Excessive Functional Coupling With Less Variability Between Salience and Default Mode Networks in Autism Spectrum Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Atypical activity in the salience network (SN) and default mode network (DMN) has been previously reported in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, no study to date has investigated the nature and dynamics of the interaction between these two networks in ASD. METHODS: Here, we aimed to characterize the functional connectivity between the SN and the DMN by using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange and comparing individuals with ASD (n = 325) to a typically developing group (n = 356). We examined static and dynamic levels of functional connectivity using the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) seed as a core region of the DMN. RESULTS: We found that individuals with ASD have higher mPFC connectivity with the insula, a core region of the SN, when compared with the typical development group. Moreover, the mPFC-insula coupling showed less variability in ASD compared with the typical development group. A novel semblance-based network dynamic analysis further confirmed that the strong mPFC-insula coupling in the ASD group reduced spontaneous attentional shift for possible external elements of the environment. Indeed, we found that excessive mPFC-insula coupling was significantly associated with a tendency for reduced social responsiveness. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the internally oriented cognition in individuals with ASD may be due to excessive coupling between the DMN and the SN.

Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes.

The handstand is an uncommon posture, highly demanding in terms of muscle and joint stability, used in sporting and artistic practices in a variety of disciplines. Despite its becoming increasingly widespread, there is no specific way to perform a handstand, and the neuromuscular organizational mechanisms involved are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the muscle synergy of four handstand postures through a semblance analysis based on wavelets of electromyographic signals in the upper limbs of experienced circus performers between 18- and 35-year old. The results show that there is a large difference in positive and negative correlations depending on the posture, which suggests that the more asymmetrical the position of the lower limbs, the greater the number of strategies to maintain the posture. Although it is not a statistically significant data, it is observed that the posture 3 in particular, possesses the greatest number of positive correlations, which suggests it has the greatest synergy.

Ignacio Chávez Rivera. A paradigm in medicine / Ignacio Chávez Rivera. Un paradigma en la medicina

Abstract This article summarizes the life of Ignacio Chávez Rivera, one of the six most valuable directors that the National Institute of Cardiology has had "Ignacio Chávez Sánchez," founder of the same and father of the aforementioned. His time in life left a clear example to emulate both in the scientific, academic and teaching as well as in the human, family, social and friendly, which make him in the most outstanding student of Master Chávez. His time in life at the National Academy of Medicine, the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the Interamerican Society of Cardiology, the Mexican Society of Cardiology and the Institute itself, has left an indelible mark on these Institutions. The National Institute of Cardiology bows reverently to the figure of Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Resumen Este documento sintetiza la vida de Ignacio Chávez Rivera, uno de los seis directores más valiosos que ha tenido el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Sánchez, su fundador y padre del ahora aludido. Su paso por la vida dejó un claro ejemplo a emular tanto en el ámbito científico, académico y docente como en los aspectos humano, familiar y social que lo convirtieron en el alumno más destacado del maestro Chávez. Su paso por la vida en la Academia Nacional de Medicina, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología, la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología y el propio Instituto ha dejado huella imperecedera en estas instituciones. El instituto Nacional de Cardiología se inclina reverente ante la figura de Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Ignacio Chávez Rivera. A paradigm in Medicine.

This article summarizes the life of Ignacio Chávez Rivera, one of the six most valuable directors that the National Institute of Cardiology has had "Ignacio Chávez Sánchez," founder of the same and father of the aforementioned. His time in life left a clear example to emulate both in the scientific, academic and teaching as well as in the human, family, social and friendly, which make him in the most outstanding student of Master Chávez. His time in life at the National Academy of Medicine, the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the Interamerican Society of Cardiology, the Mexican Society of Cardiology and the Institute itself, has left an indelible mark on these Institutions. The National Institute of Cardiology bows reverently to the figure of Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Este documento sintetiza la vida de Ignacio Chávez Rivera, uno de los seis directores más valiosos que ha tenido el Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez Sánchez, su fundador y padre del ahora aludido. Su paso por la vida dejó un claro ejemplo a emular tanto en el ámbito científico, académico y docente como en los aspectos humano, familiar y social que lo convirtieron en el alumno más destacado del maestro Chávez. Su paso por la vida en la Academia Nacional de Medicina, la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, la Sociedad Interamericana de Cardiología, la Sociedad Mexicana de Cardiología y el propio Instituto ha dejado huella imperecedera en estas instituciones. El instituto Nacional de Cardiología se inclina reverente ante la figura de Ignacio Chávez Rivera.

