Interleukin-6 in Sepsis-Promising but Yet to Be Proven.

How to cite this article: Sinha S. Interleukin-6 in Sepsis-Promising but Yet to Be Proven. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):629-631.

Novel biomarkers to identify complicated course of febrile neutropenia in hematological patients receiving intensive chemotherapy.

Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a common consequence of intensive chemotherapy in hematological patients. More than 90% of the patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) develop FN, and 5%-10% of them die from subsequent sepsis. FN is very common also in autologous stem cell transplant recipients, but the risk of death is lower than in AML patients. In this review, we discuss biomarkers that have been evaluated for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in hematological patients with FN. In general, novel biomarkers have provided little benefit over traditional inflammatory biomarkers, such as C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. The utility of most biomarkers in hematological patients with FN has been evaluated in only a few small studies. Although some of them appear promising, much more data is needed before they can be implemented in the clinical evaluation of FN patients. Currently, close patient follow-up is key to detect complicated course of FN and the need for further interventions such as intensive care unit admission. Scoring systems such as q-SOFA (Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment) or NEWS (National Early Warning Sign) combined with traditional and/or novel biomarkers may provide added value in the clinical evaluation of FN patients.

Determining prognostic indicator for anticoagulant therapy in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation.

BACKGROUND: There is no reliable indicator that can assess the treatment effect of anticoagulant therapy for sepsis-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the short term. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a prognostic index identifying 28-day mortality in septic DIC patients treated with antithrombin concentrate after a 3-day treatment. METHODS: The cohort for derivation was established utilizing the dataset from post-marketing surveys, while the cohort for validation was acquired from Japan's nationwide sepsis registry data. Through univariate and multivariate analyses, variables that were independently associated with 28-day mortality were identified within the derivation cohort. Risk variables were then assigned a weighted score based on the risk prediction function, leading to the development of a composite index. Subsequently, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). 28-day survival was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: In the derivation cohort, 252 (16.9%) of the 1492 patients deceased within 28 days. Multivariable analysis identified DIC resolution (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22-0.45, P < 0.0001) and rate of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score change (HR: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.36-0.50, P < 0.0001) were identified as independent predictors of death. The composite prognostic index (CPI) was constructed as DIC resolution (yes: 1, no: 0) + rate of SOFA score change (Day 0 SOFA score-Day 3 SOFA score/Day 0 SOFA score). When the CPI is higher than 0.19, the patients are judged to survive. Concerning the derivation cohort, AUROC for survival was 0.76. As for the validation cohort, AUROC was 0.71. CONCLUSION: CPI can predict the 28-day survival of septic patients with DIC who have undergone antithrombin treatment. It is simple and easy to calculate and will be useful in practice.

Author Response.

How to cite this article: Vijayakumar M, Selvam V, Renuka MK, Rajagopalan RE. Author Response. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(5):515.

Temporal patterns of organ dysfunction in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit: A group-based multitrajectory modeling analysis.

BACKGROUND: The course of organ dysfunction (OD) in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unknown. Herein, we analyze the temporal patterns of OD in intensive care unit-admitted COVID-19 patients. METHODS: Sequential organ failure assessment scores were evaluated daily within 2 weeks of admission to determine the temporal trajectory of OD using group-based multitrajectory modeling (GBMTM). RESULTS: A total of 392 patients were enrolled with a 28-day mortality rate of 53.6%. GBMTM identified four distinct trajectories. Group 1 (mild OD, n = 64), with a median APACHE II score of 13 (IQR 9-21), had an early resolution of OD and a low mortality rate. Group 2 (moderate OD, n = 140), with a median APACHE II score of 18 (IQR 13-22), had a 28-day mortality rate of 30.0%. Group 3 (severe OD, n = 117), with a median APACHR II score of 20 (IQR 13-27), had a deterioration trend of respiratory dysfunction and a 28-day mortality rate of 69.2%. Group 4 (extremely severe OD, n = 71), with a median APACHE II score of 20 (IQR 17-27), had a significant and sustained OD affecting all organ systems and a 28-day mortality rate of 97.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Four distinct trajectories of OD were identified, and respiratory dysfunction trajectory could predict nonpulmonary OD trajectories and patient prognosis.

Prognostic role of urinary ketone body in patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy without hepatic failure: a retrospective cohort study.

Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is defined as a dysfunction of the central nervous system experienced during sepsis with variable clinical features. The study aims to identify the prognostic role of urinary ketone bodies in relation to clinical outcomes in patients with SAE. The Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database was used to conduct a retrospective cohort study. We recruited 427 patients with SAE admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from the MIMIC-III database. Patients with SAE were divided into a survival group (380 patients) and a non-survival group (47 patients). We used the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the multivariate logistic regression analysis to analyze the relationship between the level of urinary ketone bodies and the clinical prognosis in patients with SAE. The primary outcome was the relationship between urinary ketone body levels and 28-day mortality of SAE. The secondary outcomes were the relationship between urinary ketone body levels and length of ICU stays, Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Glasgow Coma Scale, mechanical ventilation, renal replacement therapy, and the use of vasopressors. The 28-day mortality of patients with SAE was 11.0%. Urinary ketone body levels were not significantly associated with the 28-day mortality of patients with SAE. Urinary ketone body levels were associated with SOFA score and the use of vasopressors in patients with SAE. The SOFA score was an independent risk factor for the 28-day mortality in patients with SAE. Urinary ketone body levels were significantly associated with SOFA score and the use of vasopressors in patients with SAE. Furthermore, the SOFA score can predict the prognosis of short-term outcomes of patients with SAE. Therefore, we should closely monitor the changes of urinary ketone bodies and SOFA score and intervene in time.

Persistent high sepsis-induced coagulopathy and sequential organ failure assessment scores can predict the 28-day mortality of patients with sepsis: A prospective study.

BACKGROUND: The performance of the sepsis-induced coagulopathy (SIC) and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) scores in predicting the prognoses of patients with sepsis has been validated. This study aimed to investigate the time course of SIC and SOFA scores and their association with outcomes in patients with sepsis. METHODS: This prospective study enrolled 209 patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency department. The SIC and SOFA scores of the patients were assessed on days 1, 2, and 4. Patients were categorized into survivor or non-survivor groups based on their 28-day survival. We conducted a generalized estimating equation analysis to evaluate the time course of SIC and SOFA scores and the corresponding differences between the two groups. The predictive value of SIC and SOFA scores at different time points for sepsis prognosis was evaluated. RESULTS: In the non-survivor group, SIC and SOFA scores gradually increased during the first 4 days (P < 0.05). In the survivor group, the SIC and SOFA scores on day 2 were significantly higher than those on day 1 (P < 0.05); however, they decreased on day 4, dropping below the levels observed on day 1 (P < 0.05). The non-survivors showed higher SIC scores on days 2 (P < 0.05) and 4 (P < 0.001) than the survivors, whereas no significant differences were found between the two groups on day 1 (P > 0.05). The performance of SIC scores on day 4 for predicting mortality was more accurate than that on day 2, with areas under the curve of 0.749 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.674-0.823), and 0.601 (95% CI: 0.524-0.679), respectively. The SIC scores demonstrated comparable predictive accuracy for 28-day mortality to the SOFA scores on days 2 and 4. Cox proportional hazards models indicated that SIC on day 4 (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.736; 95% CI: 2.025-6.891) was an independent risk factor for 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The time course of SIC and SOFA scores differed between surviving and non-surviving patients with sepsis, and persistent high SIC and SOFA scores can predict 28-day mortality.

More attention should be paid to Omicron-associated sepsis: a multicenter retrospective study in south China.

