Psychosocial aspects associated with self-reported oral health in Brazilians older adults.

OBJECTIVES: Oral health conditions can be determined by a series of factors that include psychosocial aspects. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between psychosocial aspects and self-reported oral health in Brazilian older adults. METHODS: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSI-Brazil) baseline data was analysed to develop this cross-sectional study. The outcome was self-reported oral health, and the psychosocial aspects included neighbourhood trust, life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. The associations were determined through Poisson regression models, controlling for socioeconomic, demographic and behavioural characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 9365 individuals with aged 50 years or over were included in this study. Individuals with good life satisfaction had 16% (PR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78-0.90) lower prevalence of having poor self-reported oral health. Individuals who have depressive symptoms and do not trust in the neighbourhood presented 17% (PR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.09-1.25) and 12% (PR: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.04-1.21) higher prevalence of poor self-report oral health compared to those who did not show depressive symptoms and trust the neighbourhood. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that positive psychosocial aspects are moderately associated with better self-reported oral health. Therefore, we suggest that psychological health and social interaction should be present in public health policy actions.

Presión arterial en consumidores y no consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas de la población peruana, 2022

Introducción: el consumo de alcohol impacta de forma diferente a hombres y mujeres debido a las características biológicas particulares de ambos sexos. La evaluación de la influencia de consumir y no consumir alcohol sobre la presión arterial podría diferir en ambos sexos, siendo necesario conocer dicho perfil en Perú, país con una de las mayores tasas de consumo de alcohol del continente. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre presión arterial y ser o no consumidor de bebidas alcohólicas en adultos de la población peruana. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo y transversal proveniente de datos de la encuesta nacional y de salud familiar peruana. Las variables fueron: sexo, presión arterial sistólica, diastólica y presión arterial media (PAM), nivel educativo, consumo de alcohol, índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal. Se realizó la prueba Ji-cuadrado, razón de prevalencias, Odds Ratio crudo y ajustado mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: el consumo de alcohol fue alto en hombres (94,90%) y mujeres (88,20%). El promedio de presión arterial en hombres y mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas fue mayor respecto a los que nunca han bebido, siendo mayor en hombres. Las mujeres que consumen bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,11 veces mayor de PAM elevada que las no consumidoras. Los hombres consumidores de bebidas alcohólicas tuvieron una prevalencia 1,66 veces mayor de PAM elevada que los no consumidores. En el análisis multivariado no hubo asociación entre consumo de alcohol y elevación de PAM en mujeres. En hombres, los bebedores de alcohol tuvieron una probabilidad 1,74 veces mayor de hipertensión que los hombres que nunca han tomado bebidas alcohólicas Conclusiones: el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas incrementa la prevalencia de hipertensión en adultos de la población peruana, siendo un factor predictor de hipertensión en hombres.

Introduction: Alcohol consumption impacts men and women differently due to the biological characteristics of both sexes. The evaluation of the influence of consuming and not consuming alcohol on blood pressure could differ in both sexes, making it necessary to know this profile in Peru, a country with one of the highest rates of alcohol consumption on the continent. Objective: To analyze the relationship between blood pressure and being or not a consumer of alcoholic beverages in adults of the Peruvian population. Methodology: Observational, analytical, retrospective, and cross-sectional study based on data from the Peruvian national and family health survey. The variables were: sex, systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (MAP), educational level, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and abdominal circumference. The Chi-square test, prevalence ratio, crude Odds Ratio, and adjusted Odds Ratio using binary logistic regression were performed. Results: Alcohol consumption was high in men (94.90%) and women (88.20%). The average blood pressure in men and women who consume alcoholic beverages was higher compared to those who had never drunk and was higher in men. Women who consume alcoholic beverages had a 1.11 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. Male alcoholic beverage consumers had a 1.66 times higher prevalence of elevated MAP than non-consumers. In the multivariate analysis, there was no association between alcohol consumption and elevated MAP in women. In men, alcohol drinkers were 1.74 times more likely to have hypertension than men who had never drunk alcoholic beverages Conclusions: The consumption of alcoholic beverages increases the prevalence of hypertension in adults of the Peruvian population, being a predictive factor of hypertension in men.

Global Pain and Aging: A Cross-Sectional Study on Age Differences in the Intensity of Chronic Pain Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults in 20 Countries.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine age differences in the intensity of chronic pain among middle-aged and older adults, where intensity is measured on a scale differentiating between chronic pain that is often troubling and likely requires intervention versus more endurable sensations. We aim to explore whether individual health and national gross domestic product (GDP) explain these differences as well. METHODS: Cross-nationally harmonized data from 20 countries on self-reported intensity of chronic pain (0 = no, 1 = mild, 2 = moderate, 3 = severe) in 104,826 individuals aged 50+ observed in 2012-2013. Two-level hierarchical ordinal linear models with individuals nested within countries were used to isolate estimations from heterogeneity explained by methodological differences across single-country studies. RESULTS: Overall, mean participant age was 66.9 (SD = 9.9), 56.1% were women, and 41.9% of respondents reported any chronic pain. Chronic pain intensity rose sharply with age in some countries (e.g., Korea and Slovenia), but this association waned or reversed in other countries (e.g., the United States and Denmark). Cross-country variation and age differences in chronic pain were partly explained (85.5% and 35.8%, respectively) by individual-level health (especially arthritis), country-level wealth (as indicated by GDP per capita), and demographics. DISCUSSION: Chronic pain intensity is not an inevitable consequence of chronological age, but the consequence of potential selection effects and lower activity levels combined with individual-level health and country-level wealth. Our findings suggest further investigation of health conditions and country affluence settings as potential targets of medical and policy interventions aiming to prevent, reduce, or manage chronic pain among older patients and aging populations.