Substantive nature of sleep in updating the temporal conditions necessary for inducing units of internal sensations.

Unlike other organs that operate continuously, such as the heart and kidneys, many of the operations of the nervous system shut down during sleep. The evolutionarily conserved unconscious state of sleep that puts animals at risk from predators indicates that it is an indispensable integral part of systems operation. A reasonable expectation is that any hypothesis for the mechanism of the nervous system functions should be able to provide an explanation for sleep. In this regard, the semblance hypothesis is examined. Postsynaptic membranes are continuously being depolarized by the quantally-released neurotransmitter molecules arriving from their presynaptic terminals. In this context, an incidental lateral activation of the postsynaptic membrane is expected to induce a semblance (cellular hallucination of arrival of activity from its presynaptic terminal, which forms a unit for internal sensation) of the arrival of activity from its presynaptic terminal as a systems property. This restricts induction of semblance to a context of a very high ratio of the duration of the default state of neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic depolarization to the total duration of incidental lateral activations of the postsynaptic membrane. This requirement spans within a time-bin of a few sleep-wake cycles. Since the duration of quantal release remains maximized, the above requirement can be achieved only by ceiling the total duration of incidental lateral activations of the postsynaptic membrane, which necessitates a state of sleep.

Rapid chain generation of interpostsynaptic functional LINKs can trigger seizure generation: Evidence for potential interconnections from pathology to behavior.

The experimental finding that a paroxysmal depolarizing shift (PDS), an electrophysiological correlate of seizure activity, is a giant excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) necessitates a mechanism for spatially summating several EPSPs at the level of the postsynaptic terminals (dendritic spines). In this context, we will examine reversible interpostsynaptic functional LINKs (IPLs), a proposed mechanism for inducing first-person virtual internal sensations of higher brain functions concurrent with triggering behavioral motor activity for possible pathological changes that may contribute to seizures. Pathological conditions can trigger a rapid chain generation and propagation of different forms of IPLs leading to seizure generation. A large number of observations made at different levels during both ictal and interictal periods are explained by this mechanism, including the tonic and clonic motor activity, different types of hallucinations, loss of consciousness, gradual worsening of cognitive abilities, a relationship with kindling (which uses an augmented stimulation protocol than that used for inducing long-term potentiation (LTP), which is an electrophysiological correlate of behavioral makers of internal sensation of memory), effect of a ketogenic diet on seizure prevention, dendritic spine loss in seizure disorders, neurodegenerative changes, and associated behavioral changes. The interconnectable nature of these findings is explained as loss of function states of a proposed normal functioning of the nervous system.

A pressure-reversible cellular mechanism of general anesthetics capable of altering a possible mechanism for consciousness.

