Frecuencia de enfermedades periodontales y características clínicas de pacientes atendidos en la Cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción

Las enfermedades periodontales son consideradas entre las más comunes entre las patologías bucales. Su frecuencia es cada vez más elevada en la población y existen varias patologías sistémicas y hábitos que empeoran su cuadro clínico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la frecuencia y características clínicas de pacientes con enfermedades periodontales que acuden a la cátedra de periodoncia en la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción en el período de 2011 al 2019. Estudio Observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, se procesaron 477 fichas clínicas de pacientes de la cátedra de Periodoncia de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción desde el año 2011 al 2019. El tipo de muestreo utilizado fue no probabilístico por conveniencia. De las 477 fichas solo se analizaron 317 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Fueron el 56.46 % de sexo femenino y 43,53 % de sexo masculino, la mediana de edad fue de 33 (23-48) años. El 53% los pacientes presentaban periodontitis crónica y comorbilidades como diabetes e hipertensión arterial. Solo el 11,9 % fueron fumadores. En cuanto a los pacientes diabéticos la mayoría eran de sexo femenino y de edad avanzada, presentando como diagnóstico más frecuente la periodontitis crónica. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente de la población estudiada fue la periodontitis crónica, seguido por la gingivitis.

Periodontal diseases are considered among the most common among oral pathologies. Its frequency is increasingly higher in the population and there are several systemic pathologies and habits that worsen its clinical condition. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with periodontal diseases who attend the periodontics department at the Autonomous University of Asunción in the period from 2011 to 2019. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, 477 clinical records were processed. of patients from the Department of Periodontics at the Autonomous University of Asunción from 2011 to 2019. The type of sampling used was non-probabilistic for convenience. Of the 477 records, only 317 patients who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. They were 56.46% female and 43.53% male, the median age was 33 (23-48) years. 53% of the patients had chronic periodontitis and comorbidities such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Only 11.9% were smokers. Regarding diabetic patients, the majority were female and elderly, with chronic periodontitis as the most frequent diagnosis. The most frequent clinical diagnosis of the studied population was chronic periodontitis, followed by gingivitis.

Electrophysiological signature of the interplay between habits and inhibition in response to smoking-related cues in individuals with a smoking habit: An event-related potential study.

The rigid, stimulus-bound nature of drug seeking that characterizes substance use disorder (SUD) has been related to a dysregulation of motivational and early attentional reflexive and inhibitory reflective systems. However, the mechanisms by which these systems are engaged by drug-paired conditioned stimuli (CSs) when they promote the enactment of seeking habits in individuals with a SUD have not been elucidated. The present study aimed behaviourally and electrophysiologically to characterize the nature of the interaction between the reflexive and reflective systems recruited by CSs in individuals with a smoking habit. We measured the behavioural performance and associated event-related potentials (ERPs) of 20 individuals with a smoking habit and 20 controls, who never smoked regularly, in a modified Go/NoGo task during which smoking-related CSs, appetitive and neutral pictures, presented either in first or third-person visual perspective were displayed 250 ms before the Go/NoGo cue. We show that smoking-related cues selectively influence early incentive motivation-related attention bias (N2 after picture onset), motor readiness and behavioural inhibition (Go-P3, NoGo-P3 and Pc) of individuals with a smoking habit only when presented from a first-person visual perspective. These data together identify the neural signature of the aberrant engagement of the reflexive and reflective systems during the recruitment of an incentive habit by CSs presented as if they had been response-produced, that is, as conditioned reinforcers.

Diferença na qualidade de vida de tabagistas, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas usuários das Unidades de Atenção Primária do município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais / Difference in the quality of life of smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers users of Primary Care Units in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais

O objetivo do presente estudo foi associar status tabágico (tabagistas, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas) e a qualidade de vida entre usuários das Unidades de Atenção Primária à Saúde(APS). Realizou-se um estudo transversal com 500 usuários de 50 Unidades de APS do município de Juiz de Fora/MG.Foi utilizado questionário estruturado para coleta de dados sociodemográficos e de saúde e o questionário WHOQOL-BREF para avaliar a qualidade de vida. Para análise de dados foi empregada Regressão Logística. Os resultados das análises multivariadas evidenciaram que há maior chance de melhor qualidade de vida total para indivíduos ex-tabagistas (OR: 1,90; IC: 1,10-3,29) e não tabagistas (OR: 1,84; IC:1,14-2,95)em relação aos tabagistas. Da mesma forma, uma maior renda e a autodeclaração de cor da pele branca foram relacionados a melhor qualidade de vida total. Indivíduos não tabagistas também apresentaram melhor qualidade de vida no domínio físico comparado aos tabagistas(OR:2,24; IC:1,40-3,59). Conclui-se que, ex-tabagistas e não tabagistas tiveram maior chance de apresentarem melhor qualidade de vida global quando comparado aos tabagistas. Não tabagistas também apresentaram maior chance de melhor qualidade de vida no domínio físico em relação aos tabagistas.

The objective of the present study was to associate smoking status (smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers) and quality of life among users of primary healthcare units. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 500 users of 50 Primary Health Care Units in the city of Juiz de Fora. A structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic and health data and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire to assess the quality of life. For data analysis, LogisticRegression was used. The results of the multivariate analyzes showed that there is a greater chance of a better overall quality of life for ex-smokers (OR: 1.90; CI: 1.10-3.29) and non-smokers (OR: 1.84; CI: 1.14-2.95) in relation to smokers. Likewise, higher income and self-reported White skin color were related to a better overall quality of life. Non-smokers also presented better quality of life in the physical domain compared to smokers (OR:2.24; CI:1.40-3.59). It was concluded that ex-smokers and non-smokers were more likely to have a better overall quality of life when compared to smokers. Non-smokers also had a greater chance of better quality of life in the physical domain compared to smokers.

