Targeting Rac and Cdc42 GEFs in Metastatic Cancer.

The Rho family GTPases Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 have emerged as key players in cancer metastasis, due to their essential roles in regulating cell division and actin cytoskeletal rearrangements; and thus, cell growth, migration/invasion, polarity, and adhesion. This review will focus on the close homologs Rac and Cdc42, which have been established as drivers of metastasis and therapy resistance in multiple cancer types. Rac and Cdc42 are often dysregulated in cancer due to hyperactivation by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), belonging to both the diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) and dedicator of cytokinesis (DOCK) families. Rac/Cdc42 GEFs are activated by a myriad of oncogenic cell surface receptors, such as growth factor receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, cytokine receptors, and integrins; consequently, a number of Rac/Cdc42 GEFs have been implicated in metastatic cancer. Hence, inhibiting GEF-mediated Rac/Cdc42 activation represents a promising strategy for targeted metastatic cancer therapy. Herein, we focus on the role of oncogenic Rac/Cdc42 GEFs and discuss the recent advancements in the development of Rac and Cdc42 GEF-interacting inhibitors as targeted therapy for metastatic cancer, as well as their potential for overcoming cancer therapy resistance.

Eliminación de huevos de los pequeños estróngilos en la materia fecal de los equinos y su importancia práctica en la posibilidad de tratamientos selectivos / Fecal shedding of equine small strongyle eggs and its practical importance for selective treatment

Resumen Los pequeños estróngilos son los parásitos de mayor prevalencia e importancia en los equinos de todo el mundo, y el desarrollo generalizado de la resistencia de estos nematodos a los antihelmínticos está impulsando la aplicación de tratamientos selectivos (TS) para disminuir o demorar el desarrollo de estos fenómenos. Esta estrategia se basa en conteos de huevos de nematodos en la materia fecal de todos los integrantes del grupo animal para tratar solamente aquellos que sobrepasan un determinado umbral o cut off. Este principio de TS se ve favorecido por la consistencia de los conteos de huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) en los equinos y está siendo empleada en algunos países del hemisferio norte, especialmente en los animales adultos. En la Argentina, existe una ausencia de información básica en relación a las condiciones climáticas, de pastoreo y manejo que podrían resultar en cargas parasitarias y transmisión de nematodos diferentes a las observadas en el hemisferio norte. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar la eliminación de huevos de pequeños estróngilos en 436 equinos de diferentes edades pertenecientes a 19 establecimientos del área central de la Argentina. El 90% de los equinos mostró huevos de estróngilos en las heces y los valores de hpg fueron menores a 200 y mayores a 1.000 en el 32% y 22% de los equinos respectivamente. La distribución de los huevos de estróngilos entre individuos de todas las edades fue sobre-dispersa o agregada, con una media aritmética general de 671,59 ± 789,76 y un valor de k o parámetro de agregación inversa de 0,72 (distribución de la binomial negativa). La edad de los animales (potrillos vs adultos) y los biotipos (deportivo vs trabajo) en la categoría adultos influenciaron la magnitud de los valores del hpg (p<0,001). En esta última categoría el 35% de los animales fue responsable de la excreción de aproximadamente el 80% de los huevos eliminados en las pasturas. Si bien existen algunas diferencias con lo observado en países del hemisferio norte con poblaciones parasitarias más agregadas o sobre-dispersas, los TS para el control de los pequeños estróngilos en equinos adultos podrían también ser una estrategia válida bajo nuestras condiciones para disminuir la presión de selección sobre el genoma parasitario y permitir el desarrollo de poblaciones en refugio.

Abstract Small strongyles are the most prevalent and important parasites in grazing horses throughout the world and the widespread development of antihelminthic resistance has prompted in some countries of the northern hemisphere the application of selective treatments (ST) to reduce or delay the development of these phenomena. This strategy is based on determining strongyle fecal egg counts of all herd members and treating only those exceeding a certain threshold or cut off. However, there is an absence of basic information on horses maintained under climatic, grazing or management conditions different from those observed in the northern hemisphere. In this context, the aim of this study was to characterize the elimination of eggs of small strongyles in horses of different ages from 19 farms in the central area of Argentina. Out of a total of 436 horses, 90% showed positive strongyles egg counts and in these animals the count of eggs per gram of feces (epg) was under 200 and over 1,000 in 32% and 22% of the horses respectively. The distribution of strongyle eggs among individuals of all categories was over-dispersed or aggregated with a general epg arithmetic mean of 671.59 ± 789.76 and a value of the inverse aggregation parameter of 0.72 (negative binomial distribution). The age of the animals (foals vs. adults) and the biotypes in the adult category (sports vs. work) influenced the magnitude of the epg values (P <0.001). In the latter category, approximately 35% of the animals were responsible for the excretion of approximately 80% of the eggs in the pastures. Although some differences on magnitude and distribution of strongyle fecal egg counts were observed in countries of the northern hemisphere, ST of small strongyles in adult equines could also be a valid strategy under Argentinian conditions to reduce the selection pressure on the parasitic genome and allow the development of refugia populations.

Sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA© system in tropical hair sheep.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA© (F©) system in Morada Nova ewes. The conjunctivae of 562 ewes were evaluated using the F© system. Packed cell volume (PCV) served as the gold standard for clinical F© evaluation. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the F© system, different criteria were adopted: animals classified as (I) F© 4 and 5 or (II) 3, 4, and 5 were considered to be anemic and animals classified as (I) F© 1, 2, and 3, or (II) 1 and 2 were considered to be non-anemic. Three standard values of PCV, namely, ≤ 19%, ≤ 18%, or ≤ 15%, were used to confirm anemia. The percentage of correct treatments was always high when the F© values 4 and 5 were used as criteria for positive tests. For all the PCV cut-off values, more animals were classified as false positives when evaluated using F© 3, 4, and 5 as criteria for a positive test and more true negative animals when evaluated using only F© 4 and 5 as criteria for a positive test. For both sets of criteria for the positive tests, few animals were classified as false negatives and true positives. Eliminating the classification of F© 3 as anemic decreased the sensitivity and increased the specificity for all the PCV cut-off values for the ewes. The F© system can be used as a reliable alternative to reduce selection pressure for anthelmintics in relation to routine non-selective blanket treatment for worm control in the Morada Nova ewes.

Sensitivity and specificity of the FAMACHA© system in growing lambs.

The FAMACHA© system is used for targeted selective treatment (TST) of small ruminants for the control of haemonchosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this system in growing lambs. Between 2015 and 2016, lambs aged 60-210 days on two sheep farms were evaluated at 15-day intervals using the FAMACHA© system (F1-F5), with analysis of hematocrit (Ht), counting of eggs per gram of feces, and larval culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the system were calculated according to two criteria: criterion 1, lambs classified as F4 or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1, F2, or F3 were considered not anemic (negative test); and criterion 2, lambs classified as F3, F4, or F5 were considered anemic (positive test) and those classified as F1 and F2 were considered not anemic (negative test). Three gold standard Ht cutoff values were used to diagnose anemia, i.e., ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. In total, 1591 assessments were analyzed. The highest percentage of larvae in the fecal cultures was for Haemonchus spp., with an average of 78.5%. The sensitivity values found when F3 lambs were considered anemic were 13.9%, 30.8%, and 66.7%, respectively, for Ht cutoff values of ≤22%, ≤18%, and ≤15%. When F3 lambs were excluded, the maximum sensitivity was 14.9% and the specificity was 100% for all degrees of anemia using criterion 1. The FAMACHA© system had low sensitivity in growing lambs and should not be used alone for control of haemonchosis in young animals.

Método FAMACHA para detectar anemia clínica causada por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas em lactação / FAMACHA method for detecting clinical anemia caused by Haemonchus contortus in suckling lambs and lactating ewes

O controle das endoparasitoses gastrintestinais em pequenos ruminantes tem sido tradicionalmente realizado por meio do uso indiscriminado dos anti-helmínticos, porém essa prática tem resultado em grande pressão de seleção de parasitas resistentes. Métodos seletivos (ex: FAMACHA/FMC e contagem de ovos nas fezes/OPG) e que apresentem boa sensibilidade para identificar os animais que necessitam receber o tratamento químico são importantes alternativas aos métodos tradicionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do método FMC, usado para detectar anemia causada por Haemonchus contortus em ovinos da raça Suffolk, em duas categorias de alta suscetibilidade; cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas durante a fase de lactação. A conjuntiva ocular de 42 cordeiros lactentes e 35 ovelhas em lactação foi avaliada usando o método FMC, em intervalos de 14 dias, durante cinco meses. O hematócrito (Ht) foi utilizado como padrão-ouro para avaliação clínica de anemia dos animais. Para o cálculo de sensibilidade e especificidade, diferentes critérios foram utilizados: animais classificados como 4 e 5 ou 3, 4 e 5 e anêmicos pelo Ht (teste positivo); animais classificados como 1, 2 e 3 ou 1 e 2 e não anêmicos pelo Ht (teste negativo). Três valores de corte para Ht (≤22%, ≤19% ou ≤15%) foram utilizados para confirmar a anemia. Entre os gêneros observados nas coproculturas, H. contortus (61,5%) e Ostertagiasp (21,3%) foram os mais prevalentes. Em ambas as categorias, a inclusão do FMC 3 como teste positivo, elevou a sensibilidade mas reduziu a especificidade do método. Quando o FMC 3 foi considerado anêmico, o percentual de falsos negativos foi próximo a zero, no entanto, houve aumento no número de tratamentos aplicados em animais não anêmicos (falso positivo). Durante as avaliações, a maior parte dos cordeiros (73%) e das ovelhas (53%) permaneceu nas categorias de FMC 1 e 2...(AU)