Background: The Omicron variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is highly transmissible but causes less severe disease compared to other variants. However, its association with sepsis incidence and outcomes is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of Omicron-associated sepsis, as per the Sepsis 3.0 definition, in hospitalized patients, and to explore its relationship with clinical characteristics and prognosis. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included adults hospitalized with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection across six tertiary hospitals in Guangzhou, China from November 2022 to January 2023. The Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and its components were calculated at hospital admission to identify sepsis. Outcomes assessed were need for intensive care unit (ICU) transfer and mortality. Receiver operating characteristic curves evaluated the predictive value of sepsis versus other biomarkers for outcomes. Results: A total of 299 patients (mean age: 70.1±14.4 years, 42.14% female) with SOFA score were enrolled. Among them, 152 were categorized as non-serious cases while the others were assigned as the serious group. The proportion of male patients, unvaccinated patients, patients with comorbidity such as diabetes, chronic cardiovascular disease, and chronic lung disease was significantly higher in the serious than non-serious group. The median SOFA score of all enrolled patients was 1 (interquartile range, 0-18). In our study, 147 patients (64.19%) were identified as having sepsis upon hospital admission, with the majority of these septic patients (113, representing 76.87%) being in the serious group, the respiratory, coagulation, cardiovascular, central nervous, and renal organ SOFA scores were all significantly higher in the serious compared to the non-serious group. Among septic patients, 20 out of 49 (40.81%) had septic shock as indicated by lactate measurement within 24 hours of admission, and the majority of septic patients were in the serious group (17/20, 76.87%). Sepsis was present in 118 out of 269 (43.9%) patients in the general ward, and among those with sepsis, 34 out of 118 (28.8%) later required ICU care during hospitalization. By contrast, none of the patients without sepsis required ICU care. Moreover, the mortality rate was significantly higher in patients with than without sepsis. Conclusions: A considerable proportion of patients infected with Omicron present with sepsis upon hospital admission, which is associated with a poorer prognosis. Therefore, early recognition of viral sepsis by evaluation of the SOFA score in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 patients is crucial.

Supplementary Contribution of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status to Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment in the Detection of Bacteremia Among Older Patients With Suspected Infections.

Background The Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) is a simple method for identifying patients with bacteremia; however, it is not accurate for predicting it. Performance status assessment involves the evaluation of daily activities and could be beneficial in predicting bacteremia. We aimed to evaluate whether adding Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status (ECOG-PS) to qSOFA could improve the prediction of bacteremia diagnosis in older patients admitted with suspected infections. Methods Data were gathered from individuals aged ≥65 years who were hospitalized with suspected bacteremia from 2018 to 2019. Two prediction models were contrasted employing logistic regression. The initial model exclusively incorporated the qSOFA score, while the second model integrated the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-Performance Status (ECOG-PS) alongside the qSOFA score. Results Among 1,114 enrolled patients, 221 (19.8%) had true bacteremia. The area under the curve of the qSOFA+ECOG-PS model did not show a statistically significant improvement in predictive capacity compared with that of the qSOFA model (0.544 vs. 0.554, p=0.162). Conclusions Adding the ECOG-PS score did not improve the performance of qSOFA for predicting bacteremia in older patients with suspected infection.

How well does peripheral blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predict the severity and prognosis of hemorrhagic Stroke.

OBJECTIVE: We explored the blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker and its relation with mortality and Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at discharge and at 3 months following ICH and also compared NLR with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score. METHODS: The investigators calculated the NIHSS score, SOFA score, ICH score and NLR of 90 adult patients within 3 days of onset of stroke with evidence of hemorrhagic stroke in brain imaging and correlated it with in-hospital mortality, 3-month mortality and mRS at 3 months following stroke using regression analysis. RESULTS: Out of 90 individuals, there were 54 (60%) males and 36 (40%) females. The mRS score at 3 months significantly related to the admission NLR ratio >7 and SOFA score. Similarly, the in-hospital death and 3-month mortality was related to the admission NLR ratio >7 and ICH score. However, at a cut off value of NLR>3 for assessing the prognosis of the patients, we did not get significant results for mRS at 3 months following stroke and for in-hospital and 3-month mortality. CONCLUSION: A high NLR ratio >7 predicted worse outcomes in terms of mortality and morbidity at 3-months following haemorrhagic stroke. Hence, like ICH score, NLR can predict 3-month mortality following an acute haemorrhagic stroke and can also predict morbidity following 3 months of brain haemorrhage.

Utilizing the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to confirm the impact of emergency department management in sepsis patients: a cohort study from taiwan 1998-2020.