Asociación del hábito de fumar con la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide / Association of smoking with chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis

Introducción: Porphyromonas gingivalis es un microorganismo presente en las periodontitis, productor de la enzima peptidil arginina desminasa, inductora de la citrulinación de proteínas que convierte en antígenos, y que son reconocidos por los anticuerpos antipéptido cíclico citrulinados, marcadores específicos de la artritis reumatoide. Estudios clínicos y epidemiológicos relacionan el hábito de fumar con la periodontitis y la artritis reumatoide. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el hábito de fumar, la periodontitis crónica y la artritis reumatoide. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, de casos y controles de pacientes con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide tratados en el Centro de Reumatología y pacientes atendidos por medicina interna en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico 10 de octubre de La Habana, en el periodo entre septiembre del 2017 y mayo del 2019. Se estudiaron las variables edad, sexo, hábito de fumar y estado periodontal evaluado a través del índice de enfermedad periodontal de Russell y el nivel de inserción clínica. Para identificar la asociación entre variables se empleó la prueba de ji al cuadrado y el odds ratio. Se respetaron las legislaciones éticas. Resultados: En el estudio prevaleció el grupo de 35 a 44 años y el sexo femenino. El hábito de fumar predominó en los pacientes artríticos, con manifiesto incremento de la prevalencia y gravedad de la enfermedad periodontal. Conclusiones: El hábito de fumar incrementó el riesgo de periodontitis crónica en ambos grupos, y con menos intensidad de riesgo en la artritis reumatoide.

Introduction: Porphyromonas gingivalis is a microorganism present in periodontitis, producer of the enzyme peptidyl arginine deminase that induces citrullination of proteins, turning them into antigens, which are recognized by anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide antibodies, specific markers of rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical and epidemiological studies link smoking with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Objective: To evaluate the association between smoking, the presence of chronic periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study of cases and controls of patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis treated at the Rheumatology Center and patients treated by Internal Medicine in 10 de Octubre Surgical- Clinic Hospital in Havana, between September 2017 and May 2019. The variables were: age, sex, smoking habit and periodontal status evaluated through the Russell Periodontal Disease Index and Level of Clinical Insertion. For the association and relationship between variables, the chi square and the odds ratio were used. Ethical legislation was respected. Results: In the study the group of 35 to 44 years old and the female sex prevailed. Smoking prevailed in arthritic patients with a remarkable increase in the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease. Conclusions: Smoking increased the risk of chronic periodontitis in both groups with less intensity of risk in rheumatoid arthritis.

Mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón en el municipio de Caimanera / Lung cancer mortality in Caimanera municipality

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón es una enfermedad crónica y constituye un problema de salud pública en el mundo. Objetivo: Determinar factores relacionados con la mortalidad del cáncer de pulmón. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal, en 7 pacientes con cáncer de pulmón en el policlínico Ramón López Peña del municipio de Caimanera, provincia Guantánamo en el período comprendido entre los años 2017 y 2019. Resultados: En el estudio realizado el sexo femenino fue predominante con 5 pacientes fumadoras que representó el 42,8 por ciento, comprendido en el grupo de edad entre los 60-69 años con el 71,4 por ciento. De los pacientes estudiados con antecedentes patológicos personales de enfermedad respiratoria crónica, se obtuvo mayor frecuencia los que tenían la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica que representó el 85,7 por ciento. El cáncer de pulmón como la causa básica de muerte. En el año 2018 aumentó la mortalidad en tres casos, y en el año 2019 descendió a dos casos. Conclusiones: Se determinó los factores relacionados con el descenso de la mortalidad por cáncer de pulmón a partir del aumento de otros cánceres(AU)

Introduction: Lung cancer is a chronic disease and it constitutes a public health problem worldwide. Objective: To determine factors related to lung cancer mortality. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in 7 patients with lung cancer at Ramón López Peña polyclinic in Caimanera municipality, Guantánamo province from 2017 to 2019. Results: In the study, the female sex predominanted with 5 smoking patients who represented 42.8percent, included in the age group between 60-69 years (71.4percent). Out of the patients studied with personal pathological history of chronic respiratory disease, those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were more frequent, representing 85.7percent. Lung cancer was the basic cause of death. In 2018, mortality increased in three cases, and in 2019 it decreased to two cases. Conclusions: It was determined the factors related to the decrease in lung cancer mortality from the increase in other cancers(AU)

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: subcentro de salud general Vernaza Canton Salitre, 2020 / Cardiovascular risk factors in patients: Subcenter of general health vernaza canton Salitre, 2020

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las principales causas de muerte a nivel mundial, cada año mueren más personas por esta enfermedad que por otra causa. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes: Subcentro de salud General Vernaza cantón Salitre. Materiales y métodos: Fue de enfoque cuantitativo, observacional, descriptivo, no experimental y transversal, la población (N=200) pacientes, la muestra de 120 pacientes de 40 a 65 años de edad con problemas cardiovasculares, el instrumento fue una encuesta validada por juicio de expertos en salud. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más predominantes fueron el estrés (34,2%) y el sedentarismo (16,7%); consumen cigarrillo (48,3%); consumen alcohol (45,8%), se alimentan 3 veces al día los alimentos cotidianos (71,7%); no cuidan sus porciones alimenticias (39,2%); el nivel de colesterol más frecuente entre 100 y 129 mg/dL (38,3%), no evitan alimentos fritos empanizados y cremosos(55,8%); no realizan ejercicio físico (36,7%); el estado nutricional normal abarcó un (68,3%), se sirven sus alimentos cotidianos en casa (72,5%); consumen muy frecuente carnes y pescados (80%), huevos y lácteos (70,8%), frutas y verduras (50,8%), grasas (65,8%), alcohol y café (65%), horas sentados viendo TV, móvil o portátil (54,2%) de 4 a 8 horas; condición regular para realizar actividad física (38,3%), tiempo máximo de realizar ejercicio 10 a 30 minutos (40,8%), en un solo día a la semana (65%). Conclusiones: Los factores de riesgo cardiovasculares en pacientes fueron el estrés y sedentarismo, convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública afectando el presupuesto familiar, hospitalario y del estado(AU)

