Sociodemographic factors and lifestyle behaviours associated with bullying victimization and perpetration in a sample of Brazilian adolescents / Fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentos de estilo de vida associados à vitimização e perpetração do bullying em uma amostra de adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract This article aims to identify the association of sociodemographic factors and lifestyle behaviours with bullying perpetration and victimization among high school students. The adolescents (n=852) answered a questionnaire about bullying (victims and perpetrators), sociodemographic factors (sex, age, maternal education, and participant's work status), tobacco use, alcohol use, illicit drug experimentation, physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration. Multilevel logistic regression models were performed. Older adolescents were less likely to be victims of bullying. Females were less likely to be perpetrators or victims of bullying. Adolescents who were working were more likely to be involved in bullying in both forms. Participation in non-sport activities and alcohol consumption were associated with higher odds of bullying victimization. We have identified specific populational subgroups that are more susceptible to being victims and/or perpetrators of bullying, which could support tailor-specific interventions to prevent bullying.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é identificar a associação de fatores sociodemográficos e comportamentos de estilo de vida com a perpetração do bullying e da vitimização entre os alunos do ensino médio. Os adolescentes (n=852) responderam a um questionário sobre bullying (vítimas e perpetradores), fatores sociodemográficos (sexo, idade, educação materna e status profissional dos participantes), uso de tabaco, uso de álcool, experimentação de drogas ilícitas, atividade física, tempo de tela e duração do sono. Modelos de regressão logística multinível foram realizados. Os adolescentes mais velhos eram menos propensos a serem vítimas de bullying. As mulheres tinham menos probabilidade de serem perpetradoras ou vítimas de bullying. Os adolescentes que estavam trabalhando tinham maior probabilidade de estarem envolvidos em bullying em ambas as formas. A participação em atividades não esportivas e o consumo de álcool estavam associados a maiores probabilidades de vitimização por bullying. Identificamos subgrupos populacionais específicos que são mais suscetíveis a serem vítimas e/ou perpetradores de bullying, o que poderia apoiar intervenções específicas sob medida para evitar o bullying.

Oxytocin and vasopressin: Signalling, behavioural modulation and potential therapeutic effects.

Oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) are endogenous ligands for OT and AVP receptors in the brain and in the peripheral system. Several studies demonstrate that OT and AVP have opposite roles in modulating stress, anxiety and social behaviours. Interestingly, both peptides and their receptors exhibit high sequence homology which could account for the biased signalling interaction of the peptides with OT and AVP receptors. However, how and under which conditions this crosstalk occurs in vivo remains unclear. In this review we shed light on the complexity of the roles of OT and AVP, by focusing on their signalling and behavioural differences and exploring the crosstalk between the receptor systems. Moreover, we discuss the potential of OT and AVP receptors as therapeutic targets to treat human disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and drug abuse. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Building Bridges in Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.8/issuetoc.

Dogs can infer implicit information from human emotional expressions.

The ability to infer emotional states and their wider consequences requires the establishment of relationships between the emotional display and subsequent actions. These abilities, together with the use of emotional information from others in social decision making, are cognitively demanding and require inferential skills that extend beyond the immediate perception of the current behaviour of another individual. They may include predictions of the significance of the emotional states being expressed. These abilities were previously believed to be exclusive to primates. In this study, we presented adult domestic dogs with a social interaction between two unfamiliar people, which could be positive, negative or neutral. After passively witnessing the actors engaging silently with each other and with the environment, dogs were given the opportunity to approach a food resource that varied in accessibility. We found that the available emotional information was more relevant than the motivation of the actors (i.e. giving something or receiving something) in predicting the dogs' responses. Thus, dogs were able to access implicit information from the actors' emotional states and appropriately use the affective information to make context-dependent decisions. The findings demonstrate that a non-human animal can actively acquire information from emotional expressions, infer some form of emotional state and use this functionally to make decisions.

Medida socioeducativa, ambiente escolar e alojamento psíquico / Socio-educational measure school environment and psychic lodging / Medida socioeducativa, entorno escolar y alojamento psíquico

Este artigo discorre sobre adolescentes que foram alfabetizados em prazos bastante curtos, quando internados para cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, após terem fracassado recorrentemente no curso regular de escolarização. A investigação buscou compreender os sentidos do êxito tardio em ambiente de privação de liberdade. Participaram do estudo 15 adolescentes de quatro unidades da Fundação CASA, que não possuíam competência de leitura e escrita quando de sua internação. Para tanto, os adolescentes foram entrevistados; alguns produziram desenhos, que foram examinados. O trabalho amparou-se na psicanálise, centralmente em Donald W. Winnicott. Conclui-se que há necessidade de o ambiente educativo se apresentar como espaço continente para as dificuldades e para processos identificatórios, podendo apresentar-se como um "alojamento" em que o "paradoxo limite e espaço" e as ressignificações ganham o sentido de amparo psíquico que, dentre outras coisas, interfere na aprendizagem e pode ou não chegar a ser curativo (Au).