The control of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants has traditionally involved the indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs that resulted in a high parasite selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance. Selective methods (ex.: FAMACHA/FMC and faecal egg count/EPG), which have good sensitivity to identify animals that need drug treatment, are important alternative methods for parasite control. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the FMC method to detect clinical anemia caused by Haemonchus contortus in two highly susceptible categories of Suffolk sheep; suckling lambs and lactating ewes. The ocular conjunctivae of 42 suckling lambs and 35 lactating ewes were evaluated using the FMC method at 14 days interval for five months. Hematocrit (Ht) served as the gold standard for anemia evaluation. To calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the FMC method, different criteria were adopted: animals classified as 4 and 5, or 3, 4 and 5, were considered to be anemic (positive test), and animals classified as 1, 2 and 3, or 1 and 2 were considered to be non-anemic (negative test). Three standard values of Ht (≤22%, ≤19% or ≤15%) were used to confirm anemia. Among the prevalent genera of helminths H. contortus (61.5%) and Ostertagia sp. (21.3%) were the most predominant species in the coproculture. For both categories, the inclusion of FMC 3 as a positive test increased the sensitivity but decreased the specificity of the method. When FMC 3 was included as anemic, the percentage of false negative was close to zero, but a greater number of treatments were applied to non-anemic animals (false positive). Most of the lambs (73%) and ewes (57%) remained in categories 1 or 2 throughout the trial...(AU)

Método FAMACHA para detectar anemia clínica causada por Haemonchus contortus em cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas em lactação / FAMACHA method for detecting clinical anemia caused by Haemonchus contortus in suckling lambs and lactating ewes

O controle das endoparasitoses gastrintestinais em pequenos ruminantes tem sido tradicionalmente realizado por meio do uso indiscriminado dos anti-helmínticos, porém essa prática tem resultado em grande pressão de seleção de parasitas resistentes. Métodos seletivos (ex: FAMACHA/FMC e contagem de ovos nas fezes/OPG) e que apresentem boa sensibilidade para identificar os animais que necessitam receber o tratamento químico são importantes alternativas aos métodos tradicionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi determinar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do método FMC, usado para detectar anemia causada por Haemonchus contortus em ovinos da raça Suffolk, em duas categorias de alta suscetibilidade; cordeiros lactentes e ovelhas durante a fase de lactação...

The control of gastrointestinal parasites in small ruminants has traditionally involved the indiscriminate use of anthelmintic drugs that resulted in a high parasite selection pressure for anthelmintic resistance. Selective methods (ex.: FAMACHA/FMC and faecal egg count/EPG), which have good sensitivity to identify animals that need drug treatment, are important alternative methods for parasite control. The objective of this study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the FMC method to detect clinical anemia caused by Haemonchus contortus in two highly susceptible categories of Suffolk sheep; suckling lambs and lactating ewes...