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide More people die each year from this disease than from any other cause. Objective:Determine the risk factors cardiovascular disease in patients: General Vernaza Health Subcenter Salitre canton. Materials and methods:Focus was quantitative, observational, descriptive, non-experimental and cross-sectional, the population (N=200) patients, the sample of 120 patients from 40 to 65 years of age with cardiovascular problems, the instrument was a survey validated by the judgment of health experts. Results:The cardiovascular risk factors more predominant were stress (34.2%) and sedentary lifestyle (16.7%); smoke cigarettes (48.3%); consume alcohol (45.8%), they eat daily food 3 times a day (71.7%); they don't watch their portions food (39.2%); the most frequent cholesterol level between 100 and 129 mg/dL (38.3%), they do not avoid food breaded and creamy fried foods (55.8%); do not perform physical exercise (36.7%); normal nutritional status encompassed one (68.3%), they serve their daily meals at home (72.5%); eat meatand fish very often (80%), eggs and dairy products (70.8%), fruits and vegetables (50.8%), fats (65.8%), alcohol and coffee (65%), hours sitting watching TV, mobile or laptop (54.2%) from 4 to 8 hours; regular condition for physical activity (38.3%), maximum time to exercise 10 to 30 minutes (40.8%), on a single day a week (65%). Conclusions:The cardiovascular risk factors in patients were stress and sedentary lifestyle, becoming in a public health problem affecting higher family, hospital and state out-of-pocket costs(AU)

Risco de iniciação ao tabagismo com o uso de cigarros eletrônicos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Risk of initiation to smoking with the use of electronic cigarettes: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre uso de cigarros eletrônicos e iniciação ao tabagismo, por meio de uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise de estudos longitudinais. Busca bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS e PsycInfo. As etapas de seleção de referências, extração dos dados e avaliação do risco de viés dos estudos foi realizada em dupla, de forma independente e as divergências discutidas com um terceiro pesquisador para obtenção de consenso. Meta-análise foi realizada por meio do modelo Mantel-Haenszel de efeitos aleatórios. Dentre os 25 estudos incluídos, 22 avaliaram o desfecho de experimentação de cigarro convencional e nove avaliaram o desfecho de tabagismo atual (nos últimos 30 dias). A meta-análise demonstrou que o uso de cigarro eletrônico aumentou em quase três vezes e meia o risco de experimentação de cigarro convencional (RR=3,42; IC95% 2,81-4,15) e em mais de quatro vezes o risco de tabagismo atual (RR=4,32; IC95% 3,13-5,94). O risco de iniciação ao tabagismo é significativamente maior entre usuários de cigarro eletrônico. A liberação da comercialização desses dispositivos pode representar uma ameaça para as políticas de saúde pública no Brasil.

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the association between the use of electronic cigarettes and initiation to smoking, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. A bibliographic search was performed on the MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS and PsycInfo databases. Reference selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment of the studies were independently carried out in pairs, and the disagreements were discussed with a third researcher to reach a consensus. Meta-analysis was performed using the Mantel-Haenszel random effects model. Among the 25 studies included, 22 evaluated the outcome of conventional cigarette experimentation and nine assessed the outcome of current smoking (in the last 30 days). The meta-analysis showed that the use of electronic cigarettes increased the risk of conventional cigarette experimentation by almost three and a half times (RR=3.42; 95%CI 2.81-4.15), and by more than four times the risk of current smoking (RR=4.32; 95%CI 3.13-5.94). The risk of smoking initiation is significantly higher among electronic cigarette users. The marketing authorization of such devices may represent a threat to public health policies in Brazil.

Hábito de fumar y comorbilidad en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica / Smoking habit and comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

RESUMEN Introducción: La enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica constituye un problema de salud en Cuba y el mundo; su pronóstico está en relación con varios factores. Objetivo: Caracterizar a una serie de pacientes hospitalizados con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, según edad, sexo, fenotipo, hábito de fumar y enfermedades comórbidas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó a los 296 pacientes que ingresaron en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" con el diagnóstico de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, en el período de dos años. Se determinaron las enfermedades comórbidas, el fenotipo dado por la forma clínica de presentación de los pacientes (A, B, C y D); la edad, sexo, hábito de fumar, tiempo y cantidad que fuma. Se utilizó el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson, para valorar la comorbilidad asociada en la enfermedad. Resultados: El 54 % de los pacientes fueron masculinos, el 96,9 % mayor de 50 años, el 36,1 % del fenotipo C y el 76,6 % fumadores. La hipertensión arterial fue más frecuente en los fenotipos B, C y D, en más del 70 %, la diabetes mellitus en el 73,7 % del fenotipo B y la cardiopatía isquémica en el 61,7 % del fenotipo D. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los pacientes estudiados fueron masculinos, mayores de 50 años, fumadores por más de 10 años y del fenotipo C. Las enfermedades comórbidas más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la cardiopatía isquémica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease constitutes a health problem in Cuba and the world, its prognosis is related to several factors. Objective: To characterize a series of hospitalized patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, according to age, sex, phenotype, smoking habit and comorbid diseases. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out that included the 296 patients who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of the Central Military Hospital Dr. Carlos J. Finlay with the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the period of two years. Comorbid diseases were determined, the phenotype given by the clinical presentation of the patients (A, B, C and D); age, sex, smoking habit, time and amount of smoking. The Charlson comorbidity index was used to assess the associated comorbidity in COPD. Results: 54% of the patients were male, 96,9% older than 50 years, 36,1% phenotype C, and 76,6% smokers. Hypertension was more frequent in phenotypes B, C and D, in more than 70%, diabetes mellitus in 73,7% of phenotype B, and ischemic heart disease in 61,7% of phenotype D. Conclusions: Most of the patients studied were male, older than 50 years, smokers for more than 10 years and phenotype C. The most frequent comorbid diseases were arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease.