This article discusses adolescents who were taught to read and write within a very short time when interned in compliance with a socio-educational measure, after recurrent failures on regular school courses. The investigation seeks to understand the meanings of late success in an environment of freedom deprivation. 15 adolescents from four Fundação Casa units participated, who were unable to read and write on their internment. To this end, the adolescents were interviewed and some produced drawings, which were examined. The work was supported by psychoanalysis, especially Donald W. Winnicott. It was concluded that there is a need for the educational environment to present itself as a containing space for difficulties and for identificatory processes, able to show itself as "lodging" where the "limit and space paradox" and resignifications gain the meaning of psychic support which, among other things, affects learning and may or may not be ultimately curative (AU).

Este artículo discurre sobre los adolescentes que han sido alfabetizados en plazos bastante cortos cuando fueron internados para el cumplimiento de una medida socioeducativa, después de que hubiesen fracasado recurrentemente en el recorrido normal de la escolarización. La investigación trató de comprender los sentidos del éxito tardío en un entorno de privación de la libertad. Participaron del estudio quince adolescentes de cuatro unidades de la Fundação CASA ("Fundación CASA"), los cuales no poseían competencia de lectura y escritura cuando fueron internados. Para ello, se entrevistaron a los adolescentes; algunos produjeron dibujos, los cuales fueron examinados. El trabajo se amparó en el psicoanálisis, sobre todo en Donald W. Winnicott. Se concluyó que hay la necesidad de que el entorno educativo se presente como un espacio continente para las dificultades y para los procesos identificatorios, apareciendo como un "alojamiento" en que la "paradoja límite y espacio" y las resignificaciones ganan el sentido de auxilio psíquico. Eso, entre otras cosas, interfiere en el aprendizaje y puede o no llegar a ser curativo (AU).

Third-party conflict interventions are kin biased in captive white-lipped peccaries (Mammalia, Tayassuidae).

Third-party interventions may regulate conflicts to reduce aggression and promote cohesion amongst group members, but are rarely documented in ungulates. The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) lives in mixed-sex herds of hundreds of individuals in Neotropical forests, which are likely to benefit from mechanisms that sustain social cohesiveness. We examined third-party conflict interventions between individuals in captive groups of white-lipped peccaries. During a period of 60 days, we recorded agonistic interactions and occurrences of third-party conflict interventions, and estimated the genetic relatedness between the individuals involved using multilocus microsatellite genotypes. Most third-party conflict interventions were by the dominant male of each group, resulting in conflict termination 100% of the time. Our results also revealed that white-lipped peccaries favour their closest relatives and that individuals showed lower levels of aggression towards kin than to non-kin, and interventions on behalf of kin were more frequent than on behalf of non-kin. Our findings support the idea that genetic relatedness is fundamental in both social structure and third-party conflict interventions in this species, allowing us to suggest that kin selection could have a key role in the evolution of social behaviour of white-lipped peccaries.

A model for social spreading of Covid-19: Cases of Mexico, Finland and Iceland.

The shocking severity of the Covid-19 pandemic has woken up an unprecedented interest and accelerated effort of the scientific community to model and forecast epidemic spreading to find ways to control it regionally and between regions. Here we present a model that in addition to describing the dynamics of epidemic spreading with the traditional compartmental approach takes into account the social behaviour of the population distributed over a geographical region. The region to be modelled is defined as a two-dimensional grid of cells, in which each cell is weighted with the population density. In each cell a compartmental SEIRS system of delay difference equations is used to simulate the local dynamics of the disease. The infections between cells are modelled by a network of connections, which could be terrestrial, between neighbouring cells, or long range, between cities by air, road or train traffic. In addition, since people make trips without apparent reason, noise is considered to account for them to carry contagion between two randomly chosen distant cells. Hence, there is a clear separation of the parameters related to the biological characteristics of the disease from the ones that represent the spatial spread of infections due to social behaviour. We demonstrate that these parameters provide sufficient information to trace the evolution of the pandemic in different situations. In order to show the predictive power of this kind of approach we have chosen three, in a number of ways different countries, Mexico, Finland and Iceland, in which the pandemics have followed different dynamic paths. Furthermore we find that our model seems quite capable of reproducing the path of the pandemic for months with few initial data. Unlike similar models, our model shows the emergence of multiple waves in the case when the disease becomes endemic.