BACKGROUND: Most sepsis patients could potentially experience advantageous outcomes from targeted medical intervention, such as fluid resuscitation, antibiotic administration, respiratory support, and nursing care, promptly upon arrival at the emergency department (ED). Several scoring systems have been devised to predict hospital outcomes in sepsis patients, including the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. In contrast to prior research, our study introduces the novel approach of utilizing the National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) as a means of assessing treatment efficacy and disease progression during an ED stay for sepsis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the sepsis prognosis and effectiveness of treatment administered during ED admission in reducing overall hospital mortality rates resulting from sepsis, as measured by the NEWS2. METHODS: The present investigation was conducted at a medical center from 1997 to 2020. The NEWS2 was calculated for patients with sepsis who were admitted to the ED in a consecutive manner. The computation was based on the initial and final parameters that were obtained during their stay in the ED. The alteration in the NEWS2 from the initial to the final measurements was utilized to evaluate the benefit of ED management to the hospital outcome of sepsis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed, encompassing all clinically significant variables, to evaluate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for total hospital mortality in sepsis patients with reduced severity, measured by NEWS2 score difference, with a 95% confidence interval (adjusted HR with 95% CI). The study employed Kaplan-Meier analysis with a Log-rank test to assess variations in overall hospital mortality rates between two groups: the "improvement (reduced NEWS2)" and "non-improvement (no change or increased NEWS2)" groups. RESULTS: The present investigation recruited a cohort of 11,011 individuals who experienced the first occurrence of sepsis as the primary diagnosis while hospitalized. The mean age of the improvement and non-improvement groups were 69.57 (± 16.19) and 68.82 (± 16.63) years, respectively. The mean SOFA score of the improvement and non-improvement groups were of no remarkable difference, 9.7 (± 3.39) and 9.8 (± 3.38) years, respectively. The total hospital mortality for sepsis was 42.92% (4,727/11,011). Following treatment by the prevailing guidelines at that time, a total of 5,598 out of 11,011 patients (50.88%) demonstrated improvement in the NEWS2, while the remaining 5,403 patients (49.12%) did not. The improvement group had a total hospital mortality rate of 38.51%, while the non-improvement group had a higher rate of 47.58%. The non-improvement group exhibited a lower prevalence of comorbidities such as congestive heart failure, cerebral vascular disease, and renal disease. The non-improvement group exhibited a lower Charlson comorbidity index score [4.73 (± 3.34)] compared to the improvement group [4.82 (± 3.38)] The group that underwent improvement exhibited a comparatively lower incidence of septic shock development in contrast to the non-improvement group (51.13% versus 54.34%, P < 0.001). The improvement group saw a total of 2,150 patients, which represents 38.41% of the overall sample size of 5,598, transition from the higher-risk to the medium-risk category. A total of 2,741 individuals, representing 48.96% of the sample size of 5,598 patients, exhibited a reduction in severity score only without risk category alteration. Out of the 5,403 patients (the non-improvement group) included in the study, 78.57% (4,245) demonstrated no alteration in the NEWS2. Conversely, 21.43% (1,158) of patients exhibited an escalation in severity score. The Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the implementation of interventions aimed at reducing the NEWS2 during a patient's stay in the ED had a significant positive impact on the outcome, as evidenced by the adjusted HRs of 0.889 (95% CI = 0.808, 0.978) and 0.891 (95% CI = 0.810, 0.981), respectively. The results obtained from the Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the survival rate of the improvement group was significantly higher than that of the non-improvement group (P < 0.001) in the hospitalization period. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that 50.88% of sepsis patients obtained improvement in ED, ascertained by means of the NEWS2 scoring system. The practical dynamics of NEWS2 could be utilized to depict such intricacies clearly. The findings also literally supported the importance of ED management in the comprehensive course of sepsis treatment in reducing the total hospital mortality rate.

The value of lung ultrasound score in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective diagnostic cohort study.

Rationale: The accurate diagnosis of critically ill patients with respiratory failure can be achieved through lung ultrasound (LUS) score. Considering its characteristics, it is speculated that this technique might also be useful for patients with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS). Thus, there is a need for precise imaging tools to monitor such patients. Objectives: This double-blind randomized cohort study aims to investigate the impact of LUS and related scores on the severity of NRDS patients. Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective double-blind randomized study. Bivariate correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between LUS score and Oxygenation Index (OI), Respiratory Index (RI), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to generate correlation heat maps, elucidating the associations between LUS and respective parameters in different cohorts. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to calculate the predictive values, sensitivity, and specificity of different scores in determining the severity of NRDS. Results: This study ultimately included 134 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between December 2020 and June 2022. Among these patients, 72 were included in the NRDS cohort, while 62 were included in the Non-NRDS (N-NRDS) cohort. There were significant differences in the mean LUS scores between NRDS and N-NRDS patients (p < 0.01). The LUS score was significantly negatively correlated with the OI (p < 0.01), while it was significantly positively correlated with the RI and SOFA scores (p < 0.01). The correlation heatmap revealed the highest positive correlation coefficient between LUS and RI (0.82), while the highest negative correlation coefficient was observed between LUS and OI (-0.8). ROC curves for different scores demonstrated that LUS score had the highest area under the curve (0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98) in predicting the severity of patients' conditions. The combination of LUS and other scores can more accurately predict the severity of NRDS patients, with the highest AUC value of 0.93, significantly higher than using a single indicator alone (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our double-blind randomized cohort study demonstrates that LUS, RI, OI, and SOFA scores can effectively monitor the lung ventilation and function in NRDS. Moreover, these parameters and their combination have significant predictive value in evaluating the severity and prognosis of NRDS patients. Therefore, these results provide crucial insights for future research endeavors.