Association of TNFRSF1A and IFNLR1 Gene Polymorphisms with the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer and Clinical Pathologic Features.

Several genes have been associated with breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A (TNFRSF1A), and interferon lambda receptor 1 (IFNLR1) genes encode receptors that mediate the action of inflammatory cytokines. Previous studies have demonstrated the association of the variants rs1800693 (TNFRSF1A) and rs4649203 (IFNLR1) with some inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to verify a possible association of these variants with BC, its clinical pathologic features, as well as epidemiological data in a Brazilian population. A total of 243 patients and 294 individuals without history of BC were genotyped for these polymorphisms through TaqMan® SNP genotyping assays by qPCR. For the TNFRSF1A gene, no significant results were found. For IFNLR1, the AA genotype (p = 0.008) and the A allele (p = 0.02) were significantly associated with a lower risk of developing BC. When analyzing the age, it was observed that each increase of one year contributes to the development of BC (p < 0.001). Also, the smoking habit (p < 0.001) and body mass index (p = 0.018) increase the risk of disease development. Analyzing progesterone receptor factor an association was found with the AA genotype of the IFNLR1 (p = 0.02). The findings suggest that polymorphism in the immune-related IFNLR1 gene contribute to BC susceptibility in a Brazilian population. These findings can contribute to the further understanding of the role this gene and pathways in BC development.

Estilo de vida de adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas em Recife: ERICA / Lifestyle of adolescent students from public and private schools in Recife: ERICA

Resumo Este estudo analisa os comportamentos relacionados ao estilo de vida de adolescentes em Recife, Brasil. Estudo transversal com dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). 2.400 estudantes de 12 a 17 anos foram entrevistados. Foram analisadas as prevalências de atividade física, comportamento alimentar, tabagismo e consumo de álcool. O teste Qui-quadrado e Intervalo de confiança 95% (IC95%) foram usados para avaliar a significância estatística das medidas. Observou-se 60% dos adolescentes com comportamentos alimentares inadequados quanto ao consumo de café da manhã, água/dia e refeições em frente à TV. Cerca de 40% (IC95%: 39,7-45) não realizavam refeições com os pais ou responsáveis. A prevalência de inatividade física foi de 52,4% (IC95%: 50-55). Adolescentes do sexo feminino foram mais inativas (68,7%; IC95%: 65-72) em relação aos meninos (36,4%; IC95%: 33-40). Adolescentes das classes econômicas D e E foram os mais inativos (60,7%; IC95%: 46-73). O consumo de bebida alcoólica foi de 18,7% (IC95%: 2,6-5,6) e o tabagismo foi de 3,8% (IC95%: 2-6) dos indivíduos. Comportamentos alimentares inadequados e a inatividade física foram os principais domínios responsáveis por um estilo de vida não saudável, seguidos pelo consumo de álcool e tabagismo.

Abstract This study analyzes the behavior patterns related to the lifestyle of adolescents in Recife, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with data from the Cardiovascular Risk Study among Adolescents (ERICA) and 2400 students aged 12 to 17 were interviewed. The prevalence of physical activity, eating behavior, smoking and alcohol consumption were analyzed. The Chi-square test and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the measurements. It was observed that 60% of the adolescents presented inadequate eating behaviors regarding the consumption of breakfast, daily water intake and meals eaten in front of the TV. About 40% (95%CI: 39.7-45) did not sit down to meals with their parents or guardians. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 52.4% (95%CI: 50-55). Female adolescents were more inactive (68.7%, 95%CI: 65-72) than males (36.4%, 95%CI: 33-40). Teenagers of economic classes D and E were the most inactive (60.7%, 95%CI: 46-73). Alcohol consumption was 18.7% (95%CI: 2.6-5.6) and smoking was prevalent in 3.8% (95%CI: 2-6) of the individuals. Inadequate eating behaviors and physical inactivity were the main areas responsible for an unhealthy lifestyle, followed by alcohol consumption and smoking.

[Exposure to second-hand smoke in school adolescents from Tunja (Colombia), 2017]. / Exposición al humo de segunda mano en adolescentes escolarizados de Tunja, Colombia, 2017.

INTRODUCTION: Adolescents exposed to second-hand smoke have a higher risk of morbidity. This is one of the main preventable public health problems in Latin America. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic factors associated with exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke at home and out-of-home, in school adolescents from Tunja-Colombia. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study included 1100 school students, aged between 11 and 19 years. The information was obtained using a self-administered and totally anonymous questionnaire. For the analysis, the proportions of everyday exposure and the mean number of days of exposure to second-hand smoke during a regular week were estimated. For the associations, ordinal logistic regression and negative binomial regression models were performed. RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 14.5 years, with the majority (59%) being female. As regards second-hand tobacco smoke exposure at home, an everyday prevalence of 4.9% was found, from 1 to 6 days of 14.7%, with a mean exposure of 0.7 days (SD 1.7). Additionally, there was a higher prevalence of exposure to second-hand smoke out-of-home: every day 8%, from 1 to 6 days of 34.1%, with a mean exposure of 1.5 days (SD 2.2). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of exposure to second-hand smoke in adolescents of Tunja was high. Interventions at school and family level are recommended to counteract this problem.

Investigación del grado de interés sobre el término "cigarrillo electrónico" en la Web / Investigation about the degree of interest of the term "electronic cigarette" on the Web

El cigarrillo electrónico introduce un fuerte debate en el mercado con respecto a su intencionalidad de uso. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir el grado de interés del término "cigarrillo electrónico" y la intencionalidad de su búsqueda en la Web en la Argentina. La herramienta que utilizamos fue el software libre de Google Trends. Las búsquedas en internet por parte de los usuarios estarían relacionadas con el consumo y no con la cesación. La vigilancia de consultas en la Web puede ser una herramienta innovadora en el control del tabaco, especialmente respecto de los dispositivos electrónicos administradores de nicotina.