Call for Inclusive and Diverse Suicide Prevention Strategies Among Cuban Americans: A Brief Report.

Suicide is a leading cause of death in Hispanics globally and nationally. Intentional death rates were higher in Cuba than Mexico in 2016. In the United States (US), suicide mortality rates were greater among Hispanics in rural than urban areas from 2001 to 2015. Although the US lacks suicide research in undocumented Hispanics, few studies have reported increased risk in immigrants. Limited research also indicates higher intentional death rates in Cuban Americans compared with other Hispanic American subgroups. However, suicide prevention strategies for at-risk Cuban Americans are lacking due to a scarcity of research among diverse Hispanics. Researchers could collaborate with health care providers to develop effective suicide prevention methods for Cuban Americans with suicidal problems. This report provides an overview of suicidal behavior in Hispanic Americans with a focus on Cuban Americans. Gaps related to the research topic, as well as recommendations for practice, research, and health policy, are provided in this report.

A questão da causalidade em Epidemiologia / The issue of causality in Epidemiology

Resumo Este ensaio trata da questão da causalidade em epidemiologia a partir da década de 1970, cujo marco inicial aqui adotado foi a publicação de The causal thinking in health sciences, por M. Susser, até os dias de hoje, buscando elencar os vários movimentos filosóficos, teóricos e metodológicos que ao longo destes 50 anos buscaram refletir sobre o problema da causalidade na disciplina, tendo em vista o predomínio das pesquisas observacionais no campo. Partindo da contribuição seminal de Susser, foram discutidos vários movimentos, bem como as críticas a eles, tais como a proposta da adoção de lógica popperiana na década de 1980, a crítica aos modelos multicausais e a teoria ecossocial proposta por N. Krieger na década de 1990, as críticas à epidemiologia social também da década de 1990, a influência de J. Pearl e a adoção dos gráficos acíclicos direcionados como nova metodologia na questão da causalidade. A chamada revolução metodológica no início deste século e as críticas de filósofos e epidemiologistas a esta abordagem reducionista também foram revisadas, bem como as alternativas propostas nos últimos 10 anos, incluindo a perspectiva inferencialista, a triangulação de métodos e a defesa da epidemiologia social e de seus modelos de determinação.

Abstract This essay deals with the issue of causality in epidemiology from the 1970s onwards, whose starting point adopted here was the publication of The Causal Thinking in Health Sciences by M. Susser, up to the present day, seeking to list the various philosophical, theoretical and methods that throughout these 50 years have sought to reflect on the problem of causality in the discipline, in view of the predominance of observational research in the field. Starting from Susser's seminal contribution, several movements were discussed as well as their criticisms, such as the proposal to adopt Popperian logic on the 1980s, the criticism of multicausal models and the ecosocial theory proposed by N. Krieger in the 1990s, criticism of social epidemiology also in the 1990s, the influence of J.Pearl and the adoption of directed acyclic graphs as a new tool in the issue of causality. The so-called methodological revolution at the beginning of this century and the criticism of philosophers and epidemiologists to this reductionist approach were also reviewed, as well as the alternatives proposed in the last 10 years, including the inferentialist perspective, the triangulation of methods and the defense of social epidemiology and their determination models.

Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and individual experiences of illness in men with COVID-19: mixed method study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, studies have shown that this disease has affected the male population on a significant scale in various parts of the world, making men one of the main risk groups. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and experiences of illness in men with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: A mixed sequential-explanatory study with cross-sectional and exploratory-descriptive approaches. METHOD: Data was collected from a small municipality located in the central-north region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Primary quantitative data was extracted from compulsory notification forms from 598 men. Qualitative data from individual interviews of 30 men was analyzed by the Discourse of the Collective Subject method. RESULTS: The findings identified the characterization of reports of suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 in men, the organization of the healthcare system, and strategies for the control and combat of COVID-19 directed towards the men of the investigated municipality. They revealed the clinical characteristics based on the collective discourse of men with COVID-19. CONCLUSION: In men, the individual experience of disease explicitly explains the clinical markers of COVID-19 expressed by the self-reported syndromic approach. Additionally, this understanding also explains the behaviors observed in their search for health care, as well as the adoption of prevention and control measures and therapies recommended by health professionals.

Perceived racial discrimination and eating habits: a systematic review and conceptual models.