Meropenem plus Ertapenem and Ceftazidime-Avibactam plus Aztreonam for the Treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia Caused by Pan-Drug Resistant Klebsiella pneumonia.

INTRODUCTION: Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) account for about 70% of infections in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting and are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, pan-drug resistant (PDR) strains, strains that are not susceptible to any antibiotic, have been emerged and new treatment strategies are required. RESULTS: Fifty eligible patients were recruited in the three groups. A statistically significant reduction in the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score was observed in the control group on day 4 in comparison to day 0 of VAP (p = 0.005). The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score (CPIS) was also reduced on day 4 (p = 0.0016) and day 7 in comparison to day 0 (p = 0.001). Patients that received combination therapy, CAZ-AVI + ATM and DCT, presented with a lower SOFA score and CPIS on day 7 in comparison to day 0 (p = 0.0288 and p = 0.037, respectively). No differences in the ΔSOFA score and ΔCPIS were found between the groups. The control group presented with a significantly lower ICU stay and duration of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.03 and p = 0.02, respectively). There was no difference in mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis. This study was conducted in a mixed ICU in the University Hospital of Larissa, Thessaly, Greece during a three-year period (2020-2022). Patients suffering from ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) due to carbapenem-resistant K. pneumonia (CR-KP) were divided in three different groups: the first one was treated using ceftazidime-avibactam plus aztreonam (CAZ-AVI + ATM group), the second was treated using double carbapenems (DCT group), and the last one (control group) received appropriate therapy since the strain was susceptible in vitro to at least to one antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with CAZ-AVI +ATM or DCT may offer a clinical benefit in patients suffering with infections due to PDR K. pneumoniae. Larger studies are required to confirm our findings.

The usefulness of lactate/albumin ratio, C-reactive protein/albumin ratio, procalcitonin/albumin ratio, SOFA, and qSOFA in predicting the prognosis of patients with sepsis who presented to EDs.

PURPOSE: Early identification of sepsis with a poor prognosis in the emergency department (ED) is crucial for prompt management and improved outcomes. This study aimed to examine the predictive value of sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), quick SOFA (qSOFA), lactate to albumin ratio (LAR), C-reactive protein to albumin ratio (CAR), and procalcitonin to albumin ratio (PAR), obtained in the ED, as predictors for 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 3499 patients (aged ≥19 years) from multicenter registry of the Korean Shock Society between October 2015 and December 2019. The SOFA score, qSOFA score, and lactate level at the time of registry enrollment were used. Albumin, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin levels were obtained from the initial laboratory results measured upon ED arrival. We evaluated the predictive accuracy for 28-day mortality using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve. A multivariable logistic regression analysis of the independent predictors of 28-day mortality was performed. The SOFA score, LAR, CAR, and PAR were converted to categorical variables using Youden's index and analyzed. Adjusting for confounding factors such as age, sex, comorbidities, and infection focus, adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 3499 patients, 2707 (77.4%) were survivors, whereas 792 (22.6%) were non-survivors. The median age of the patients was 70 (25th-75th percentiles, 61-78), and 2042 (58.4%) were male. LAR for predicting 28-day mortality had the highest AUROC, followed by the SOFA score (0.715; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.69-0.74 and 0.669; 95% CI: 0.65-0.69, respectively). The multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that the aOR of LAR >1.52 was 3.75 (95% CI: 3.16-4.45), and the aOR, of SOFA score at enrollment >7.5 was 2.67 (95% CI: 2.25-3.17). CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that LAR is a relatively strong predictor of sepsis prognosis in the ED setting, indicating its potential as a straightforward and practical prognostic factor. This finding may assist healthcare providers in the ED by providing them with tools to risk-stratify patients and predict their mortality.