The electronic cigarette introduces a strong debate in the market regarding its intentionality of use. The objective of the present work is to describe the degree of interest of the term "electronic cigarette" and the intentionality of its search in the Web in Argentina. The tool that we used was the free software of Google Trends. Internet searches by users would be related to the consumption and not with the cessation. The monitoring of web queries can be an innovative tool in tobacco control, especially in respect to the nicotine delivery system.

A proibição dos cigarros eletrônicos no Brasil: sucesso ou fracasso? / The ban of eletronic cigarettes in Brazil: success or failure?

Resumo O Brasil foi um dos primeiros países do mundo a proibir os Dispositivos Eletrônicos de Fumar (DEFs), tal proibição foi motivada pela inexistência de evidências relativas às alegadas propriedades terapêuticas e da inocuidade destes produtos. Por conta de tal proibição, A Anvisa foi criticada, especialmente de grupos de usuários. Estes grupos argumentam que tal ação proibiu um produto que auxiliaria a cessação ao tabagismo e seria menos tóxico que os cigarros comuns. Assim sendo, surge o questionamento se esta decisão foi acertada ou não. Os dados disponíveis mostram que os DEFs possuem formulações diversas e algumas substâncias tóxicas são liberadas durante sua utilização em níveis significativos. Estudos em animais e em humanos demonstraram potencial efeito tóxico. Os DEFs também demostraram que podem afetar a saúde de fumantes passivos. Quanto a seu uso como ferramenta de cessação, os estudos ainda não são conclusivos. Observou-se também um alto grau de uso entre adolescentes em países que seu uso foi autorizado. Desta forma o Brasil ao proibir estes produtos, impediu que a população consumisse um produto sem comprovação que auxiliasse no tratamento do tabagismo, com indícios de significativa toxidade e altamente atrativo aos jovens.

Abstract Brazil was one of the first countries in the world to ban Electronic Smoking Devices (ESDs). This ban was motivated by the lack of evidence regarding the alleged therapeutic properties and harmlessness of these products. Anvisa was criticized for this move, especially by electronic cigarette's users groups. These groups argue that prohibition prevented people's access to a product that would aid smoking cessation and be less toxic than ordinary cigarettes. Thus, the question arises as to whether this decision was successful. Available data show that ESDs have diverse formulations and some toxic substances are released at significant levels during use. Studies in animals and humans have shown a potential toxic effect, also affecting the health of passive smokers. Studies are still inconclusive regarding its use as a cessation tool. A high level of use among adolescents was observed in countries whose use was authorized. Thus, Brazil's ban prevented the population from consuming a product that has not been proven effective toward smoking cessation, with indications of significant toxicity and highly attractive to young people.

[Tobacco use and lung cancer]. / Tabaquismo y cáncer de pulmón.

Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. It plays a role in the etiology, and depending on the intensity and duration, it also has an influence on histology, stage and therapeutic outcome. Therefore, it is never too late to stop smoking. Tobacco smoke is so toxic, that there is no safe smoking modality. Filters, light cigarettes, pipes, water pipes, etc. are prohibitively harmful. In addition, the electronic nicotine delivery systems, besides promoting addiction, cause acute respiratory and cardiovascular effects. In addition, even though long-term consequences are yet to be known, cell proliferation and tumor progression have been identified. Tobacco control efforts should look at all these new products as its main threat.

El tabaquismo es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón. Participa en la etiología y, dependiendo de la intensidad y duración, influye en el tipo histológico, el estadio de la enfermedad y el efecto del tratamiento, por lo que nunca es tarde para dejar de fumar. La toxicidad del humo del tabaco es tan alta que no existe ninguna modalidad segura de tabaquismo. Los filtros, las diferentes variedades de cigarros light, los puros, pipas de agua, etc. son prohibitivamente dañinas. Inclusive los diferentes dispositivos electrónicos para la administración de nicotina, además de promocionar la adicción, tienen efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares a corto plazo y, aunque aún es pronto para conocer sus consecuencias a largo plazo, se han identificado efectos en la proliferación celular y progresión tumoral. Por lo anterior, las campañas para el control del tabaquismo deben considerar estos productos como su principal amenaza.

Tabaquismo y cáncer de pulmón / Tobacco use and lung cancer

Resumen: El tabaquismo es la principal causa de cáncer de pulmón. Participa en la etiología y, dependiendo de la intensidad y duración, influye en el tipo histológico, el estadio de la enfermedad y el efecto del tratamiento, por lo que nunca es tarde para dejar de fumar. La toxicidad del humo del tabaco es tan alta que no existe ninguna modalidad segura de tabaquismo. Los filtros, las diferentes variedades de cigarros light, los puros, pipas de agua, etc. son prohibitivamente dañinas. Inclusive los diferentes dispositivos electrónicos para la administración de nicotina, además de promocionar la adicción, tienen efectos respiratorios y cardiovasculares a corto plazo y, aunque aún es pronto para conocer sus consecuencias a largo plazo, se han identificado efectos en la proliferación celular y progresión tumoral. Por lo anterior, las campañas para el control del tabaquismo deben considerar estos productos como su principal amenaza.

Abstract: Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer. It plays a role in the etiology, and depending on the intensity and duration, it also has an influence on histology, stage and therapeutic outcome. Therefore, it is never too late to stop smoking. Tobacco smoke is so toxic, that there is no safe smoking modality. Filters, light cigarettes, pipes, water pipes, etc. are prohibitively harmful. In addition, the electronic nicotine delivery systems, besides promoting addiction, cause acute respiratory and cardiovascular effects. In addition, even though long-term consequences are yet to be known, cell proliferation and tumor progression have been identified. Tobacco control efforts should look at all these new products as its main threat.