FAMACHA© system assessment by previously trained sheep and goat farmers in Brazil.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of adoption and the correct use of the FAMACHA© system amongst sheep and goat farmers trained in a previous hands-on course. A survey was carried out with 1375 people who received FAMACHA© training from July 2009 to May 2011 in Paraná State, Brazil. The survey was conducted from March 2012 to May 2013. Firstly, a questionnaire was applied with specific questions for farmers about their anthelmintic (AH) treatment practices before and after the FAMACHA© training. In a second step, eight of the questionnaire respondents classified as sheep or goat farmers were contacted for an in loco visit during which the application of the FAMACHA© system was evaluated in the respective farms and blood samples were collected from 20 animals to calculate sensitivity and specificity. A total of 124 farmers responded the questionnaire (9% of project participants). Farmers accounted for 48.4% of total responses. Half of these farmers (51.6%) reported losses related to parasites in their property before the training. Antiparasitic treatments, at fixed intervals, were responsible for 93.1% of deworming practices before the training project. FAMACHA© was unknown for 51.7% of the respondents, and 31% knew the chart, but did not use it. After the project, 69% had adopted the system and 83% assessed the animals at regular intervals. However, 18.9% did not evaluate all animals. During the in loco visits, problems reported included the incorrect exposure of the ocular mucosa (50% of farmers) and not using the chart (87.5%). Also, 62.5% did not keep records of the FAMACHA© assessment history of the flock. However, sensitivity was 100%, with 0% false negatives. We conclude that, amongst farmers who adopted the system, despite some methodological errors regarding its use, the objectives were met in terms of reducing the number of anthelmintic treatments and providing anemic animals with AH treatment. Trained farmers seemed to require technical guidance post-training to promote effective use of the FAMACHA© system.

Impact of periodic selective mebendazole treatment on soil-transmitted helminth infections in Cuban schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of periodic selective treatment with 500 mg mebendazole on soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections in Cuban schoolchildren. METHODS: We followed up a cohort of 268 STH-positive schoolchildren, aged 5-14 years at baseline, at six-month intervals for two years and a final follow-up after three years. Kato-Katz stool examination was used to detect infections with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm. Common risk factors related to STHs were assessed by parental questionnaire. RESULTS: A significant reduction in the number of STH infections was obtained after three years with the highest reduction for T. trichiura (87.8%) and the lowest for hookworm (57.9%). After six months, cure rates (CRs) were 76.9% for A. lumbricoides, 67.4% for T. trichiura and 44.4% for hookworm. After two treatment rounds, more than 75% of all STH-positive children at baseline were cured, but with important differences between STH species (95.2% for A. lumbricoides, 80.5% for T. trichiura and 76.5% for hookworm). At the end of the study, these cumulative CRs were almost 100% for all three STHs. Risk factors for STHs were sex, sanitary disposal and habit of playing in the soil. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that periodic selective treatment with 500 mg mebendazole is effective in reducing the number of STH infections in Cuban schoolchildren. Although important differences were found between helminth species, two rounds of treatment appeared sufficient to obtain substantial reductions.

Avaliação do sistema integrado de controle parasitário em uma criação semi-intensiva de caprinos na região de Santa Catarina / Evaluation of the integrated parasite control in a semi-intensive goat farming in the region of Santa Catarina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi subsidiar um programa sustentável de controle parasitário em um rebanho caprino em São Francisco do Sul, SC, aplicando o Sistema Integrado de Controle Parasitário (SICOPA). Foram utilizados 63 caprinos, distribuídos em nove grupos para teste de eficácia de anti-helmínticos, exames de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), coprocultura, grau Famacha, micro-hematócrito, escore corporal e contagem de larvas no pasto. A redução da OPG 15 dias pós-tratamento com closantel, albendazole, nitroxinil, levamisole, ivermectina+levamisole+albendazol, moxidectina, ivermectina, abamectina e sulfóxido de albendazol foi de 89, 83, 65, 63, 57, 37, 31, 0 e 0%, respectivamente. A média de graus Famacha 1 e 2 no estudo foi de 81%, e de graus 3, 4 e 5 foi de 19%, e não se observou correlação com os valores do micro-hematócrito em razão da prevalência de Trichostrongylus sp. (92%). A contagem de larvas infectantes (L3) na pastagem apresentou valores abaixo de 1000 L3/kg/MS, predominando Trichostrongylus sp. Nenhuma das drogas testadas foi considerada eficaz, evidenciando resistência parasitária múltipla. A aplicação de ferramentas do SICOPA e a adoção de estratégias de manejo e nutrição adequados são fundamentais para estabelecer um programa sanitário sustentável.