Different anesthetics are known to modulate different types of membrane-bound receptors. Their common mechanism of action is expected to alter the mechanism for consciousness. Consciousness is hypothesized as the integral of all the units of internal sensations induced by reactivation of inter-postsynaptic membrane functional LINKs during mechanisms that lead to oscillating potentials. The thermodynamics of the spontaneous lateral curvature of lipid membranes induced by lipophilic anesthetics can lead to the formation of non-specific inter-postsynaptic membrane functional LINKs by different mechanisms. These include direct membrane contact by excluding the inter-membrane hydrophilic region and readily reversible partial membrane hemifusion. The constant reorganization of the lipid membranes at the lateral edges of the postsynaptic terminals (dendritic spines) resulting from AMPA receptor-subunit vesicle exocytosis and endocytosis can favor the effect of anesthetic molecules on lipid membranes at this location. Induction of a large number of non-specific LINKs can alter the conformation of the integral of the units of internal sensations that maintain consciousness. Anesthetic requirement is reduced in the presence of dopamine that causes enlargement of dendritic spines. Externally applied pressure can transduce from the middle ear through the perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid, and the recently discovered glymphatic pathway to the extracellular matrix space, and finally to the paravenular space. The pressure gradient reduce solubility and displace anesthetic molecules from the membranes into the paravenular space, explaining the pressure reversal of anesthesia. Changes in membrane composition and the conversion of membrane hemifusion to fusion due to defects in the checkpoint mechanisms can lead to cytoplasmic content mixing between neurons and cause neurodegenerative changes. The common mechanism of anesthetics presented here can operate along with the known specific actions of different anesthetics.

A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual perception in mammals and a comparable circuitry for olfactory perception in Drosophila.

Perception is a first-person internal sensation induced within the nervous system at the time of arrival of sensory stimuli from objects in the environment. Lack of access to the first-person properties has limited viewing perception as an emergent property and it is currently being studied using third-person observed findings from various levels. One feasible approach to understand its mechanism is to build a hypothesis for the specific conditions and required circuit features of the nodal points where the mechanistic operation of perception take place for one type of sensation in one species and to verify it for the presence of comparable circuit properties for perceiving a different sensation in a different species. The present work explains visual perception in mammalian nervous system from a first-person frame of reference and provides explanations for the homogeneity of perception of visual stimuli above flicker fusion frequency, the perception of objects at locations different from their actual position, the smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements, the perception of object borders, and perception of pressure phosphenes. Using results from temporal resolution studies and the known details of visual cortical circuitry, explanations are provided for (a) the perception of rapidly changing visual stimuli, (b) how the perception of objects occurs in the correct orientation even though, according to the third-person view, activity from the visual stimulus reaches the cortices in an inverted manner and (c) the functional significance of well-conserved columnar organization of the visual cortex. A comparable circuitry detected in a different nervous system in a remote species-the olfactory circuitry of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster-provides an opportunity to explore circuit functions using genetic manipulations, which, along with high-resolution microscopic techniques and lipid membrane interaction studies, will be able to verify the structure-function details of the presented mechanism of perception.

O homem e Ⱥ mulher na operação com o semblante / Man and Woman at the operation with the semblance / L'homme et L’ Ⱥ femme dans l’ opération avec le semblant

No Seminário 18, Lacan formaliza que o discurso é um semblante, sendo ele uma maneira de organizar o gozo. O semblante é um efeito, quer no plano da imagem, quer no plano do significante, que busca dar conta do lado insuportável da disjunção entre homens e mulheres. Ou seja, um recurso para operar com a ausência de relação sexual. Essa disjunção deriva do fato do homem, que ele nomeia como touthhomme, encontrar seu lugar na relação sexual por meio do significante fálico. A mulher, sem um recurso simbólico para fundamentar seu ser, só pode ocupá-lo na qualidade de uma mulher – o que vem demarcar que ela é não-toda referida à função fálica. Isso nos permite pensar, então, esse seminário como uma “preparação”, uma “escritura”, que Lacan realiza para chegar até as fórmulas da sexuação no Seminário 20(AU)

In Seminar 18, Lacan defines discourse as a semblance, it is a way of organizing the enjoyment. The semblance is an effect, that whether in the plane of image, or in the plane of the significance, seeks to cope with the unbearable side of the disjunction between men and women. Which is, a resource to operate in the absence of sexual relation. This disjunction stems from the fact that the man, who he names as touthhomme, finds his place in sexual intercourse through the phallic signifier. A woman without a symbolic resource to support her being, can only occupy it as a woman - which comes to define that she is not whole is relation to the phallic function . This allows us then to think this seminar as a "preparation" a "script" that Lacan creates to get to the formulas of sexuation in Seminar 20(AU)