Grado de conocimiento y uso del cigarrillo electrónico en pacientes fumadores / Degree of knowledge and use of the electronic cigarette in smokers

El cigarrillo electrónico (CE) es un dispositivo electrónico de entrega de nicotina, cuyo uso ­a pesar de la prohibición oficial por parte de ANMAT­ ha ido en aumento. Para saber el grado de conocimiento y de uso del cigarrillo electrónico ­por parte de la población fumadora ­ realizamos una encuesta a los pacientes que asistieron a los Consultorios de Cesación Tabáquica del Hospital General de Agudos "José M. Ramos Mejía" y del Hospital de Oncología "Marie Curie". La casi totalidad de los encuestados conocía su existencia. Menos de la mitad lo ha utilizado como método para dejar de fumar, pero solo un reducido porcentaje lo ha logrado.

The electronic cigarette is an electronic nicotine delivery device, whose use ­despite the prohibition­ by ANMAT has been increasing. In order to know the degree of knowledge and the use of electronic cigarettes by the smoking population, we conducted an inquest of patients who attended the Smoking Cessation Clinics of the General Acute Hospital "José M. Ramos Mejía" and the Oncology Hospital "Marie Curie". Almost all of the respondents knew of its existence. Less than half have used it as a method to stop smoking, but only a small percentage has achieved it.

Comparación de los valores de alpha ratio entre hombres y mujeres fumadores y no fumadores entre 18 y 26 años / Comparison of alpha ratio values between men and women smokers and non-smokers between 18 and 26 years

El hábito de fumar puede causar daños a la voz, incluso en etapas tempranas. El valor alpha ratio permitiría detectar cambios en el timbre de voz debido a dicho hábito, pudiendo ser un indicador preventivo de futuras patologías vocales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existen diferencias significativas entre los valores de alpha ratio de hombres y mujeres, fumadores y no fumadores, sin patología vocal previa, de manera de respaldar su uso a nivel preventivo. Se midieron los valores Leq 0-1000 Hz y Leq 1000-5000 Hz, que componen alpha ratio, en 194 sujetos entre 18 y 26 años que no hacen uso profesional de la voz. El grupo se dividió en 32 hombres fumadores y 21 no fumadores, 61 mujeres fumadoras y 80 no fumadoras. Se grabaron sus voces en una cámara silente, utilizando los programas Audacity y PRAAT. Los valores alpha ratio en fumadores tanto en hombres como mujeres, presentaron valores promedio mayores que los no fumadores. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los valores de alpha ratio entre hombre fumadores y no fumadores (p = .2799) solo entre mujeres fumadoras y no fumadoras (p = .0111). Se compararon los valores Leq 0-1000 Hz y Leq 1000-5000 Hz entre mujeres fumadoras y no fumadoras encontrándose solo diferencias significativas en los valores Leq 1000-5000 Hz (p = .0095). Se puede concluir que el valor alpha ratio podría ser un buen indicador temprano de predisposición para el desarrollo de alteraciones que afecten el timbre de voz, en especial en el caso de las mujeres.

Smoking habit can cause damage to the voice, even in the early stages, which can hinder the communication process. Early identification of alterations in vocal parameters allows preventive measures to be taken prior to the generation of irreversible damage. The alpha ratio value is a vocal parameter obtained through an acoustic analysis that would allow detecting changes in the voice timbre, being able to be a preventive indicator of vocal pathologies. The objective of this investigation was to determine if there are significant differences between the alpha ratio values of men and women, smokers and non-smokers, without previous vocal pathology. The values Leq 0-1000 [Hz] and Leq 1000-5000 [Hz], which make up the alpha ratio value, were measured in 194 subjects between 18 and 26 years of age who did not use professional voice. The group was divided into 32 male smokers and 21 non-smokers, 61 females mokers and 80 non-smokers. The information gathering process was carried out in two stages: in the first one the subject was asked to inhale deeply and to emit a / a / sustained for a time of 5 seconds, for calibration and verification of parameters. In the second stage, a text of 101 words was requested: For the recording, a microphone was used 10 cm away from the face, with a 45° angle to it. Study subjects were standing at all times. The Audacity and PRAAT programs were used for recording and acoustic analysis, respectively, and for the statistical analysis the STATA version 14 program was used. Alpha ratio values in smokers (men and women) presented higher values than non-smokers. Male smokers average alpha ratio: .5181709; male non-smokers average alpha ratio value: .4972945. Female smokers, average alpha ratio: .5321025; Non-smoking women, average alpha ratio value: .5036634. However, no significant differences were found between the values of alpha ratio between male smokers and non-smokers (p = .2799) only among females mokers and non-smokers (p = .0111). When there were statistically significant differences between the alpha ratio values of smoking and non-smoking women, the values of Leq 0-1000Hz and Leq 1000-5000 Hz were analyzed independently. The mean value Leq 0-1000 Hz of female smokers was 36.80148; The mean value Leq 0-1000 Hz in non-smoking women was 35.8655. There is no significant difference between these values (p = .171). The mean value Leq 1000-5000 Hz of female smokers was 19.58016; the mean value Leq 1000-5000 Hz in non-smoking women was 18.15138; there is a significant difference between these values (p =.0095). These results are consistent with previous research since the alterations of the voice, due to tobacco damage, are manifested in frequencies above 1000 Hz, although it would have been expected that the values of smokers were lower than the non-smokers, and not higher as in this case. This could be due to the fact that the subjects in this study were healthy, with no diagnosed pathology, and are likely to be at an early stage of vocal damage and as a compensatory form their system is making an over exertion that manifests itself in more values high. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the alpha ratio value could be a good early indicator of predisposition for the development of alterations affecting voice timbre especially in the case of women. It is necessary in order to provide a correct preventive diagnosis, to establish reference values of normality that allow to identify alterations and to study how the value of alpha ratio was affected in a population of smokers with greater number of years of smoking habit.