CONTEXT: There is no systematic review on the relationship between racial discrimination and eating habits. OBJECTIVE: A systematic review was conducted to synthesize evidence on the association between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and eating habits. A conceptual model was developed to depict the most common mechanisms used to explain this association. DATA SOURCES: Articles were retrieved from the PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and PsycINFO databases from inception to January 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Only observational studies were included, and there were no restrictions on age, racial group, or country. Two reviewers selected the articles independently. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were extracted independently by 2 reviewers. The assessment of methodological quality was conducted using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS: All studies retrieved were conducted among the US population. Nineteen studies were included. On average, the studies showed a methodological quality of 66%. Forty-six associations were evaluated: 38 between PRD and negative eating habits, 29 between PRD and eating behavior, and 17 between PRD and food consumption. CONCLUSIONS: PRD negatively affects eating habits. A conceptual framework based on ecosocial theory is suggested as a guide for future research. Further studies in different countries (beyond the United States) should be conducted to understand how racial discrimination affects eating habits within different ethnic, cultural, social, and economic contexts. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration no. CRD42019142605.

The independent and joint contribution of objective and subjective socioeconomic status on oral health indicators.

OBJECTIVES: The understanding of how subjective socioeconomic status (SSS) relates to objective socioeconomic status (OSS), and how both conditions act together in oral health outcomes is still unclear. This study aims to test the independent and joint association between OSS and SSS with oral health, to assess the role of socioeconomic status discrepancies, and to evaluate the role of SSS in the association between OSS and oral health. METHODS: Data from 1140 adults from a population-based study in Southern Brazil were used. We applied diagonal reference models DRM to disentangle the effects of OSS (education) and SSS (MacArthur Scale) to oral health outcomes. The outcomes were functional dentition clinically evaluated (FD ≥20 teeth) and self-reported oral health SROH. We also examined the discrepancy between OSS and SSS to oral health indicators and the effect measure modification (EMM) of SSS on the association between OSS and oral health. RESULTS: Subjective socioeconomic status and OSS contributed equally to SROH, while OSS explained a substantially higher amount of FD than SSS (0.85 vs 0.15). An EMM of SSS was found on the association between OSS and fair/poor SROH, with a relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) of 1.08. Less evidence of EMM was found for FD (RERI = 0.14). Individuals with lower SSS and OSS had four times the risk of the outcomes than the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Adults with concordant lower SSS and OSS have a worse oral health than those with concordant higher status. There was evidence that the association between OSS and SROH is modified by SSS.

Economic inequality and depressive symptoms: an individual versus aggregate-level analysis using Mexican survey data.

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus on the relationship between economic inequality and mental health, which may be due to the measures of inequality used in empirical studies. We studied this relationship using individual and aggregate measures of economic inequality, and tested whether there is an interaction between the individual and the aggregate levels. METHODS: We used data from a nationally representative Mexican health survey (Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición, n=44 324) where depressive symptoms were measured through a validated 7-item version of the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. We estimated multilevel models employing aggregate inequality measures (Gini coefficient) and the individual-level framework of advantageous and disadvantageous inequality, where economic status comprised absolute wealth, relative deprivation and relative affluence. RESULTS: The three facets of economic status were independently associated with depressive symptoms, while Gini coefficients showed no associations. Absolute wealth and relative affluence were associated with lower depressive symptoms while relative deprivation was associated with higher depressive symptoms. However, interaction models indicated an interplay between the Gini and relative affluence: higher status became a risk factor at high levels of aggregate economic inequality. For those at the top of the economic hierarchy, being in a context of high inequality more than doubles our measure of depressive symptoms-from 2.08 (95% CI 1.28 to 2.87) to 6.29 (95% CI 4.1 to 8.5) for state inequality and from 2.40 (95% CI 1.64 to 3.16) to 6.24 (95% CI 3.87 to 8.62) for municipal inequality. CONCLUSION: We provided a novel perspective on the economic gradient in mental health, and on how high aggregate economic inequality may harm also the better off. Policymakers need to consider the consequences of economic inequalities, which can harm the mental health of both those at the bottom and the top of the socioeconomic ladder.

COVID-19 distribution in Bogotá, Colombia: effect of poverty during the first 2 months of pandemic.

BACKGROUND: The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has especially affected individuals living in conglomerate settings having poverty as common characteristic. However, evidence of the association between COVID-19 severity and social determinants is still scarce, particularly, for Latin American countries. The objective was to assess the effect of socioeconomic deprivation in the clinical severity of COVID-19 infection among different localities of Bogotá, Colombia. METHODS: Secondary analyses using data of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases in Bogotá from 6 March 2020 to 19 April 2020 were carried out. Direct and indirect indicators of deprivation at area level and individual demographic characteristics (age, sex and type of case) were included in the analyses. FINDINGS: 1684 COVID-19 cases were included in the study. There were 217 (12.9%; 95% CI 11.3 to 14.5) serious cases, of which 32.6% (95% CI 26.4 to 38.8) cases were deceased. In the multilevel logistic regression, age, sex (female), type of case (different of imported case), number of serious cases recorded the previous day and multidimensional poverty were associated with serious cases (median OR: 1.72, 95% CI 1.56 to 1.87). INTERPRETATION: This paper explored the association between COVID-19 severity and social determinants. Expressions of poverty were associated with more severe cases during first 2 months of pandemic. It is a clear syndemic for the joint presentation of COVID-19 and other comorbidities among more serious cases.