Maternal deprivation during early infancy in rats increases oxytocin immunoreactivity in females and corticosterone reactivity to a social test in both sexes without changing emotional behaviour.

Impairment of social behaviour is a hallmark of emotional disorders, with increased avoidance of social contact. In rats, the 24 h maternal deprivation (DEP) paradigm is used to understand the impact of extreme neglect on neurodevelopment. Due to the distinct immediate effects of DEP on postnatal days (PND) 3 (DEP3) or 11 (DEP11), in the present study we investigated the long-term effects of DEP at these ages on anxiety-like behaviour, by recording the visits and time spent in the centre part of the open-field, social investigation of a confined, same-sex, unfamiliar animal, basal and post-social test corticosterone plasma levels and the immunoreactivity to oxytocin in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus (SON). Whole litters were distributed into control (CTL), DEP3 or DEP11 groups and behavioural tests and biological samples were collected between PNDs 40 and 45 in males and females. There were no differences in the exploration of the central part of the open field or on the time investigating the unfamiliar rat. However, the percent increase in post-test corticosterone secretion from baseline was greater for both DEP3 male and female subgroups than their CTL and DEP11 counterparts. DEP3 females showed more oxytocin staining than DEP11 counterparts in magnocellular neurons of the SON and PVN. These results suggest that DEP at the ages chosen does not alter social investigation, although it results in distinct neurobiological outcomes, depending on the developmental phase when it is imposed.

Sleep, social behaviour and food consumption of schoolchildren of a large Brazilian city.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of inadequate sleep and associated factors on the social behaviour and food consumption of children and adolescents. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Sleep information, social behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire), food consumption, demography, nutritional status, lifestyle, and biochemical tests were investigated. PARTICIPANTS: School children in the 4th grade of the municipal school system of a large Brazilian city. RESULTS: Of a total of 797 schoolchildren, 50·9 % were female, with a median age of 9·7 (9·5-10·0) years old and an energy consumption of 7613·6 (5982·7-9766·2) kJ. It was determined that 31·6 % were overweight, and 76·8 % reported insufficient weekly practice of physical activity. A median of 9·6 (8·9-10·5) h of sleep (lower values on weekdays: 9·3 v. 10·5 h, P < 0·001) was recorded. In addition, 27 % of the individuals who experienced inadequate sleep (<9 h) engaged in longer screen time daily (≥2 h/d) (P = 0·05), had an inadequate bedtime (> 22 h) or adequate wake-up time (5-7 h), studied in the morning (P < 0·001) and never took a shower before school (P < 0·001). Of the entire sample, 9·9 % had poor or very poor sleep quality and a greater probability of sleep talking regularly, had difficulty falling asleep, and engaged in inadequate social behaviour while experiencing these conditions compared with those with positive sleep quality. There was no association between sleep and the other variables investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep impairment contributed to changes in sleep and social behaviour in schoolchildren. The findings of this study may reinforce the importance of developing actions to promote adequate sleep and a healthy lifestyle at school age.

Masculinidade apreendida na infância/adolescência de homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal / La masculinidad incautada de la infancia/adolescencia de los hombres en los procesos penales por violencia conyugal / Masculinity seized in childhood/adolescence of men in criminal proceedings for marital violence

Objetivo: compreender os elementos constitutivos da masculinidade que permearam a infância e/ou adolescência de homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal. Método: estudo qualitativo utilizando-se o referencial metodológico História Oral de Vida. Foram realizadas entrevistas com 13 homens em processo criminal por violência conjugal vinculados à 2ª Vara de Justiça pela Paz em Casa do município de Salvador, Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram interpretados à luz do referencial teórico sobre masculinidade. Resultados: a infância/adolescência dos homens foi permeada por constructos da masculinidade, na sua maioria introjetados pela figura paterna. São eles: o distanciamento de brincadeiras femininas, embotamento afetivo, infidelidade, provisão familiar e domínio e violência intrafamiliar. Considerações finais: mesmo não sendo possível afirmar que esses padrões tenham influenciado no desenvolvimento da agressividade, infere-se que a observação, o incentivo, a imposição e o convívio com os elementos da masculinidade tenham contribuído para delinear o caráter dos participantes e refletido em suas condutas na vida adulta.