Evaluation of the new poisoning mortality score in comparison with PSS and SOFA scoring systems to predict mortality in poisoned patients admitted to the intensive care unit.

Objective: Mortality prediction in acute poisoning patients aids in prompt and effective treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the new Poisoning Mortality Score (PMS) in comparison with the Poison Severity Score (PSS) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring systems in poisoned patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Material and Methods: The medical records of 523 poisoned patients admitted to the ICU of the Poison Control Centre from September 2021 to June 2022 were examined retrospectively. The PMS, PSS, and SOFA scores were calculated based on the worst values of the first 24 h of admission. Results: A total of 100 patients were enrolled in the study, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 28%. The best cut-off points for predicting mortality for PMS, PSS, and SOFA scores were > 53, > 2, and > 6, with sensitivities of 67.9%, 85.7%, and 82.4% and specificities of 73.6%, 84.7%, and 83.3% respectively. In a pairwise comparison of the AUCs for PMS, PSS, and SOFA scores, SOFA displayed significantly greater accuracy than PSS and PMS. Conclusion: The PMS, PSS, and SOFA scoring systems were significant predictors of mortality in ICU-admitted poisoned patients, however, the SOFA score showed the best performance (OR = 1.77, and 95% CI = 1.42-2.54) with significant P-value (0.002) as a predictor of mortality and highest AUC(0.904).

Comparison of modified quick sequential organ failure assessment models as triage tools for febrile patients.

Object: Effective triage of febrile patients in the emergency department is crucial during times of overcrowding to prioritize care and allocate resources, especially during pandemics. However, available triage tools often require laboratory data and lack accuracy. We aimed to develop a simple and accurate triage tool for febrile patients by modifying the qSOFA score. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 7,303 febrile patients and created modified versions of qSOFA using factors identified through multivariable analysis. The performance of these modified qSOFAs in predicting in hospital mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: Through multivariable analysis, the identified factors were age (A), male sex (M), SpO2 (S), and lactate levels (L). The AUROCs of ASqSOFA (for in-hospital mortality: 0.812; 95% CI: 0.789-0.835, for ICU admission: 0.794; 95% CI: 0.771-0.817), which included age and SpO2 with qSOFA, were simple and not inferior to other more complex models (e.g., ASMqSOFA, ASLqSOFA, and ASMLqSOFA). ASqSOFA also displayed significantly higher AUROC than other triage scales, such as the modified early warning score and Korean triage and acuity scale. The optimal cut-off score of ASqSOFA for the outcome was 2 and the score for redistribution to a lower-level emergency department was 0. Conclusion: We demonstrated that ASqSOFA can be employed as a simple and efficient triage tool for emergency febrile patients to aid in resource distribution during overcrowding. It may also be applicable in pre-hospital settings for febrile patient triage.

Predictive performance of the sequential organ failure assessment score for in-hospital mortality in patients with end-stage kidney disease in intensive care units: A multicenter registry in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: There is limited evidence regarding whether the performance of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score differs between patients with and without end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in intensive care units (ICUs). METHODS: We used a multicenter registry (Japanese Intensive care Patient Database) to enroll adult ICU patients between April 2018 and March 2021. We recalibrated the SOFA score using a logistic regression model and evaluated its predictive ability in both ESKD and non-ESKD groups. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: 128 134 patients were enrolled. The AUROC of the SOFA score was lower in the ESKD group than in the non-ESKD group [0.789 (95% CI, 0.774-0.804) vs. 0.846 (95% CI, 0.841-0.850)]. The calibration plot revealed good performance in both groups. However, it overestimated in-hospital mortality in ESKD groups. CONCLUSION: The SOFA score demonstrated good predictive ability in patients with and without ESKD, but it overestimated the in-hospital mortality in ESKD patients.