The objective of this study was to subsidize a sustainable parasite control program in a flock of goats in São Francisco do Sul, SC, Brazil, applying the integrated system for parasite control. Sixty three adult animals were used in nine groups to perform an anthelmintic efficacy test, faecal egg count (FEC), Famacha method, haematocrit, body condition score, coproculture, and the presence of larvae on pasture. Drug efficacy measured by FEC 15 days post-treatment with closantel, ivermectin + Levamisole + albendazole, albendazole, nitroxinyl, levamisol, abamectin, ivermectin, moxidectin and albendazole was 85, 57, 83, 65, 63, 31, 28, 24 and 0%, respectively. The Famacha score 1 or 2 was given to 81% and scores 3, 4 or 5 were given to 19%, without significant correlation with haematocrit values since the predominant was Trichostrongylus sp. (92%). The count of infective larvae levels on pasture revealed values below 1000 L3/kg/DM predominantly Trichostrongylus sp. None of the tested drugs was effective, showing multiple parasitic resistance. The correct application of the SICOPA and adoption of management strategies and proper nutrition are essential to establish a sustainable health program.

Avaliação do sistema integrado de controle parasitário em uma criação semi-intensiva de caprinos na região de Santa Catarina / Evaluation of the integrated parasite control in a semi-intensive goat farming in the region of Santa Catarina

O objetivo deste trabalho foi subsidiar um programa sustentável de controle parasitário em um rebanho caprino em São Francisco do Sul, SC, aplicando o Sistema Integrado de Controle Parasitário (SICOPA). Foram utilizados 63 caprinos, distribuídos em nove grupos para teste de eficácia de anti-helmínticos, exames de contagem de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG), coprocultura, grau Famacha, micro-hematócrito, escore corporal e contagem de larvas no pasto. A redução da OPG 15 dias pós-tratamento com closantel, albendazole, nitroxinil, levamisole, ivermectina+levamisole+albendazol, moxidectina, ivermectina, abamectina e sulfóxido de albendazol foi de 89, 83, 65, 63, 57, 37, 31, 0 e 0%, respectivamente. A média de graus Famacha 1 e 2 no estudo foi de 81%, e de graus 3, 4 e 5 foi de 19%, e não se observou correlação com os valores do micro-hematócrito em razão da prevalência de Trichostrongylus sp. (92%). A contagem de larvas infectantes (L3) na pastagem apresentou valores abaixo de 1000 L3/kg/MS, predominando Trichostrongylus sp. Nenhuma das drogas testadas foi considerada eficaz, evidenciando resistência parasitária múltipla. A aplicação de ferramentas do SICOPA e a adoção de estratégias de manejo e nutrição adequados são fundamentais para estabelecer um programa sanitário sustentável.(AU)

The objective of this study was to subsidize a sustainable parasite control program in a flock of goats in São Francisco do Sul, SC, Brazil, applying the integrated system for parasite control. Sixty three adult animals were used in nine groups to perform an anthelmintic efficacy test, faecal egg count (FEC), Famacha method, haematocrit, body condition score, coproculture, and the presence of larvae on pasture. Drug efficacy measured by FEC 15 days post-treatment with closantel, ivermectin + Levamisole + albendazole, albendazole, nitroxinyl, levamisol, abamectin, ivermectin, moxidectin and albendazole was 85, 57, 83, 65, 63, 31, 28, 24 and 0%, respectively. The Famacha score 1 or 2 was given to 81% and scores 3, 4 or 5 were given to 19%, without significant correlation with haematocrit values since the predominant was Trichostrongylus sp. (92%). The count of infective larvae levels on pasture revealed values below 1000 L3/kg/DM predominantly Trichostrongylus sp. None of the tested drugs was effective, showing multiple parasitic resistance. The correct application of the SICOPA and adoption of management strategies and proper nutrition are essential to establish a sustainable health program.(AU)

Contagens de ovos por grama de fezes para o controle anti-helmíntico em bovinos de leite de diferentes faixas etárias / Eggs per gram of feces counting for anthelmintic control in dairy cattle of distinct age groups

O controle anti-helmíntico tem vital importância na produtividade de bovinos de leite e, para sua melhor aplicação, devem ser considerados fatores como a sustentabilidade, o custo/benefício e as práticas de manejo utilizadas em cada rebanho. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios para o tratamento anti-helmíntico de bovinos de leite de categorias distintas com base em contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Para isso, analisaram-se amostras fecais de 100 bovinos de leite, em diferentes faixas etárias, de pequenas propriedades da região Centro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos neste estudo, são indicados os tratamentos seletivos, com base na contagem de OPG, para as fêmeas jovens (até os três meses de vida) e para as vacas lactantes, e o controle estratégico para os bezerros (dos quatro aos 24 meses).

