History of Eugenics in Otorhinolaryngology: Ernst Rüdin and the International Eugenics Network.

Introduction The early geneticist and psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin (1874-1952) became one of the key figures in the eugenics movement and in the German health system of the Nazi era. His connections in the international eugenics network have played an important role in the history of eugenics. Objective To discuss the connections between Ernst Rüdin's scientific group in Munich and Otmar von Verschuer's group in Frankfurt during the Nazi era. Methods Otorhinolaryngological materials from Ernst Rüdin's former private library are presented, and they show Rüdin's deep involvement in the international eugenics network. These materials provide insights into early medical genetics in otorhinolaryngology. Results One result of the present study is that eugenics groups from Munich, Frankfurt, and New York certainly influenced one another in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Karlheinz Idelberger and Josef Mengele were two scientists who performed hereditary research on orofacial clefts. Later, Mengele became deeply involved in Nazi medical crimes. His former work on orofacial clefts clearly had, to some extent, an influence on subsequent studies. Conclusion An international eugenics network already existed before 1933. However, it becomes clear that the weaknesses of many early genetic studies did not enable its authors to draw firm scientific conclusions, suggesting that scientists lacked an accurate concept of the genetic causes of most illnesses.

History of Eugenics in Otorhinolaryngology: Ernst Rüdin and the International Eugenics Network

Abstract Introduction The early geneticist and psychiatrist Ernst Rüdin (1874-1952) became one of the key figures in the eugenics movement and in the German health system of the Nazi era. His connections in the international eugenics network have played an important role in the history of eugenics. Objective To discuss the connections between Ernst Rüdin's scientific group in Munich and Otmar von Verschuer's group in Frankfurt during the Nazi era. Methods Otorhinolaryngological materials from Ernst Rüdin's former private library are presented, and they show Rüdin's deep involvement in the international eugenics network. These materials provide insights into early medical genetics in otorhinolaryngology. Results One result of the present study is that eugenics groups from Munich, Frankfurt, and New York certainly influenced one another in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Karlheinz Idelberger and Josef Mengele were two scientists who performed hereditary research on orofacial clefts. Later, Mengele became deeply involved in Nazi medical crimes. His former work on orofacial clefts clearly had, to some extent, an influence on subsequent studies. Conclusion An international eugenics network already existed before 1933. However, it becomes clear that the weaknesses of many early genetic studies did not enable its authors to draw firm scientific conclusions, suggesting that scientists lacked an accurate concept of the genetic causes of most illnesses.

From Germany to Venezuela: The two careers of the Jewish-born pathologist Rudolf Jaffé (1885-1975).

The pathologist Rudolf Jaffé (1885-1975) is considered one of the most important specialists of his time - even though he had to flee from the Nazis and attempt a professional restart in South America. The article examines the concrete background of his emigration to South America and the factors that enabled Jaffé to establish pathology as a scientific discipline in Venezuela. Various archival documents and materials from the private archives of Jaffé's descendants serve as sources. These documents are supplemented by relevant secondary literature. Jaffé's career can be divided into four phases: (1) Jaffé's broad education, which qualified him for his later work in Venezuela. (2) Jaffé's professional activity at the Senckenberg Institute of Pathology in Frankfurt. (3) His career peak in Germany as head of the Institute of Pathology in Berlin-Moabit, and finally (4) his forced emigration to Venezuela, where he became the doyen of the field of pathology. It can be shown that Jaffé's great scientific success, even after his emigration, was based on three factors: his exceptional personality, his broad, multifaceted training, and the special conditions in Venezuela.

Vivir En Cronicidad: Terminal Living through Cuban Cancer Vaccines.

I examine in this article a movement in Cuba known as cronicidad (chronicity), to reimagine advanced cancer as a normal social experience. In Cuba, cronicidad is particularly visible through treatments called therapeutic vaccines designed to slow the growth of tumors. I explore how cronicidad becomes possible through the Cuban socialist integration of biotechnology and public health. Drawing from interviews with and observations of Cuban cancer researchers and clinicians involved with a novel lung cancer vaccine, I argue that cronicidad differs from chronicity as an area of anthropological inquiry in its emplacement of advanced cancer within routine care in Cuba's socialist biomedical system.