Dans le Séminaire 18, Lacan a formalisé que le discours est un semblant, une façon d'organiser la jouissance. Le semblant est un effet dans le plan de l’image et du signifiant, que tente faire face sur l’insupportable de la disjonction entre les hommes et les femmes. C'est à dire, est une forme de faire face a l'absence du rapport sexuel. Cette disjonction provient du fait que l'homme, qu’il appelle touthhomme, trouver leur place dans le rapport sexuel a travers le signifiant phallique. La femme, sans une vie symbolique pour soutenir son être, ne peut pas occuper qu’une place comme une femme - ce qui vient délimiter que elle est pas-tout dans la fonction phallique. Cela nous permet, alors, penser ce séminaire comme une "préparation", une “écriture" que Lacan fait pour arriver les formules de la sexualisation dans le Séminaire 20(AU)

O homem e a mulher na operação com o semblante / Man and Woman at the operation with the semblance / L'homme et L’ Ⱥ femme dans l’ opération avec le semblant

No Seminário 18, Lacan formaliza que o discurso é um semblante, sendo ele uma maneira de organizar o gozo. O semblante é um efeito, quer no plano da imagem, quer no plano do significante, que busca dar conta do lado insuportável da disjunção entre homens e mulheres. Ou seja, um recurso para operar com a ausência de relação sexual. Essa disjunção deriva do fato do homem, que ele nomeia como touthhomme, encontrar seu lugar na relação sexual por meio do significante fálico. A mulher, sem um recurso simbólico para fundamentar seu ser, só pode ocupá-lo na qualidade de uma mulher – o que vem demarcar que ela é não-toda referida à função fálica. Isso nos permite pensar, então, esse seminário como uma “preparação”, uma “escritura”, que Lacan realiza para chegar até as fórmulas da sexuação no Seminário 20.

In Seminar 18, Lacan defines discourse as a semblance, it is a way of organizing the enjoyment. The semblance is an effect, that whether in the plane of image, or in the plane of the significance, seeks to cope with the unbearable side of the disjunction between men and women. Which is, a resource to operate in the absence of sexual relation. This disjunction stems from the fact that the man, who he names as touthhomme, finds his place in sexual intercourse through the phallic signifier. A woman without a symbolic resource to support her being, can only occupy it as a woman - which comes to define that she is not whole is relation to the phallic function . This allows us then to think this seminar as a "preparation" a "script" that Lacan creates to get to the formulas of sexuation in Seminar 20.

Dans le Séminaire 18, Lacan a formalisé que le discours est un semblant, une façon d'organiser la jouissance. Le semblant est un effet dans le plan de l’image et du signifiant, que tente faire face sur l’insupportable de la disjonction entre les hommes et les femmes. C'est à dire, est une forme de faire face a l'absence du rapport sexuel. Cette disjonction provient du fait que l'homme, qu’il appelle touthhomme, trouver leur place dans le rapport sexuel a travers le signifiant phallique. La femme, sans une vie symbolique pour soutenir son être, ne peut pas occuper qu’une place comme une femme - ce qui vient délimiter que elle est pas-tout dans la fonction phallique. Cela nous permet, alors, penser ce séminaire comme une "préparation", une “écriture" que Lacan fait pour arriver les formules de la sexualisation dans le Séminaire 20.

Music, perceived arousal, and intensity: psychophysiological reactions to Chopin's "Tristesse".