Objetivo: comprender los elementos constitutivos de la masculinidad que impregnaron la infancia y/o adolescencia de los hombres en los procesos penales por violencia conyugal. Método: estudio cualitativo utilizando el marco metodológico Historia Oral de la Vida. Se realizaron entrevistas a 13 hombres en procesos penales por violencia conyugal vinculados a la 2ª Corte de Justicia por la Paz en la Casa del municipio de Salvador, Bahía, Brasil. Los datos fueron interpretados a la luz del marco teórico sobre la masculinidad. Resultados: la infancia/adolescencia de los hombres estuvo impregnada de construcciones de masculinidad, en su mayoría introyectadas por la figura paterna. Son ellos: el distanciamiento de los juegos femeninos, la atonía afectiva, la infidelidad, la provisión y dominación familiar y la violencia familiar. Consideraciones finales: aunque no es posible afirmar que estos patrones hayan influido en el desarrollo de la agresividad, es inferible que la observación, el estímulo, la imposición y la convivencia con los elementos de la masculinidad han contribuido a delinear el carácter de los participantes y se han reflejado en sus conductas en la edad adulta.

Objective: to understand the constitutive elements of masculinity that permeated the childhood and/or adolescence of men in criminal proceedings for marital violence. Method: qualitative study using the methodological framework Oral History of Life. Interviews were conducted with 13 men in criminal proceedings for marital violence linked to the 2nd Court of Justice for Home Peace in the municipality of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The data were interpreted in the light of the theoretical framework on masculinity. Results: men's childhood/adolescence was permeated by masculinity constructs, mostly influenced by the father figure. They are: the distancing of female games, affective dullness, infidelity, family provision and dominance and family violence. Final considerations: even though it is not possible to affirm that these patterns have influenced the development of aggressiveness, it is inferable that observation, encouragement, imposition and conviviality with the elements of masculinity have contributed to delineate the character of the participants and reflected in their conducts in adulthood.

Digging for care-seeking behaviour among gold miners in the Guyana hinterland: a qualitative doer non-doer analysis of social and behavioural motivations for malaria testing and treatment.

BACKGROUND: Although Guyana has made significant progress toward malaria control, limited access to malaria testing and treatment services threatens those gains. Mining activities create breeding environments for mosquitoes, and the migrant and mobile mining populations are hard to reach with information and services. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) has trained volunteers to test and treat malaria cases in remote regions. However, it remains unclear how miners perceive these testers, the services they provide, or what their malaria care-seeking behaviour is in general. To better address these challenges, Breakthrough ACTION Guyana and MoPH conducted qualitative research from October to November 2018 in Regions 7 and 8 in Guyana. METHODS: A total of 109 individuals, 70 miners, 17 other mining camp staff, and 22 other key stakeholders (e.g. community health workers, pharmacists, and regional leadership), participated in semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. Results were derived using a framework analysis, with an adjusted doer and non-doer analysis, and organized using the integrated behaviour framework. RESULTS: Miners sought MoPH-approved services because of close geographic proximity to testing services, a preference for public service treatment, and a desire to correctly diagnose and cure malaria rather than just treat its symptoms. Those who chose to initiate self-treatment-using unregulated medications from the private and informal sector-did so out of convenience and the belief that self-treatment had worked before. Miners who completed the full MoPH-approved treatment understood the need to complete the treatment, while those who prematurely stopped treatment did so because of medication side effects and a desire to feel better as soon as possible. CONCLUSION: Reasons why miners do and do not pursue malaria testing and treatment services are diverse. These results can inform better MoPH programming and new solutions to improve malaria outcomes in Guyana.

Protocolo de vocalização ultrassônica em camundongos: uma ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento social / Ultrasonic vocalization protocol in mice: a tool for assessing social behavior

O estudo de desarranjos do neurodesenvolvimento, sejam estes herdados ou adquiridos, necessita da integração cada vez mais aprofundada entre pesquisa básica e abordagem clínica. Apesar da análise do comportamental humano ser essencial para caracterizar e motivar a inovação científica nas várias condições clínicas e/ ou de disfunção social, os estudos comportamentais bem controlados utilizando modelos animais favorecem a ponte do conhecimento entre o laboratório e o clínico populacional. No comportamento social fino e adaptado às espécies animais de experimentação científica, estudos de comunicação ultrassônica em camundongos vem sendo de extrema importância para esclarecimento de achados comportamentais de linguagem em correspondentes em condições humanas. O presente estudo busca consolidar um paradigma de investigação comportamental em linguagem utilizando um modelo murino de linhagem selvagem C57/BL6 no contexto de vocalização ultrassônica na separação materna estabelecida em filhotes pré-adolescentes. Além da determinação e aplicação do protocolo experimental aqui relatado, os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças nas idades analisadas e corroboram com os dados descritos em literatura uma vez que ocorreu uma inclinação para comunicação de baixa complexidade.