The control of helminth infections has an essential role in the productivity of dairy cattle. Sustainability, cost/benefit and feasibility of the chosen control measures, must be taking into account for each production system. This study aimed to establish criteria for anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle, in different categories, based on eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counting. For this purpose, it were analyzed fecal samples from 100 dairy cattle, in different age groups, from small farms of the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Based on these results, the selective treatments, based on EPG, are indicated to female calves (until three months old) and lactating cows, and the strategic control to male and female calves, from four to 24 months old.

Contagens de ovos por grama de fezes para o controle anti-helmíntico em bovinos de leite de diferentes faixas etárias

The control of helminth infections has an essential role in the productivity of dairy cattle. Sustainability, cost/benefit and feasibility of the chosen control measures, must be taking into account for each production system. This study aimed to establish criteria for anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle, in different categories, based on eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counting. For this purpose, it were analyzed fecal samples from 100 dairy cattle, in different age groups, from small farms of the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Based on these results, the selective treatments, based on EPG, are indicated to female calves (until three months old) and lactating cows, and the strategic control to male and female calves, from four to 24 months old.

O controle anti-helmíntico tem vital importância na produtividade de bovinos de leite e, para sua melhor aplicação, devem ser considerados fatores como a sustentabilidade, o custo/benefício e as práticas de manejo utilizadas em cada rebanho. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios para o tratamento anti-helmíntico de bovinos de leite de categorias distintas com base em contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Para isso, analisaram-se amostras fecais de 100 bovinos de leite, em diferentes faixas etárias, de pequenas propriedades da região Centro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos neste estudo, são indicados os tratamentos seletivos, com base na contagem de OPG, para as fêmeas jovens (até os três meses de vida) e para as vacas lactantes, e o controle estratégico para os bezerros (dos quatro aos 24 meses).

Contagens de ovos por grama de fezes para o controle anti-helmíntico em bovinos de leite de diferentes faixas etárias

The control of helminth infections has an essential role in the productivity of dairy cattle. Sustainability, cost/benefit and feasibility of the chosen control measures, must be taking into account for each production system. This study aimed to establish criteria for anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle, in different categories, based on eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counting. For this purpose, it were analyzed fecal samples from 100 dairy cattle, in different age groups, from small farms of the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Based on these results, the selective treatments, based on EPG, are indicated to female calves (until three months old) and lactating cows, and the strategic control to male and female calves, from four to 24 months old.

O controle anti-helmíntico tem vital importância na produtividade de bovinos de leite e, para sua melhor aplicação, devem ser considerados fatores como a sustentabilidade, o custo/benefício e as práticas de manejo utilizadas em cada rebanho. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios para o tratamento anti-helmíntico de bovinos de leite de categorias distintas com base em contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Para isso, analisaram-se amostras fecais de 100 bovinos de leite, em diferentes faixas etárias, de pequenas propriedades da região Centro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos neste estudo, são indicados os tratamentos seletivos, com base na contagem de OPG, para as fêmeas jovens (até os três meses de vida) e para as vacas lactantes, e o controle estratégico para os bezerros (dos quatro aos 24 meses).

Contagens de ovos por grama de fezes para o controle anti-helmíntico em bovinos de leite de diferentes faixas etárias

The control of helminth infections has an essential role in the productivity of dairy cattle. Sustainability, cost/benefit and feasibility of the chosen control measures, must be taking into account for each production system. This study aimed to establish criteria for anthelmintic treatment of dairy cattle, in different categories, based on eggs per gram of feces (EPG) counting. For this purpose, it were analyzed fecal samples from 100 dairy cattle, in different age groups, from small farms of the Central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Based on these results, the selective treatments, based on EPG, are indicated to female calves (until three months old) and lactating cows, and the strategic control to male and female calves, from four to 24 months old.

O controle anti-helmíntico tem vital importância na produtividade de bovinos de leite e, para sua melhor aplicação, devem ser considerados fatores como a sustentabilidade, o custo/benefício e as práticas de manejo utilizadas em cada rebanho. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de estabelecer critérios para o tratamento anti-helmíntico de bovinos de leite de categorias distintas com base em contagens de ovos por grama de fezes (OPG). Para isso, analisaram-se amostras fecais de 100 bovinos de leite, em diferentes faixas etárias, de pequenas propriedades da região Centro do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Considerando-se os resultados obtidos neste estudo, são indicados os tratamentos seletivos, com base na contagem de OPG, para as fêmeas jovens (até os três meses de vida) e para as vacas lactantes, e o controle estratégico para os bezerros (dos quatro aos 24 meses).