The present study investigates the relation of perceived arousal (continuous self-rating), autonomic nervous system activity (heart rate, heart rate variability) and musical characteristics (sound intensity, musical rhythm) upon listening to a complex musical piece. Twenty amateur musicians listened to two performances of Chopin's "Tristesse" with different rhythmic shapes. Besides conventional statistical methods for analyzing psychophysiological reactions (heart rate, respiration rate) and musical variables, semblance analysis was used. Perceived arousal correlated strongly with sound intensity; heart rate showed only a partial response to changes in sound intensity. Larger changes in heart rate were caused by the version with more rhythmic tension. The low-/high-frequency ratio of heart rate variability increased--whereas the high frequency component decreased--during music listening. We conclude that autonomic nervous system activity can be modulated not only by sound intensity but also by the interpreter's use of rhythmic tension. Semblance analysis enables us to track the subtle correlations between musical and physiological variables.

Feminilidade: enigma e semblante / Feminine: enigma and semblance / Feminidad: enigma y semblante

Este artigo aborda o feminino a partir da indagação de Freud sobre o enigma da mulher, expressa pela célebre frase: "A mulher é o continente negro da psicanálise". O tema do feminino é abordado desde a concepção de Freud até a retomada da lógica fálica freudiana por Lacan, localizada em dois tempos de seu ensino. Nos anos 50, ele desdobra o ter/não ter o falo em ser/não ser o falo; nos anos 70, ele propõe outra lógica além da fálica. Com a frase "A mulher não existe", ele afirma não haver um significante que nomeie o feminino. Este surge pelo viés de um semblante e responde por uma modalidade de gozo diversa da fálica. O artigo traz duas representações do feminino na literatura - Medeia e Madeleine Rondeaux - para tratar a articulação do feminino com o semblante e o gozo, uma vez que elas romperam com a lógica fálica e descortinaram a face de horror do feminino transbordando de gozo.

This paper approaches the feminine from Freud's question about the woman's enigma expressed in the famous phrase "The woman is the black continent of psychoanalysis". Lacan addressed the feminine issue from the Freudian conception up to the retake of the Freudian phallic order in two moments of his teaching. In the 50s, when he unfolded having/not having the phallus into being/not being the phallus; in the 70s, when he proposed a logic other than the phallic order. By coining the phrase "the woman does not exist", he shows that there is no significant to name the feminine. That significant emerges by means of a semblance and responds by means of a jouissance modality different from the phallic logic. This paper brings two literary feminine representations - Medeia and Madeleine Rondeaux - to treat the articulation between jouissance and semblance, since they broke up with the phallic order and unveiled the horror face of feminine overflowing jouissance.

Este artículo aborda el femenino a partir de la indagación de Freud, sobre el enigma de la mujer expresada por la célebre frase "La mujer es el continente negro del psicoanálisis". El tema de lo femenino es abordado desde la concepción de Freud hasta la reanudación de la lógica fálica freudiana por Lacan, para abordar el tema del femenino en dos tiempos de su enseñanza. En los años 50, desdobla el tener/no tener el falo; en los años 70, él propone otra lógica más allá de la fálica. Con la frase "La mujer no existe", dice que no hay un significante que nombre el sexo femenino. Este surge por el sesgo de un semblante, y responde por una modalidad de gozo diferente de la fálica. El artículo trae dos representaciones de lo femenino en la literatura -Medea y Madeleine Rondeaux- para tratar la articulación de lo femenino con el semblante y el gozo. Ellas rompieron con la lógica fálica y desplegaron la fase de horror de lo femenino en su transborde del gozo.

El lugar del objeto (a), en la dirección de la cura psicoanalítica / The place of objet (a) in the direction of psy-choanalytic treatment / La place de l'objet (a) dans la direction de la cure Psychanalytique

El objeto (a) ocupa un lugar lógico y topológico en la dirección de la cura. Para que aparezca haciendo sus efectos, el psicoanalista debe acep-tar hacer semblante de él. El analista puede en-carnar al objeto (a) no solamente por medio de su presencia, sino a través de su interpretación, su docta ignorancia, su silencio y la escansión que puntúa en cada sesión de análisis. Gracias a la transferencia que se instaura, el analista “inventa-rᔠmaneras lógicas de hacer advenir a (a) con el fin de que el goce del sujeto sea interpelado en la escala invertida del deseo. De esta manera, el presente ensayo propone rastrear, desde las mismas fuentes lacanianas, y concentrándonos en lo que el mismo Lacan creó y elaboró al res-pecto, este concepto fundamental para la teoría y la técnica psicoanalíticas...