"A sociedade socialista não pode permitir esse tipo de degenerações". As UMAP como dispositivos disciplinares da revolução cubana / "La sociedad socialista no puede permitir ese tipo de degeneraciones". Las UMAP como dispositivos disciplinares de la revolución cubana / "Socialist society cannot allow such degenerations. " The UMAP as disciplinary devices of the Cuban revolution

Resumo: O presente artigo resulta da problematização sobre o fenômeno da repressão a setores marginados da sociedade cubana nos primeiros anos da Revolução (1965 a 1968), especificamente contra homossexuais, religiosos, artistas e intelectuais. Partindo da perspectiva foucaultiana, analisamos o contexto sociopolítico em que se desenvolveram estas ações, onde o discurso do líder Fidel Castro teve um papel decisivo. Passando logo à análise dos mecanismos através dos quais se desenvolvia uma estratégia disciplinar e de normalização das pessoas que representavam um modelo distinto ao estabelecido oficialmente. Esta estratégia resultou no dispositivo conhecido como UMAP. Além disso, se reflete sobre o papel da Psiquiatria cubana na implementação destas estratégias e as principais normas jurídicas que outorgaram legalidade a estes dispositivos disciplinares.

Resumen: Este artículo surge de la problematización del fenómeno de la represión contra sectores marginados de la sociedad cubana en los primeros años de la Revolución (1965 a 1968), específicamente contra homosexuales, religiosos, artistas e intelectuales. Partiendo de la perspectiva foucaultiana, analizamos el contexto sociopolítico en el que se desarrollaron estas acciones, donde el discurso del líder Fidel Castro jugó un papel decisivo. Pasando al análisis de los mecanismos a través de los cuales se desarrolló una estrategia disciplinaria y de normalización para personas que representaban un modelo diferente al establecido oficialmente. Esta estrategia dio como resultado el dispositivo conocido como UMAP. Además, reflexiona sobre el papel de la Psiquiatría cubana en la implementación de estas estrategias y las principales normas legales que han otorgado legalidad a estas disposiciones disciplinarias.

Abstract: This article results from the problematization of the phenomenon of repression of marginalized sectors of Cuban society in the first years of the Revolution (1965 to 1968), specifically against homosexuals, religious, artists and intellectuals. Starting from the foucaultian perspective, we analyze the socio-political context in which these actions developed, where the speech of the leader Fidel Castro played a decisive role. Moving on to the analysis of the mechanisms through which a disciplinary and standardization strategy was developed for people who represented a model different from the one officially established. This strategy resulted in the device known as UMAP. In addition, it reflects on the role of Cuban Psychiatry in the implementation of these strategies and the main legal norms that have given legality to these disciplinary devices.

'Flores da revolução': notas para uma pedagogia do trabalho em Paulo Freire / 'Flowers of the revolution': notes for a pedagogy of work in Paulo Freire / 'Flores de la revolución': notas para una pedagogía del trabajo en Paulo Freire

Resumo O principal objetivo deste ensaio consiste em problematizar elementos constitutivos de uma pedagogia do trabalho presente nas obras de Paulo Freire, com ênfase na experiência registrada no livro Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Destarte, uma das ideias que desenvolvo é aquela segundo a qual Paulo Freire, ao tratar do tema da educação de adultos, no decorrer de sua experiência como educador, tratou em última análise de processos de educação de trabalhadores, um patrimônio singular de educação crítica e libertadora da classe trabalhadora. Por meio da análise das cartas guineenses em diálogo com outras obras do próprio Freire e autores do campo do materialismo histórico, observaram-se fundamentos de uma pedagogia do trabalho de natureza revolucionária e caráter anticolonial. Assim, chegou-se a seis temas pedagógicos principais relacionados à categoria trabalho: educação e trabalho produtivo; a escola do trabalho; formação de trabalhadores; educação, produção e saúde; o novo intelectual coletivo; e pedagogia da luta e descolonização das mentalidades. 'Flores da revolução' consiste em um texto que celebra o fecundo legado teórico-metodológico freiriano, herdado pelo processo revolucionário de Guiné-Bissau, bem como comemora os cem anos de nascimento de Paulo Freire em 2021.

Abstract The main objective of this essay is to problematize constitutive elements of a pedagogy of work present in the works of Paulo Freire, with emphasis on the experience recorded in the book Cartas à Guiné-Bissau. Thus, one of the ideas that I develop is that according to which Paulo Freire, when dealing with the subject of adult education, in the course of his experience as an educator, ultimately dealt with the processes of worker education, a unique heritage of critical and liberating education of the working class. Through the analysis of Guinean letters in dialogue with other works by Freire himself and authors in the field of historical materialism, the foundations of a pedagogy of work of a revolutionary nature and anti-colonial character were observed. Thus, we arrived at six main pedagogical themes related to the work category: education and productive work; the school of work; training of workers formation; education, production and health; the new collective intellectual; and pedagogy of struggle and decolonization of mentalities. 'Flowers of the revolution' consists of a text that celebrates Freire's fertile theoretical-methodological legacy, inherited by the revolutionary process of Guinea-Bissau, as well as commemorating the 100th anniversary of Paulo Freire's birth in 2021.