Estratégias de promoção e prevenção na formação e na prática de profissionais de saúde junto a tabagistas: uma abordagem socioclínica institucional / Promotion and prevention strategies in the training and practice of health professionals with smokers: an institutional socioclinical approach

Estudo que traz como objeto "a formação de profissionais de saúde nas ações de promoção e prevenção junto a tabagistas na Estratégia da Saúde da Família". Problematizam-se as dificuldades na realização de ações de promoção e prevenção voltadas ao tabagismo, considerando os centros formadores, os serviços de saúde e a sociedade em geral. Traz como objetivos: analisar os fatores que interferem na prática de promoção e prevenção desenvolvidas por profissionais de saúde junto a tabagistas, considerando seu processo formativo e suas atividades junto a fumantes na Estratégia da Saúde da Família. Trata-se de uma pesquisa-intervenção com abordagem qualitativa, tomando como referencial teóricometodológico a Análise Institucional na modalidade Socioclínica Institucional das práticas profissionais. Escolhe-se como cenário uma Unidade da Saúde da Família de um município do Rio de Janeiro e, como participantes, profissionais de saúde da referida unidade. Elegemse como dispositivos da coleta de dados encontros nos moldes da Socioclínica Institucional, um diário para anotações do pesquisador e as anotações nas atas dos grupos de tabagistas. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo CEP/UFF com o número 2.930.317 CAAE 91395518.8.0000.5243. O primeiro encontro aconteceu em outubro de 2018 e compareceram 15 profissionais, e o segundo encontro de restituição, em maio de 2019 com 17 profissionais. O material coletado foi transcrito e a produção de dados permitiu evidenciar as características da Socioclínica Institucional e dois eixos de análise. O primeiro, "a intervenção Socioclínica Institucional traz para debates a promoção e prevenção do tabagismo na formação e na prática dos profissionais", que se abriu para 03 subeixos. O segundo teve como título "a abordagem Socioclínica Institucional como favorecedora para a busca de estratégias de prevenção ao tabagismo". Os resultados do primeiro eixo evidenciaram a falta de ações mais efetivas voltadas ao tabagismo durante a formação; o preocupante envolvimento de crianças e adolescentes no ato de fumar no seio das próprias famílias; as contradições entre o que recomendam os programas oficiais e o que realmente ocorre no cotidiano. O segundo salienta como o referencial teórico-metodológico favoreceu os debates, que permitiram pensar em dois produtos que possibilitaram ampliar as ações de promoção e prevenção do tabagismo na formação e capacitação dos profissionais de saúde. Considera-se que o estudo possibilitou que práticas instituintes relacionadas ao tabagismo fossem assimiladas pelos participantes naquele cenário, qualificando a formação de acadêmicos, preceptores e trabalhadores da unidade.

Study that brings as its object "the training of health professionals in promotion and prevention actions with smokers in the Family Health Strategy". Problematizes the difficulties in carrying out promotion and prevention actions focused on smoking, considering the training centers, the health services and the Society in general. Objective: Analyse the factors that interfere with the practice of promotion and prevention developed by health professionals with smokers, considering its training process and its activities with smokers in the Family Health Strategy. Its is an intervention research with qualitative approach, taking as methodological theoretical reference the Institutional Analysis in the Institutional Socioclinical modality of professional practices. Chooses as a scenario a Family Health Unit in a city of Rio de Janeiro and as health professional participants of that unit. Elect as data collection devices two meetings along the lines of Institutional Socioclinics, a diary for the researcher's notes and notes in the minutes of the smokers groups. The survey was approved by CEP/UFF with the number 2.930.317 CAAE 91395518.8.0000.5243. The first meeting took place in October 2018 and 15 professionals attended, and the second restitution meeting in May 2019 with 17 professionals. The collected material was transcribed and the production of data allowed to highlight the characteristics of Institutional Socioclinics and two axes of analysis. The first "Institutional Socioclinical intervention brings to debate the promotion and prevention of smoking in the training and practices of professionals" that opened to 03 sub axes. The second "Institutional Socioclinical approach as a provider for the search for smoking prevention strategies". The results of the first axis showed the lack of more effective actions focused on smoking during training; the worrying involvement of children and adolescents in smoking within their own families; the contradictions between what official programs recommend and what really happens in everyday life and the difficulties and potentialities of smoking groups. The second highlights how the methodological theoretical reference favored the debates that allowed us to think about two products that made it possible to expand the actions of smoking promotion and prevention in the training and qualification of health professionals. Considers that the study made it possible for instituting practices related to smoking to be assimilated by participants in that scenario, qualifying the education of academics, preceptors and unit workers.

Indicador multidimensional de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida: aplicação do método Grade of Membership / Multidimensional profiles of lifestyle risk factors: application of the Grade of Membership method / Indicador multidimensional de factores de riesgo relacionados con el estilo de vida: aplicación del método Grade of Membership