Objet a occupies a logical and topological place in the direction of the psychoanalytic treatment. In order to ponder its effects, the psychoanalyst must accept making a semblance of it. The analyst could embody objet a not only by means of her/his presence, but also through her/his inter-pretation, her/his learned ignorance, her/his si-lence as well as through the scansion she/he points out in each analytic session. Thanks to the transference that has been installed, the analyst could be capable of “inventing” logical ways to make a appear so that the subject’s jouissance can be questioned in the inverted scale of desire. In this way, this essay pretends to track, from the Lacanian foundations proper and concentrating in what he created and developed, the conceptual-ization of this fundamental concept in the analytic theory and technique...

L’objet (a) occupe une place logique et topologi-que dans la direction de la cure. Pour qu’il appa-raisse et fasse ses effets, le psychanalyste doit accepter d’en faire semblant. L’analyste peut incarner l’objet (a) non seulement au moyen de sa présence, mais aussi à travers son interpréta-tion, sa docte ignorance, son silence et la scan-sion qu’il ponctue dans chaque séance d’analyse. Grâce au transfert qui s’instaure, l’analyste “inventera” des manières logiques de faire advenir (a) afin que la jouissance du sujet soit interpellée dans l’escale invertie du désir. Ainsi, cet article a pour but d’enquêter, à partir des sources lacaniennes elles-mêmes et en se focalisant sur ce que Lacan lui-même a crée et élaboré à ce sujet, sur ce concept fondamental pour la théorie et la technique psychanalytiques...

A structure-function mechanism for schizophrenia.

THE MULTIPLE ETIOLOGIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA PROMPT US TO RAISE THE QUESTION: what final common pathway can induce a convincing sense of the reality of the hallucinations in this disease? The observation that artificial stimulation of an intermediate order of neurons of a normal nervous system induces hallucinations indicates that the lateral entry of activity (not resulting from canonical synaptic transmission) at intermediate neuronal orders may provide a mechanism for hallucinations. Meaningful hallucinations can be de-constructed into an organized temporal sequence of internal sensations of associatively learned items that occur in the absence of any external stimuli. We hypothesize that these hallucinations are autonomously generated by the re-activation of pathological non-specific functional LINKs formed between the postsynaptic membranes at certain neuronal orders and are examined as a final common mechanism capable of explaining most of the features of the disease. Reversible and stabilizable hemi-fusion between simultaneously activated adjacent postsynaptic membranes is viewed as one of the normal mechanisms for functional LINK formation and is dependent on lipid membrane composition. Methods of removing the proteins that may traverse the non-specifically hemi-fused membrane segments and attempts to replace the phospholipid side chains to convert the membrane composition to a near-normal state may offer therapeutic opportunities.

Processing Semblances Induced through Inter-Postsynaptic Functional LINKs, Presumed Biological Parallels of K-Lines Proposed for Building Artificial Intelligence.

The internal sensation of memory, which is available only to the owner of an individual nervous system, is difficult to analyze for its basic elements of operation. We hypothesize that associative learning induces the formation of functional LINK between the postsynapses. During memory retrieval, the activation of either postsynapse re-activates the functional LINK evoking a semblance of sensory activity arriving at its opposite postsynapse, nature of which defines the basic unit of internal sensation - namely, the semblion. In neuronal networks that undergo continuous oscillatory activity at certain levels of their organization re-activation of functional LINKs is expected to induce semblions, enabling the system to continuously learn, self-organize, and demonstrate instantiation, features that can be utilized for developing artificial intelligence (AI). This paper also explains suitability of the inter-postsynaptic functional LINKs to meet the expectations of Minsky's K-lines, basic elements of a memory theory generated to develop AI and methods to replicate semblances outside the nervous system.