Modos de vida de personas autistas del centro medicina integral (Cartagena Colombia / Ways of life of autistic people from the integral medicine center (Cartagena Colombia)

Objetivo: Caracterizar los modos de vida de las personas autistas del centro Medicina Integral en la ciudad de Cartagena-Colombia, a través de la epidemiología crítica en su vertiente de la determinación social de la salud. Metodología: Se realizó utilizando técnicas cuali-cuantitativas como la encuesta, la entrevista, la revisión bibliográfica-documental y la observación natural. La muestra estuvo constituida por 105 familias de personas autistas asistentes al centro Medicina Integral en la ciudad Cartagena Colombia y los resultados fueron procesados mediante el software de procesamiento de datos SPSS STATISTICS 25. Resultados: a nivel de los modos de vida de las familias de las personas autistas, las categorías del dominio general determinan la dinámica de los modos de vida. En las categorías de este dominio como la etnia, la clase social y el género del responsable familiar, predominaron la raza mestiza, la inserción social baja y el género masculino. A nivel educativo-laboral, hubo mayor tendencia a trabajos del nivel medio, bajo subordinación e informalidad. El acceso a salud es bueno, pues más del 90 % goza de este servicio en la cobertura. A nivel de exposiciones, son variados los procesos, se evidencian pocos apoyos, contaminación ambiental socioespacial en las familias, inequidad en el territorio, patologización y mitos acerca de la condición de autismo. Conclusiones: se pudo concluir que el autismo en Cartagena Colombia no es una condición aislada, pues se encuentra subsumido bajo sistemas del orden general, particular y singular, que condicionan al individuo y a sus familias

Goal: This work focused its objective on characterizing the ways of life of autistic people at the Integral Medicine Center in the city of Cartagena-Colombia, through critical epidemiology in its aspect of social determination of health. Methodology: It was carried out using qualitative-quantitative techniques such as the survey, the interview, the bibliographical-documentary review and natural observation. The sample consisted of 105 families of autistic people attending the Integral Medicine Center in the city of Cartagena, Colombia, and the results were processed using the SPSS STATISTICS 25 data processing software. Results: at the level of the lifestyles of the families of the autistic people, it is seen how the categories of the general domain determine the dynamics of lifestyles. In the characterization of categories of a particular order such as ethnicity, social class and the gender of the family leader, the mestizo race, low social insertion and the male gender prevailed. At the educational-labor level, the tendency to work at the middle level under subordination and informality with technical and basic studies predominates in more than 60%. Access to health is good, since more than 90% enjoy this service. At the level of exhibitions, the processes are varied, few supports are evident, socio-spatial environmental contamination in families, inequity in the territory, pathologization and myths about the condition of autism. Conclusions: it was possible to conclude that autism in Cartagena Colombia is not an isolated condition, but is subsumed under systems of the general, particular and singular order, which

[Reasons for consultation and healthcare strategies analyzed from a neighborhood dermatological assistance device. Qualitative research: Skin problems. Qualitative research. / Motivos de consulta y estrategias de atención analizados a partir de un dispositivo barrial de asistencia dermatológica. Investigación cualitativa: Afecciones de la piel. Investigación cualitativa.

Aim of study: identify consultation reasons, experiences with seeking dermatological assistance and skin care strategies within neighbours from an urban deprived settlement in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. This setting lies onto a sanitary landfill with a high index of environmental contamination. Materials and methods: a dermatological health care team from the main local hospital designed a dermatological assistance device (DAD), in cooperation with social leaders and institutions of the neighborhood. The DADs included walks around the neighborhood for attending those who could not get a consultation. The experiences were evaluated through a qualitative research strategy, developed from the theoretical framework of Sociocultural Epidemiology. Those who attended the DADs were interviewed. Ethnographic field notes were also recorded. Multiple accessibility barriers to the public health care system were identified and self care practices were also recognized. Results: The most frequent consultations to the DADs were for "pimples", "stains'' and "lumps" on exposed areas of the skin. These lesions generated discomfort or pain, or even affected the interviewees aesthetically or emotionally. Most of them were associated to extremely dry skin and a high sun exposure, in connection with the lack of shade in the neighbourhood. An initiative to plant trees was promoted in order to prevent sun radiation-induced dermatoses. Conclusion: the reflective immersion of the dermatology team in the realm of the neighborhood daily life enabled the development of attention strategies grounded on the perceived needs of the population.