Neurodevelopmental disorders can be inherited or acquired and requires deeper integration between basic and clinical research. The access and analysis of human behavior patterns are essential to push for scientific innovation in various clinical conditions and/or social dysfunction, but clinical and psychological approach can be challenging to achieve in these conditions. Thus, behavioral studies using animal models in experimental settings favor and advance the understanding of neurodevelopmental disarrangements in human population. In this regard, social behavior testing in fine and elaborate cognitive skills such as ultrasonic vocalization in mice have been extremely important to study behavioral findings of language dysfunction in human condition. Therefore, the present study seeks to consolidate a behavioral investigation paradigm in language using a murine model of wild line C57/BL6 in the context of ultrasonic vocalization in the maternal separation established in pre-adolescent subjects. Besides the establishment and application of the experimental design reported here, the results showed a trend for low complexity communication manifested by the pre-adolescent offspring with no differences regarding age or sex in tested animals.

Protocolo de vocalização ultrassônica em camundongos: uma ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento social / Ultrasonic vocalization protocol in mice: a tool for assessing social behavior

O estudo de desarranjos do neurodesenvolvimento, sejam estes herdados ou adquiridos, necessita da integração cada vez mais aprofundada entre pesquisa básica e abordagem clínica. Apesar da análise do comportamental humano ser essencial para caracterizar e motivar a inovação científica nas várias condições clínicas e/ ou de disfunção social, os estudos comportamentais bem controlados utilizando modelos animais favorecem a ponte do conhecimento entre o laboratório e o clínico populacional. No comportamento social fino e adaptado às espécies animais de experimentação científica, estudos de comunicação ultrassônica em camundongos vem sendo de extrema importância para esclarecimento de achados comportamentais de linguagem em correspondentes em condições humanas. O presente estudo busca consolidar um paradigma de investigação comportamental em linguagem utilizando um modelo murino de linhagem selvagem C57/BL6 no contexto de vocalização ultrassônica na separação materna estabelecida em filhotes pré-adolescentes. Além da determinação e aplicação do protocolo experimental aqui relatado, os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças nas idades analisadas e corroboram com os dados descritos em literatura uma vez que ocorreu uma inclinação para comunicação de baixa complexidade.(AU)

Neurodevelopmental disorders can be inherited or acquired and requires deeper integration between basic and clinical research. The access and analysis of human behavior patterns are essential to push for scientific innovation in various clinical conditions and/or social dysfunction, but clinical and psychological approach can be challenging to achieve in these conditions. Thus, behavioral studies using animal models in experimental settings favor and advance the understanding of neurodevelopmental disarrangements in human population. In this regard, social behavior testing in fine and elaborate cognitive skills such as ultrasonic vocalization in mice have been extremely important to study behavioral findings of language dysfunction in human condition. Therefore, the present study seeks to consolidate a behavioral investigation paradigm in language using a murine model of wild line C57/BL6 in the context of ultrasonic vocalization in the maternal separation established in pre-adolescent subjects. Besides the establishment and application of the experimental design reported here, the results showed a trend for low complexity communication manifested by the pre-adolescent offspring with no differences regarding age or sex in tested animals.(AU)

Potential Food Availability Influences Social Interactions of Young Individuals in a Neotropical Primate (Alouatta palliata).

Deforestation is widely recognised as an agent of human disturbance that causes widespread destruction of species habitats and can result in animals occupying forest patches with limited food resources. When animals are forced to change habitats, they must also adjust their diet, activity budgets and social behaviour in response to facing new ecological and environmental conditions. Only a few studies have analysed the influence of habitat conditions on social interactions of immature howler monkeys. In this study, we examined the effects of variation in food availability on social interactions of young howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana). This was accomplished by observing infant and juvenile members of two groups inhabiting a continuous forest habitat (640 ha) and three groups living in different-sized forest fragments (4, 42 and 93 ha) for a 15-month non-consecutive period. We quantified the Potential Food Availability Index (PFAI) for each habitat type based on the basal area, the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and abundance of food tree species. We used 15-min focal animal sampling to record the occurrence and/or duration of affiliative and agonistic behaviours. In habitats with higher PFAI, we observed more social play and proximity in infants aged 4-7 months, grooming in infants aged 8-14 months and social play in juveniles. Conversely, juveniles' grooming rates and 0- to 3-month-old infants' proximity rates decreased as PFAI increased. Our results suggest that food resource variation influences young howler monkeys' social interactions. The reduction in social interactions due to low food availability may represent an energy-saving strategy to cope with limited resources in habitats disturbed by anthropogenic activities.

Can social behaviour drive accessory olfactory bulb asymmetries? Sister species of caviomorph rodents as a case in point.