A escrita do sintoma no tratamento analítico / Writing the symptom in an analytic treatment

Portador de uma mensagem e, portanto, de uma significação, o sintoma satisfaz ao mesmo tempo um gozo obscuro, refratário ao sentido. Se nós o amamos mais do que a nós mesmos é porque ele é nossa marca singular dos primeiros traços linguajeiros que marcam o corpo: a abordagem lacaniana do sinthoma dá conta desta positividade irredutível. Porém, para desembaraçar o sintoma, a análise lança mão de palavras, de significantes, ou seja, de semblantes. Estes semblantes sobre os quais o sujeito neurótico se apoia são referências estáveis: o Nome-do-Pai, o falo e o objeto a formam um ternário que é também um tripé teórico

Bearer of a message, hence of a significance, the symptom satisfies at the same time an obscure enjoyment, hard to comprehend. If we value it more than we do ourselves it is because it’s our mark, our singularity, the mark of the first linguistic traces that have struck our body: Lacan’s approach of the sinthome gives account of this relentless positivity. However, in order to understand the symptom, the analyst must use words, signifiers, semblance. These semblances over which the neurotic subject supports himself are stable landmarks: the Name-of-the-Father, the phallus and the objet petit a, form a trio that is also a theoretic tripod

A escrita do sintoma no tratamento analítico / Writing the symptom in an analytic treatment

Portador de uma mensagem e, portanto, de uma significação, o sintoma satisfaz ao mesmo tempo um gozo obscuro, refratário ao sentido. Se nós o amamos mais do que a nós mesmos é porque ele é nossa marca singular dos primeiros traços linguajeiros que marcam o corpo: a abordagem lacaniana do sinthoma dá conta desta positividade irredutível. Porém, para desembaraçar o sintoma, a análise lança mão de palavras, de significantes, ou seja, de semblantes. Estes semblantes sobre os quais o sujeito neurótico se apoia são referências estáveis: o Nome-do-Pai, o falo e o objeto a formam um ternário que é também um tripé teórico

Bearer of a message, hence of a significance, the symptom satisfies at the same time an obscure enjoyment, hard to comprehend. If we value it more than we do ourselves it is because it’s our mark, our singularity, the mark of the first linguistic traces that have struck our body: Lacan’s approach of the sinthome gives account of this relentless positivity. However, in order to understand the symptom, the analyst must use words, signifiers, semblance. These semblances over which the neurotic subject supports himself are stable landmarks: the Name-of-the-Father, the phallus and the objet petit a, form a trio that is also a theoretic tripod

Framework of Consciousness from Semblance of Activity at Functionally LINKed Postsynaptic Membranes.

Consciousness is seen as a difficult "binding" problem. Binding, a process where different sensations evoked by an item are associated in the nervous system, can be viewed as a process similar to associative learning. Several reports that consciousness is associated with some form of memory imply that different forms of memories have a common feature contributing to consciousness. Based on a proposed synaptic mechanism capable of explaining different forms of memory, we developed a framework for consciousness. It is based on the formation of semblance of sensory stimulus from (1) synaptic semblances when excitatory postsynaptic potentials arrive at functionally LINKed postsynaptic membranes, and (2) network semblances when these potentials summate to elicit action potential initiating activity in a network of neurons. It is then possible to derive a framework for consciousness as a multi-dimensional semblance. According to this framework, a continuum of semblances formed from background sensory stimuli and oscillating neuronal activities serve to maintain consciousness. Feasibility of this framework to explain various physiological and pathological states of consciousness, its subjective nature and qualia is examined.