Objetivo: analizar motivos de consulta, experiencias y formas de atención de las afecciones dermatológicas de la población de un asentamiento de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, ubicado sobre un relleno sanitario con altos índices de contaminación ambiental. Materiales y métodos: investigación cualitativa, mediante entrevistas en profundidad a vecinos/as y elaboración de registros etnográficos de las recorridas. La investigación se realizó en el contexto de un dispositivo de atención dermatológica, planificado en conjunto con referentes barriales, bajo el marco teórico de la Epidemiología Sociocultural. Resultados: se identificaron múltiples barreras de accesibilidad a la atención dermatológica en el sistema público de salud, y prácticas de autoatención como el uso de cremas, medidas de higiene y uso de elementos de protección personal para trabajos que significaban un riesgo para la salud. Las consultas al dispositivo más frecuentes fueron "granos", "manchas", "bultitos" en zonas visibles del cuerpo, que generaban molestia, dolor y/o afectaban estética y emocionalmente a lo/as entrevistado/as. Estas consultas se relacionaban principalmente con piel extremadamente seca y patologías por alta exposición solar, coincidiendo con la escasez de sombra en el barrio. Para prevenir patologías relacionadas a la exposición solar, se impulsó una iniciativa para plantar árboles. Conclusión: a partir de la inmersión reflexiva del equipo de atención, en las experiencias de atención de lo/as habitantes del barrio, se desplegaron estrategias según las necesidades percibidas por la población.

Social inequalities and the pandemic of COVID-19: the case of Rio de Janeiro.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is a global pandemic. The lack of protective vaccine or treatment led most of the countries to follow the flattening of the infection curve with social isolation measures. There is evidence that socioeconomic inequalities have been shaping the COVID-19 burden among low and middle-income countries. This study described what sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors were associated with the greatest risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality and how did the importance of key neighbourhood-level socioeconomic factors change over time during the early stages of the pandemic in the Rio de Janeiro municipality, Brazil. METHODS: We linked socioeconomic attributes to confirmed cases and deaths from COVID-19 and computed age-standardised incidence and mortality rates by domains such as age, gender, crowding, education, income and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: The evidence suggests that although age-standardised incidence rates were higher in wealthy neighbourhoods, age-standardised mortality rates were higher in deprived areas during the first 2 months of the pandemic. The age-standardised mortality rates were also higher in males, and in areas with a predominance of people of colour, which are disproportionately represented in more vulnerable groups. The population also presented COVID-19 'rejuvenation', that is, people became risk group younger than in developed countries. CONCLUSION: We conclude that there is a strong health gradient for COVID-19 death risk during the early stages of the pandemic. COVID-19 cases continued to move towards the urban periphery and to more vulnerable communities, threatening the health system functioning and increasing the health gradient.

Estudio de caso sobre salud y población femenina ocupada como manifestación del envejecimiento poblacional en Villa Clara / Case study on health and employed female population as population aging manifestation in Villa Clara

RESUMEN Fundamento: El comportamiento de la mortalidad y morbilidad de la población femenina ocupada, es relevante por el rol de la mujer en lo laboral y familiar en un contexto envejecido. Objetivo: Analizar el comportamiento de la mortalidad y morbilidad de la población femenina ocupada en la Empresa Contratista General de Obras de Villa Clara. Metodología: El análisis documental de datos oficiales sobre la mortalidad femenina condujo a realizar un estudio de caso en la Empresa Contratista General de Obras de Villa Clara, mediante el trabajo grupal y la aplicación de la escala de autovaloración Dembo-Rubistein. Resultados: La mayor morbilidad y discapacidad de las mujeres se justifica por los patrones de socialización, roles familiares, obligaciones, expectativas laborales y tipos de ocupación que generan situaciones de sobrecarga física y emocional con marcada influencia en su salud. Conclusiones: En las condiciones actuales se hace necesario atender a la mujer más allá de su salud reproductiva y tener en cuenta el costo que para ella, la familia y la sociedad representa, el tener que asumir determinados roles como cargos de dirección, el ser trabajadora, jefas de hogar, cuidadoras, lo que puede ocasionar una sobrecarga psicológica, física y de su salud en general.

ABSTRACT Background: The mortality and morbidity behavior in employed female population is significant due to the role of women regarding work and family matters in an aging context. Objective: To analyze the mortality and morbidity behavior in employed female population at the Villa Clara General Work Contractor Enterprise. Methodology: The documentary analysis of official data on female mortality led to a case study at the Villa Clara General Work Contractor Enterprise, through group work and the application of the Dembo-Rubistein self-assessment scale. Results: The greater morbidity and disability of women is justified by socialization patterns, family roles, responsibilities, job expectations and types of occupation that generate some physical and emotional overload conditions with a marked influence on their health. Conclusions: At present, it is essential to give attention to women outside their reproductive health, also consider the cost that family and society represents for her, assuming different roles such as management positions, being a worker, heads of household, caregivers, which can produce a general psychological, physical and health overload.

Reflexión epistemológica para la investigación de los procesos de determinación social de la salud / Epistemological reflection for the investigation of the processes of social health determination / Reflexão epistemológica para a investigação dos processos de determinação da saúde social

Resumen Un debate central en la salud pública contemporánea gira en torno de los determinantes sociales de la salud, en las posturas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y de la medicina social latinoamericana. Dado que, en la literatura sanitaria, se presentan múltiples críticas al modelo de dicha organización, así como a su énfasis positivista, a su reduccionismo de la ontología de lo social y a la linealidad de sus métodos, al tiempo que existen pocos textos en salud sobre el "realismo crítico" como fundamento epistemológico de la corriente latinoamericana, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir algunos hitos históricos de la determinación social de la salud y las características del realismo crítico como principal postura epistemológica para esta corriente. Desde esta postura se evidencia una suerte de "ingenuidad" epistemológica en el modelo de la Organización Mundial de la Salud; también demuestra que la diferencia de ambos enfoques no es reductible a una semántica o estilo de abordaje de lo social en salud, y pone de manifiesto retos operativos para la corriente latinoamericana.