Resumo: Objetivou-se identificar perfis multidimensionais de fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida, com a verificação de características sociodemográficas e de autopercepção de saúde associadas. Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013) de 45.881 indivíduos acima de 30 anos. Para a identificação dos perfis, foi utilizado o método Grade of Membership (GoM), com a inclusão de 12 variáveis. A análise de características associadas foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e de regressão logística. Foram identificados dois perfis: "perfil saudável" (61,6%) e "perfil de risco" (38,4%). O "perfil saudável" é caracterizado pelo consumo adequado de frutas, vegetais, peixes, bem como pelo consumo não regular de refrigerante, carne com gordura e feijão; apresenta excesso de peso e faz atividade física recomendada no lazer. O "perfil de risco", por sua vez, é caracterizado pelo não consumo de marcadores saudáveis, exceto o consumo de feijão, pelo consumo de todos os marcadores não saudáveis de alimentação, pelo hábito de substituir refeições por lanches, pelo consumo de álcool, uso de tabaco e por não serem fisicamente ativos no lazer. O perfil saudável associou-se ao sexo feminino, como também a idosos, brancos, residentes no Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, viúvos e casados, com maior escolaridade e com melhor autoavaliação de saúde. Já o perfil de risco se associou ao sexo masculino, como também a adultos jovens, residentes no Centro-oeste e Sul, solteiros, com menor escolaridade e com pior autoavaliação de saúde. Embora mais prevalente, o percentual de indivíduos com pertencimento total ao perfil saudável foi baixo. Fatores de risco relacionados ao estilo de vida estão associados a características sociodemográficas.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify multidimensional profiles of lifestyle risk factors, verifying sociodemographic characteristics and self-rated health. Data were obtained from the Brazilian National Health Survey (2013) for 45,881 individuals 30 years and older. Identification of the profiles used the Grade of Membership (GoM) method, with 12 variables. Analysis of associated characteristics used Pearson's chi-square test and logistic regression. Two profiles were identified: "healthy profile" (61.6%), characterized by adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, and fish, non-regular consumption of sodas, meat with fat, and beans, normal weight, and recommended leisure-time physical activity, and "risk profile" (38.4%), characterized by lack of consumption of healthy markers, except consumption of beans, consumption of all the unhealthy dietary markers, replacing meals with snacks, alcohol consumption, smoking, and leisure-time physical inactivity. The healthy profile was associated with female gender, old age, white skin color, residents in the North and Northeast of Brazil, widows/widowers, married marital status, more schooling, and better self-rated health. The risk profile was associated with male gender, young adults, residents in the Central and South, single marital status, less schooling, and worse self-rated health. Although more prevalent, the percentage of individuals with complete classification in the healthy profile was low. Lifestyle risk factors are associated with sociodemographic characteristics.

Resumen: El objetivo del trabajo fue identificar perfiles multidimensionales de factores de riesgo, relacionados con el estilo de vida, verificando las características asociadas sociodemográficas y de autopercepción de salud. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (2013), procedentes de 45.881 individuos por encima de 30 años. Para la identificación de los perfiles se utilizó el método Grade of Membership (GoM), con la inclusión de 12 variables. El análisis de las características asociadas se realizó mediante el test chi-quadrado de Pearson y regresión logística. Se identificaron dos perfiles: "perfil saludable" (61,6%), caracterizado por el consumo adecuado de frutas y verduras, pescados, consumo no regular de refrescos, carne con grasa y frijoles, así como por el exceso de peso y actividad física recomendada durante el ocio. Y "perfil de riesgo" (38,4%), caracterizado por el no consumo de marcadores saludables, excepto el consumo de frijoles, por el consumo de todos los marcadores no saludables de alimentación, sustituir comidas por comidas rápidas, consumo de alcohol, tabaco y no ser físicamente activos durante el ocio. El perfil saludable se asoció al sexo femenino, ancianos, blancos, residentes en el Norte y Nordeste do Brasil, viudos y casados, con mayor escolaridad y mejor autoevaluación de salud. Por otro lado, el perfil de riesgo se asoció al sexo masculino, adultos jóvenes, residentes en el Centro-oeste y Sur, solteros, con menor escolaridad y peor autoevaluación de salud. Pese a que sea más prevalente, el porcentaje de individuos pertenecientes totalmente al perfil saludable fue bajo. Los factores de riesgo relacionados con el estilo de vida están asociados a características sociodemográficas.

Impacto del tabaquismo en la aterosclerosis coronaria de fallecidos por muerte violenta / Impact of smoking in coronary atherosclerosis of deceased due to violent death

Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una de las principales causas de muerte en Cuba y el mundo. Entre ellas se encuentra el infarto agudo de miocardio, que se produce principalmente, por aterosclerosis de las arterias coronarias. Esta enfermedad coronaria, está ligada a varios factores de riesgo, de manera fundamental al hábito de fumar, que se ha incrementado en la actualidad. Objetivo: Determinar el desarrollo del proceso aterosclerótico en fallecidos por muerte violenta y los efectos del hábito de fumar, sobre este proceso. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de 245 fallecidos por muerte violenta, mediante la utilización del sistema aterométrico, se analizaron cualitativa y cuantitativamente las arterias coronarias. Resultados: Se presentaron mayores valores de lesiones en el grupo de alto nivel aterosclerótico, de ambos sexos, las superficies arteriales ocupadas por estrías adiposas, placas fibrosas y placas graves fueron desde valores negativos a positivos. Al introducir el efecto del tabaco, los valores aumentaron con gran rapidez, también en el grupo de alto nivel aterosclerótico. Conclusiones: Se define la existencia de un proceso de conversión de un tipo de lesión aterosclerótica en otra, desde las menos graves a las más graves, con mayor severidad del proceso en el grupo de alto nivel aterosclerótico. El tabaquismo acelera la producción de la aterosclerosis(AU)

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death in Cuba and the world and among them, acute myocardial infarction that is produced mostly by atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, the latter entity is linked to several factors of risk, in a fundamental way to the smoking habit (smoking) which has had a great increase at present. Objective: To determine the development of the atherosclerotic process in deaths due to violent death and the effect on smoking. Methods: An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study of 245 deaths due to violent death was performed, using the atheometric system, the coronary arteries were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. Results: There were higher values of arterial lesions in the group of high atherosclerotic level, either male or female, where the arterial surfaces occupied by adipose striae, fibrous plaques and severe plaques were from negative to positive values, thus showing its rapid conversion . When the habit of smoking was added, the values increased very rapidly, also in the high-atherosclerotic group. Conclusions: It is defined the existence of a process of conversion of one type of atherosclerotic lesion in another, from the least serious to the most serious; with greater severity of the process in the group of high atherosclerotic level. Smoking accelerates the production of atherosclerosis(AU)