Severe hepatic encephalopathy with mechanical ventilation may inform waitlist priority in acute liver failure: A UNOS database analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Patients with acute liver failure (ALF) awaiting liver transplantation (LT) may develop multiorgan failure, but organ failure does not impact waitlist prioritization. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of organ failure on waitlist mortality risk and post LT outcomes in patients with ALF. METHODS: We studied adults waitlisted for ALF in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database (2002-2019). Organ failures were defined using a previously described Chronic Liver Failure modified sequential organ failure score assessment adapted to UNOS data. Regression analyses of the primary endpoints, 30-day waitlist mortality (Competing risk), and post-LT mortality (Cox-proportional hazards), were performed. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to determine the organ failures most closely associated with 30-day waitlist mortality. RESULTS: About 3212 adults with ALF were waitlisted, for hepatotoxicity (41%), viral (12%) and unspecified (36%) etiologies. The median number of organ failures was three (interquartile range 1-3). Having ≥3 organ failures (vs. ≤2) was associated with a sub hazard ratio (HR) of 2.7 (95%CI 2.2-3.4)) and a HR of 1.5 (95%CI 1.1-2.5)) for waitlist and post-LT mortality, respectively. LCA identified neurologic and respiratory failure as most impactful on 30-day waitlist mortality. The odds ratios for both organ failures (vs. neither) were higher for mortality 4.5 (95% CI 3.4-5.9) and lower for delisting for spontaneous survival .5 (95%CI .4-.7) and LT .6 (95%CI .5-.7). CONCLUSION: Cumulative organ failure, especially neurologic and respiratory failure, significantly impacts waitlist and post-LT mortality in patients with ALF and may inform risk-prioritized allocation of organs.

The value of the INFECTIONS scoring system in identifying bacterial infections among patients presenting at the emergency department of a middle-income country: A pilot study.

PURPOSE: To investigate which scoring system is the most accurate tool in predicting mortality among the infected patients who present to the emergency department in a middle-income country, and to validate a new scoring system to predict bacterial infections. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study among patients who were admitted via the emergency department of a public hospital. All patients who were started on antibiotics were included in the study, while patients aged < 18 years were excluded. Data collected includeding patients' demographics, vital signs and basic laboratory parameters like white blood cell count and creatinine. The sensitivity and specificity of different scoring systems were calculated as well as their negative and positive predictive values. Logistic regression was used to derive a novel early warning system for bacterial infections. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) was computed for each scoring model. RESULTS: In total, 109 patients were included in this study. The quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), search out severity and rapid acute physiology score had the highest AUROC (≥ 0.89) for predicting mortality, while qSOFA and universal vital assessment were the simplest scoring systems with an AUROC > 0.85; however, these scoring systems failed to predict whether patients were truly infected. The INFECTIONS (short for impaired mental status, not conscious, fast heart rate, elevated creatinine, high temperature, on inotrope, low oxygen, high neutrophils and high sugar) model reached an AUROC of 0.88 to more accurately predict the infectious state of a patient. CONCLUSIONS: Middle-income countries should use the qSOFA or universal vital assessment score to identify the sickest patients in emergency department. The INFECTIONS score may help recognize patients with bacterial infections, but it should be further validated in multiple countries prior to widely use.

Comparison of outcomes of different modalities of renal replacement therapy in patients of acute kidney injury: a single centre prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is one of the most important causes of in-hospital mortality. The global burden of AKI continues to rise without a marked reduction in mortality. As such, the use of renal replacement therapy (RRT) forms an integral part of AKI management, especially in critically ill patients. There has been much debate over the preferred modality of RRT between continuous, intermittent and intermediate modes. While there is abundant data from Europe and North America, data from tropical countries especially the Indian subcontinent is sparse. Our study aims to provide an Indian perspective on the dialytic management of tropical AKI in a tertiary care hospital setup. METHODS: 90 patients of AKI, 30 each undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT), Intermittent Hemodialysis (IHD) and SLED (Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis) were included in this prospective cohort study. At the end of 28 days of hospital stay, discharge or death, outcome measures were ascertained which included mortality, duration of hospital stay, recovery of renal function and requirement of RRT after discharge. In addition median of the net change of renal parameters was also computed across the three groups. Lastly, Kaplan Meier analysis was performed to assess the probability of survival with the use of each modality of RRT. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the primary outcome of mortality between the three cohorts (p=0.27). However, CRRT was associated with greater renal recovery (p= 0.015) than IHD or SLED. On the other hand, SLED and IHD were associated with a greater net reduction in blood urea (p=0.004) and serum creatinine (p=0.053). CONCLUSION: CRRT, IHD and SLED are all complementary to each other and are viable options in the treatment of AKI patients.