Abstract A central debate in contemporary public health revolves around the social determinants of health in the model of the World Health Organization (who) and Latin American social medicine. Considering that in the health literature there are multiple criticisms of the who approach such as its positivist emphasis, reductionism of the ontology of the social and linearity of its methods; at the same time that there is a low amount of health texts about "critical realism" as the epistemological foundation of the Latin American current; The present work exposes some historical concepts of the Latin American proposal and tries to deepen the development of its epistemological positioning from the "critical realism". Critical realism demonstrates a sort of epistemological "naivety" in the who model, demonstrates that the difference of both approaches is not reducible to a semantics or social approach of the health, and highlights operational challenges for the model Latin American

Resumo Um debate central em saúde pública contemporânea gira em torno dos determinantes sociais da saúde nas posições da Organização Mundial da Saúde (oms) e da medicina social latino-americana. Considerando que na literatura em saúde existem múltiplas críticas à corrente da oms, como ênfase positivista, reducionismo da ontologia do social e linearidade de seus métodos; embora exista uma baixa quantidade de textos sobre saúde sobre "realismo crítico" como fundamento epistemológico da corrente latino-americana; O presente trabalho expõe alguns conceitos históricos da proposta latino-americana e tenta aprofundar o desenvolvimento de seu posicionamento epistemológico a partir do "realismo crítico". O "realismo crítico" evidencia uma espécie de "ingenuidade" epistemológica no modelo da oms, demonstra que a diferença entre as duas abordagens não é redutível a uma semântica ou abordagem à saúde social e destaca os desafios operacionais para a modelo América Latina

Intersectionality, racial discrimination and oral health in Australia.

BACKGROUND: There is a dearth of studies on the extent to which perceived racial discrimination shapes oral health. Following an intersectional perspective, we estimated the prevalence of perceived racial discrimination in Australia, its association with oral health impairment, and examined whether this association was more severe among low socioeconomic status (SES) groups. METHODS: Data came from the 2013 National Dental Telephone Interview Survey (N = 2798), a population-based study of Australian adults. Multivariable Poisson regression models were estimated to test the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and self-reported oral health impairment, as well as to investigate whether the magnitude of this association was greater among low-SES respondents. Relative Excess Risks due to Interaction (RERI) were used to indicate the presence of potentially large discrimination effects within low-SES strata. RESULTS: Racial discrimination in the past 12 months was reported by 11.5% of all participants. Australians reporting racial discrimination had 1.4 (95% CI 1.1, 1.7) times the prevalence of impaired oral health. The association between perceived racial discrimination and oral health impairment was stronger among low-SES groups. The RERI was 0.55, indicating a super-additive Effect Measure Modification (EMM) by income on the additive scale. Similar results were observed with the EMM analyses by educational attainment. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that perceived racial discrimination, as a specific form of widespread inequality, is associated with higher frequencies of oral health impairment among Australian adults. We also suggest that socially marginalized groups bear a greater burden of the oral health effects of racial discrimination.

Perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional y carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19 en Argentina: un estudio ecológico / Profiles of epidemiological-nutritional transition and burden of morbimortality from COVID-19 in Argentina: an ecological study / Perfis de transição epidemiológica-nutricional e carga de morbimortalidade por COVID-19 na Argentina: um estudo ecológico

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, y comparar su carga de morbi-mortalidad por COVID-19. Se condujo un estudio ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas de Argentina). Se estimó el porcentaje de cambio 2005-2018 de indicadores de transición epidemiológica-nutricional, y sociodemográficos por unidad geográfica. Se condujo un análisis de componentes principales y análisis de clúster jerárquico para identificar agrupamientos geográficos que definan perfiles de transición epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, se calcularon medidas resumen de incidencia acumulada (IA), mortalidad y tasa de letalidad por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estableciendo comparaciones mediante prueba t de Student. Se identificaron tres perfiles denominados: (1) reemergencia de enfermedades infecciosas, (2) persistencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares con mejoras sociosanitarias y en estilos de vida, y (3) consolidación de la tríada obesidad-sedentarismo-enfermedades cardiometabólicas. La IA y mortalidad por COVID-19 promedio fue mayor en provincias con perfil 1, en comparación con el perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidad: p = 0,0187) y el perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). La letalidad resultó mayor en el perfil 3, que aglomera provincias con situación socioeconómica más desfavorable, estimándose diferencias significativas respecto al perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). En conclusión, existen distintos perfiles epidemiológico-nutricionales en Argentina, que tienden a diferenciarse en su situación epidemiológica de COVID-19. Las estrategias contra COVID-19 deberían considerar las características epidemiológico-nutricionales y sociodemográficas de base.

