(AU)