In mammals, the accessory olfactory or vomeronasal system exhibits a wide variety of anatomical arrangements. In caviomorph rodents, the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) exhibits a dichotomic conformation, in which two subdomains, the anterior (aAOB) and the posterior (pAOB), can be readily distinguished. Interestingly, different species of this group exhibit bias of different sign between the AOB subdomains (aAOB larger than pAOB or vice versa). Such species-specific biases have been related with contrasting differences in the habitat of the different species (e.g. arid vs. humid environments). Aiming to deepen these observations, we performed a morphometric comparison of the AOB subdomains between two sister species of octodontid rodents, Octodon lunatus and Octodon degus. These species are interesting for comparative purposes, as they inhabit similar landscapes but exhibit contrasting social habits. Previous reports have shown that O. degus, a highly social species, exhibits a greatly asymmetric AOB, in which the aAOB has twice the size of the pAOB and features more and larger glomeruli in its glomerular layer (GL). We found that the same as in O. degus, the far less social O. lunatus also exhibits a bias, albeit less pronounced, to a larger aAOB. In both species, this bias was also evident for the mitral/tufted cells number. But unlike in O. degus, in O. lunatus this bias was not present at the GL. In comparison with O. degus, in O. lunatus the aAOB GL was significantly reduced in volume, while the pAOB GL displayed a similar volume. We conclude that these sister species exhibit a very sharp difference in the anatomical conformation of the AOB, namely, the relative size of the GL of the aAOB subdomain, which is larger in O. degus than in O. lunatus. We discuss these results in the context of the differences in the lifestyle of these species, highlighting the differences in social behaviour as a possible factor driving to distinct AOB morphometries.

Efeito do sistema de economias de fichas sobre o comportamento cooperativo em crianças / Effect of the token economy system in children cooperative behavior / Efecto del sistema de economía de fichas sobre el comportamiento cooperativo en los niños

O sistema de economia de fichas (SEF) foi usado em um jogo para avaliar seu efeito sobre a cooperação. Crianças de uma escola pública receberam fichas e optaram entre guardá-las ou doá-las anonimamente em uma urna; o número de fichas era triplicado e distribuído igualmente às crianças, que escolhiam, então, entre "comprar" itens ou economizar. O SEF teve efeito na cooperação: 60% das crianças adotaram mais a estratégia cooperativa do que a egoísta, ainda que os perfis individuais mostrem uma aparente exploração de estratégias diversas. O SEF mostrou-se uma alternativa viável e aponta caminhos para aplicação em contextos escolares.

The token economy system was used in a cooperative game to evaluate its effect on cooperation. Public school's children received tokens and chose to keep or donate them anonymously in an urn. The contents of the collective urn were tripled and distributed equally at the end of the session. Children could choose to "buy" items or save tokens. This system affected cooperative behavior: 60% of participants have adopted a more cooperative strategy than the free-rider, even though individual profiles show an apparent exploration of different strategies. These results indicate ways for application in scholar contexts.

El sistema de economía de fichas se utilizó como juego cooperativo para investigar la cooperación entre los niños. Los niños de una escuela pública recibieron fichas y optaron por guardarlas o donarlas de forma anónima en una urna. El contenido de la urna se triplicó y se distribuyó igualmente. Con la ficha que tenían, podían "comprar" artículos o ahorrar las fichas. La aplicación de este sistema parece haber afectado el comportamiento cooperativo, manteniéndolo prevalente entre los participantes (60% de los participantes), mismo que individualmente parecen haber explorado diferentes estrategias. Estos resultados indican formas de aplicación en contextos escolares.

Vínculos afectivos en adolescentes institucionalizados, Chile / Affective bonds in institutionalized adolescents in Chile / Laços afetivos em adolescentes institucionalizados, Chile

Resumen (analítico) El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la experiencia de vínculos afectivos en adolescentes institucionalizados en la región de la Araucanía, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cuatro adolescentes varones (entre 16 a 18 años), que actualmente residen en centros administrados por la red Servicio Nacional de Menores (Sename). La metodología utilizada fue a partir de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a los adolescentes y analizadas a través del análisis fenomenológico interpretativo. Los resultados mostraron tres temas principales: a) valoración de los vínculos con personas significativas, b) construcción y mantenimiento de vínculos y c) institucionalización como contexto en el que han desarrollado su trayectoria de vida. Se concluye destacando los vínculos establecidos en la cotidianidad de la vida institucional y su relevancia para el proyecto vital del adolescente.