Abstract: The study aimed to identify epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina and to compare the burden of morbimortality from COVID-19. A multigroup ecological study was conducted with 24 geographic units in Argentina. We estimated the percent change from 2005 to 2018 in indicators of the epidemiological-nutritional transition and sociodemographic indicators according to geographic unit. We performed principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis to identify geographic groupings to define profiles in the epidemiological-nutritional transition. By group, we calculated summary measures of COVID-19 cumulative incidence (CI), mortality, and case fatality (epidemiological week 50), establishing comparisons via Student's t test. Three profiles were identified: (1) reemergence of infectious diseases, (2) persistence of cardiovascular diseases despite social, health, and lifestyle improvements, and (3) consolidation of the triad obesity-sedentarism-cardiometabolic diseases. Mean COVID-19 cumulative incidence and mortality were higher in provinces with profile 1 compared to profile 2 (CI: p = 0.0159; mortality: p = 0.0187) and profile 3 (CI: p = 0.0205). Case-fatality was higher in profile 3, which includes provinces with more unfavorable socioeconomic conditions, showing significant differences from profile 2 (p=0.0307). In conclusion, there are distinct epidemiological-nutritional profiles in Argentina which tend to differ in terms of their COVID-19 epidemiological situation. Strategies to fight COVID-19 should consider the underlying epidemiological, nutritional, and sociodemographic characteristics.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho era identificar perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, e comparar a sua carga de morbimortalidade por COVID-19. Foi desenvolvido um estudo ecológico multigrupal (24 unidades geográficas da Argentina). Foi avaliado o percentual de mudança 2005-2018 de indicadores de transição epidemiológica-nutricional, e sociodemográficos, por unidade geográfica. Foi feita uma análise de componentes principais e de cluster hierárquico para identificar agrupamentos geográficos, definindo perfis de transição epidemiológica-nutricional. Por grupo, foram calculadas medidas de resumo de incidência acumulada (IA), mortalidade e taxa de letalidade por COVID-19 (semana epidemiológica 50), estabelecendo comparações mediante teste t de Student. Foram identificados três perfis: (1) reemergência de doenças infecciosas, (2) persistência de doenças cardiovasculares com melhorias sociossanitárias e nos estilos de vida, e (3) consolidação da tríade obesidade-sedentarismo-doenças cardiometabólicas. A IA e a mortalidade média por COVID-19 foi maior nas províncias com perfil 1, comparado com o perfil 2 (IA: p = 0,0159; mortalidade: p = 0,0187) e o perfil 3 (IA: p = 0,0205). A letalidade resultou maior no perfil 3, que abrange províncias com situação socioeconômica mais desfavorável, sendo encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao perfil 2 (p = 0,0307). Em conclusão, existem distintos perfis epidemiológico-nutricionais na Argentina, que tendem a diferenciar-se na sua situação epidemiológica de COVID-19. As estratégias contra a COVID-19 deveriam considerar as características epidemiológico-nutricionais e sociodemográficas de base.

Exploratory Google Trends study of user concerns about oral problems / Estudio exploratorio de Google Trends de las preocupaciones de los usuarios sobre los problemas orales

Introduction: More and more people search for health information on the internet and oral health is no exception. Objective: To analyze the changes in the relative volumes of internet searches regarding the most common oral diseases and / or injuries according to the World Health Organization. Methods: Google Trends was used to provide data on the volume of searches on Google for the most common terms of comparison based on diseases and / or oral injuries according to WHO. The period of time chosen was from 2004 to 2019. Five search terms were compared in relation to dental caries, periodontopathies, dental trauma, oral cancer, oral manifestations of HIV, noma, cleft lip and palate, tooth loss, toothache. Results: The search volume measured during the 2004-2019 period, indicated that the comparative terms of higher relative search volumes were: "tooth decay" was the most searched in Jamaica, "gingivitis" in Paraguay, "broken tooth" in the United States, "mouth cancer" in the United Kingdom, "HIV symptoms" in Zimbabwe, "cancrum oris" and "cleft palate" in Ghana, no teeth in the United States, "toothache" in Trinidad and Tobago. In the comparison of the five terms of higher relative search volumes in the study, "gingivitis" was the term with the highest relative search volumes. Conclusion: The results obtained confirm the interest in oral diseases and / or injuries through the internet, the search term with the highest frequency of search was "gingivitis", followed by "cleft palate", "tooth decay", "no teeth" and for broken tooth(AU)

Introducción: Cada vez más personas buscan información sobre salud en internet y la salud oral no es una excepción. Objetivo: Analizar los cambios en los volúmenes relativos de búsqueda en internet respecto a las enfermedades y/o lesiones orales más comunes según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Métodos: Se utilizó Google Trends para proporcionar datos sobre el volumen de búsquedas en Google de los términos de comparación basados en enfermedades y/o lesiones orales más comunes según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El periodo de tiempo elegido fue de 2004-2019. Se compararon cinco términos de búsqueda en relación a dental caries, periodontopathies, dental trauma, oral cancer, oral manifestations of HIV, noma, cleft lip and palate, tooth loss, toothache. Resultados: El volumen de búsqueda medido durante el periodo 2004-2019 señaló que los términos comparativos de mayores volúmenes relativos de búsqueda fueron: "tooth decay", el más buscado en Jamaica; "gingivitis", en Paraguay; "broken tooth" y "no teeth", en Estados Unidos; "mouth cancer", en Reino Unido; "HIV symptoms", en Zimbabue; "cancrum Oris" y "cleft palate", en Ghana; "toothache" en Trinidad y Tobago. En la comparación de los cinco términos de mayores volúmenes relativos de búsqueda en el estudio, "gingivitis" ocupó el primer puesto. Conclusión: Los resultados obtenidos confirman el interés por las enfermedades y/o lesiones orales a través del internet, el término de búsqueda con mayor frecuencia de búsqueda fue "gingivitis", seguido de "cleft palate", "tooth decay", "no teeth" y por "broken tooth"(AU)

Análisis de complejidad en la caracterización de episodios de morbilidad materno-infantil / Analysis of complexity in the characterization of maternal and child morbidity episodes

Introducción: La salud materno-infantil constituye una prioridad bien definida en el sistema sanitario de Cuba, por lo que el estudio de problemas sanitarios complejos resulta de incuestionable valor. Objetivo: Caracterizar a féminas con infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria o preeclampsia, desde el paradigma de la complejidad. Métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación compleja trietápica en el Hospital Provincial Ginecoobstétrico Mariana Grajales Coello de Santiago de Cuba, que incluyó un análisis de serie temporal y un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, para lo cual se tomaron 1 896 pacientes diagnosticadas con infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria, desde el año 2004 al 2017, y 140 gestantes con preeclampsia, registradas en el quinquenio 2013-2017; además, se consideraron variables clínicas, epidemiológicas, humorales, ecográficas y anatomopatológicas. Se efectuaron análisis de series temporales (descomposición estacional, análisis espectral e identificación de componentes de la serie), de componentes principales y de redes neuronales; a la vez que se identificaron los patrones estacionales específicos y microbiológicos para las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria. Resultados: La edad, la historia obstétrica y las fluctuaciones de la tensión arterial resultaron ser factores predictores de importancia relacionados con la preeclampsia, además de los fallos renal y hepático como agravamientos y/o complicaciones de dicha entidad clínica. Conclusiones: La utilización de métodos de análisis multinivel reveló el complejo entramado que se establece entre las variables clínicas, epidemiológicas, sociales y ambientales en relación con las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria y la preeclampsia, lo que se evidenció con los hallazgos anatomopatológicos.

Introduction: The maternal and child health constitutes a very defined priority in the health system of Cuba, reason why the study of complex health problems is of unquestionable value. Objective: To characterize women with infections associated with the health assistance or pre-eclampsia, from the paradigm of complexity. Methods: A complex three phase investigation was carried out in Mariana Grajales Coello Provincial Gynecoobstetric Hospital in Santiago de Cuba that included a temporary series analysis and an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, for which 1 896 patients diagnosed with infections associated with the health assistance, from 2004 to 2017, and 140 pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, registered in the five year period 2013-2017 were selected, also, clinical, epidemiological, humoral, echographic and pathologic variables were considered. Temporary series analysis (seasonal factorization, spectral analysis and identification of the series components), of main components and neural network were carried out; at the same time that the specific seasonal and microbiological patterns were identified for the infections associated with health assistance. Results: The age, obstetric history and fluctuations of blood pressure were important prediction factors related to pre-eclampsia, besides renal and hepatic failure as worsenings and/or complications of this clinical entity. Conclusions: The use of multilevel analysis methods revealed the complex structure that is established between the clinical, epidemiological, social and environmental variables in connection with the infections associated with health assistance and pre-eclampsia, what was evidenced with the pathologic findings.

Racial disparities in renal function: the role of racial discrimination. The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).

BACKGROUND: Racial discrimination may play a significant role in higher incidence and poorer prognosis of chronic kidney disease among Black individuals. This study set out to investigate the association between racial discrimination and renal function and to estimate the contribution of racial discrimination to existing racial disparities in renal function. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis using baseline data (2008-2010) of 14 355 participants (35-74 years) in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health cohort study. Renal function was estimated based on estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) obtained by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) equation. Racial discrimination was assessed using a modified version of the Lifetime Major Events Scale ; race/colour was self-reported. Covariates included were age, sex, level of education and selected health-related factors. RESULTS: Racial discrimination was reported by 31.6%, 6.3% and 0.8% of Black, Brown and White individuals, respectively. The older the age, the lower the prevalence of racial discrimination among Blacks. Racial discrimination was independently associated with lower mean eGFR (ß=-2.38; 95% CI -3.50 to -1.25); however, associations were limited to individuals aged under 55 years. In this age group, eGFR differences between Black and White individuals were reduced by 31% when exposure to racial discrimination was accounted for. CONCLUSION: Blacks are approximately 40 times more likely to report racial discrimination than Whites. Racial discrimination was associated with lower mean eGFR and explained a significant portion of eGFR differences between Black and White individuals aged under 55 years. Exposure to experiences of racial discrimination should be accounted for in studies investigating racial disparities in renal function.