Abstract (analytical) The aim of this study was to describe the experience of affective bonds in institutionalized adolescents in the Araucanía region of Chile. The sample consisted of 4 male adolescents (aged between 16 and 18 years old), who currently live in centers managed by the National Service for Minors (Sename). The methodology was based on in-depth interviews with adolescents, and analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. The results identified three main topics: a) assessment of relationships with significant persons, b) construction and maintenance of affective bonds and c) institutionalization as a context in which these adolescents have developed their life trajectories. The study concludes by highlighting the relationships forged in the daily life of the institution and their relevance to each adolescent's life project.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a experiência dos vínculos afetivos em adolescentes institucionalizados na região de Araucanía, Chile. A amostra foi composta por 4 adolescentes do sexo masculino (entre 16 e 18 anos), que atualmente residem em centros geridos pelo Serviço Nacional de Menores (Sename). A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em entrevistas em profundidade com adolescentes e analisada por meio da Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa. Os resultados mostraram três tópicos principais: (a) avaliação de vínculos com pessoas significativas, (b) construção e manutenção de laços afetivos e (c) institucionalização como um contexto no qual eles desenvolveram sua trajetória de vida. Conclui ressaltando os vínculos estabelecidos no cotidiano da vida institucional e sua relevância para o projeto de vida do adolescente.

Behaviors associated with cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability to ethanol test due to feeding restriction / Comportamentos associados com vacas mais propensas a apresentar leite com reduzida estabilidade ao álcool após restrição alimentar

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out to identify changes in the behaviorr of lactating cows induced by severe feeding restriction and further refeeding that could serve as facilitators for the visual identification of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability. Twelve cows were separated into two groups: Control: full diet supply; Restriction: 50% of the full diet. Feed restriction lasted seven days (Period 1), with posterior supply of full diet for seven days (Period 2) for all treatments. Behavior was observed on the first and fifth days in each period from 08h40 to 19h00. Ingestive and social behavior were monitored. Cortisol assessed stress levels. Analysis of variance and multifactorial statistical analyzes were performed. Adequate feed supply reduced stress, improved animals' welfare and milk stability to the ethanol test. Elevation in the incidence of behavior related with hunger, frustration and discomfort is an indicator of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability.

RESUMO: O experimento foi conduzido para identificar alterações comportamentais de vacas lactantes submetidas à restrição alimentar severa e realimentação, as quais podem servir para identificação visual de vacas mais propensas a produzir leite de reduzida estabilidade ao álcool. Doze vacas foram separadas em dois grupos: controle: suprimento de dieta completa; restrição: 50% da dieta completa. A restrição alimentar durou sete dias (Período 1), com posterior suprimento de dieta completa por sete dias (Período 2) a todos os animais. O comportamento foi monitorado no primeiro e quinto dias de cada período, entre as 08h40min e 19h. Comportamentos ingestivo e social foram observados. Os níveis de cortisol foram utilizados para monitorar os níveis de estresse. Análises de variância e multifatorial foram realizadas. O suprimento adequado da dieta reduziu estresse, aumentou o bem-estar animal, bem como a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Elevação na incidência de comportamentos relacionados à fome, frustração e desconforto é um indicador de vacas mais propensas a produzir leite com reduzida estabilidade.

Behaviors associated with cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability to ethanol test due to feeding restriction / Comportamentos associados com vacas mais propensas a apresentar leite com reduzida estabilidade ao álcool após restrição alimentar

The experiment was carried out to identify changes in the behaviorr of lactating cows induced by severe feeding restriction and further refeeding that could serve as facilitators for the visual identification of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability. Twelve cows were separated into two groups: Control: full diet supply; Restriction: 50% of the full diet. Feed restriction lasted seven days (Period 1), with posterior supply of full diet for seven days (Period 2) for all treatments. Behavior was observed on the first and fifth days in each period from 08h40 to 19h00. Ingestive and social behavior were monitored. Cortisol assessed stress levels. Analysis of variance and multifactorial statistical analyzes were performed. Adequate feed supply reduced stress, improved animals' welfare and milk stability to the ethanol test. Elevation in the incidence of behavior related with hunger, frustration and discomfort is an indicator of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability.(AU)

O experimento foi conduzido para identificar alterações comportamentais de vacas lactantes submetidas à restrição alimentar severa e realimentação, as quais podem servir para identificação visual de vacas mais propensas a produzir leite de reduzida estabilidade ao álcool. Doze vacas foram separadas em dois grupos: controle: suprimento de dieta completa; restrição: 50% da dieta completa. A restrição alimentar durou sete dias (Período 1), com posterior suprimento de dieta completa por sete dias (Período 2) a todos os animais. O comportamento foi monitorado no primeiro e quinto dias de cada período, entre as 08h40min e 19h. Comportamentos ingestivo e social foram observados. Os níveis de cortisol foram utilizados para monitorar os níveis de estresse. Análises de variância e multifatorial foram realizadas. O suprimento adequado da dieta reduziu estresse, aumentou o bem-estar animal, bem como a estabilidade do leite ao teste do álcool. Elevação na incidência de comportamentos relacionados à fome, frustração e desconforto é um indicador de vacas mais propensas a produzir leite com reduzida estabilidade.(AU)

INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CALVES OF AMAZONIAN MANATEES IN PERU: A STUDY CASE / Interacciones entre crías de manatí amazónico en Perú: un caso de estudio

Trichechus inunguis is an endemic species of the Amazon, which inhabits mainly in lakes and calm rivers. The objective of this study case was to describe the social behaviour of two female-orphaned calves, of T. inunguis in captivity. They were kept in the same pool at the facilities of the Amazon Rescue Center (ARC, Iquitos, Peruvian Amazon). Between February and October 2011, the individuals were observed during day and night times, completing 352 hours of observation. Through ad libitum observation of the individuals, we developed a catalogue of social behaviors that includes descriptions of 93 behaviours, classified in eight behavioural categories. The frequency of behaviours was assessed by instantaneous sampling (for states) and continuous recording (for events). Manatees displayed mainly social behaviours, and the most frequent interaction was the simultaneous starting of the same behaviour by both individuals. Most of social behaviours occurred during the day, but 'group resting' was recorded mostly at night. 'Synchronized breathing' and 'group feeding' did not have temporary variation between days or between daytimes. Regarding the use of the space, the majority of interactions occurred in shaded places. This study revealed strong interactions between confined calves, suggesting that social activity may play an important role in their learning process.

Trichechus inunguis es una especie endémica del Amazonas que vive principalmente en lagos y ríos de aguas tranquilas. El objetivo de este estudio de caso fue describir el comportamiento social de dos crías hembras huérfanas de T. inunguis en cautiverio, mantenidas en el mismo estanque en el Centro de Rescate Amazónico (CREA, Iquitos, Amazonía peruana). Entre febrero y octubre de 2011, las crías fueron observadas durante el día y la noche, para un total de 352 horas de observación. Mediante observación ab libitum de los individuos, desarrollamos un catálogo de comportamientos social que incluye descripciones de 93 comportamientos clasificados en ocho categorias comportamentales. La frecuencia de comportamientos fue evaluada por muestreo instantáneo (para estados) y registro continúo (para eventos). Los manatíes exhibieron principalmente comportamientos sociales, y la interacción más frecuente fue el inicio simultáneo del mismo comportamiento por ambos individuos. La mayoría de los comportamientos sociales ocurrieron durante el día, pero 'descanso grupal' fue registrado mayormente en la noche. 'Respiración sincronizada' y 'alimentación grupal' no tuvieron variación diaria entre días o entre horas del día. En lo que respecta al uso de espacio, la mayoría de interacciones ocurrió en lugares sombreados. Este estudio reveló fuertes interacciones entre crías en cautiverio, sugiriendo que la actividad social cumple un rol importante en los procesos de aprendizaje de los manatíes.

Social behaviour of cattle in tropical silvopastoral and monoculture systems.

Silvopastoral systems can be a good alternative for sustainable livestock production because they can provide ecosystem services and improve animal welfare. Most farm animals live in groups and the social organization and interactions between individuals have an impact on their welfare. Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe and compare the social behaviour of cattle (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) in a silvopastoral system based on a high density of leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) combined with guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus), star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis) and some trees; with a monoculture system with C. nlemfuensis, in the region of Merida, Yucatán. Eight heifers in each system were observed from 0730 to 1530 h each day for 12 consecutive days during the dry season and 12 consecutive days during the rainy season. The animals followed a rotation between three paddocks, remaining 4 days in each paddock. The vegetation was characterized in the paddocks of the silvopastoral system to estimate the average percentage of shade provided. To make a comparison between systems, we used a t test with group dispersion, and Mann-Whitney tests with the frequency of affiliative and agonistic behaviours. We assessed differences in linearity and stability of dominance hierarchies using Landau's index and Dietz R-test, respectively. The distance of cows with respect to the centroid of the group was shorter, and non-agonistic behaviours were 62% more frequent in the intensive silvopastoral system than in the monoculture one. Heifers in the silvopastoral system had a more linear and non-random dominance hierarchy in both seasons (dry season: h'=0.964; rainy season: h'=0.988), than heifers in the monoculture system (dry season: h'=0.571, rainy season: h'=0.536). The dominance hierarchy in the silvopastoral system was more stable between seasons (R-test=0.779) than in the monoculture system (R-test=0.224). Our results provide the first evidence that heifers in the silvopastoral system maintain more stable social hierarchies and express more sociopositive behaviours, suggesting that animal welfare was enhanced.