Resumen El principal objectivo de este ensayo consiste en problematizar elementos constitutivos de una pedagogía del trabajo presente en las obras de Paulo Freire, con enfásis en la experiencia registrada en el libro Cartas à Guinea-Bissau. Sin embargo, una de las ideas que desarollo aquí es aquella según la cual Paulo Freire, al tratar del tema de la educación de los adultos, a lo largo de su experiencia como educador, se ocupó, en última análisis, de procesos de educación de trabajadores, un património singular de la educación crítica y libertadora de la clase obrera. A través del análisis de las cartas guineanas, en diálogo con otras obras del propio Freire y autores del campo del materialismo histórico, se observaron fundamentos de una pedagogía del trabajo de naturaleza revolucionaria y caracter anticolonial. De esta forma, se llegó a seis principales temas relacionados a la categoría trabajo: educación y trabajo productivo; la escuela del trabajo; formación de trabajadores; educación, producción y salud; el nuevo intelectual colectivo; y pedagogía de la lucha y descolonización de las mentalidades. 'Flores de la revolución' consiste en un texto que celebra el fecundo legado teórico-metodológico de la obra de Freire, heredado por el proceso revolucionario de Guinea-Bissau, así como celebra los cien años de nascimiento de Paulo Freire en 2021.

The "Economic Battle" Now and Then: (E)valuation Patterns of Distributive Justice in Cuban State-Socialism.

This article disentangles and explores some commonly made assumptions about egalitarian state-socialist ideologies. Based on the conceptual framework of the multiprinciple approach of justice, it presents the results of an in-depth analysis of (e)valuation patterns of distributive justice in Cuban state-socialism. The analysis mainly focuses on ideational conceptions of distributive justice (just rewards), but it also accounts for distribution outcomes and resulting (in)equalities (actual rewards). The results of the comparative case study of the Cuban framework of institutions and political leaders' views in two periods of time, the early 1960s and the 2010s, point to (e)valuation patterns that are generally labelled as egalitarian, such as the allocation rules of outcome equality and (non-functional) needs. However, contrary to common assumptions about egalitarian state-socialist ideologies, the results also point to several other patterns, including equity rules as well as functional and productivist allocation rules. I argue that many of these (e)valuation patterns, in their connection to the discursive storyline of the Cuban economic battle, are indeed compatible with egalitarian state-socialist ideology.

The controversial Third Reich history of Hans Creutzfeldt: was he a supporter or just another adept of the "hand washing policy"? / A controversa história do terceiro reich de Hans Creutzfeldt: seria ele um apoiador ou apenas outro adepto da "política de lavagem das mãos"?

ABSTRACT Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy whose initial description is associated with two German authors, Alfons Maria Jakob and Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt. As polemic as the issue about the Creutzfeldt's merit in the first description of the disease, is his history during the Third Reich. Some evidence pointed to the idea that he was essentially against the Nazi ideology, though some did not. He was an official member of the SS, but his own wife was convicted by a Nazi court. Some authors have argued that Creutzfeldt helped save many patients during Aktion T4 operation, but, in fact, he could have done more. Even during the post-war period, he sent a letter to authorities reporting the name of a Nazi physician who worked as a medical reviewer at the euthanasia court, but he did not proceed any further when his letter initially failed to start an investigation.

RESUMO A doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob (DCJ) é uma encefalopatia espongiforme transmissível, cuja descrição original está associada ao nome de dois autores alemães, Alfons Maria Jakob e Hans Gerhard Creuztfeldt. Tão polêmica quanto a questão sobre o real mérito de Creutzfeldt na primeira descrição da doença, é sua história de vida durante o Terceiro Reich. Algumas evidências apontavam para a ideia de que ele era essencialmente contra a ideologia nazista, mas outras não. Ele foi um membro oficial da SS, mas sua própria esposa foi condenada por um tribunal nazista. Alguns autores têm argumentado que Creutzfeldt ajudou a salvar muitos pacientes durante a operação Aktion T4, mas, na verdade, ele poderia ter feito muito mais. Mesmo durante o período pós-guerra, ele enviou uma carta às autoridades revelando o nome de um médico nazista que havia se empregado como revisor médico na corte sobre eutanásia, mas ele não insistiu mais quando sua carta inicialmente não desencadeou uma investigação.

[Walter Büngeler (1900-1987) : Nazi victim or political influencer in Brazil?] / Walter Büngeler (1900­1987) : Opfer der NS-Zeit oder nationalsozialistischer Kontaktmann in Brasilien?

Walter Büngeler is one of the best known German pathologists of the 20th century. He became internationally known for his basic research on leukaemia and the pathology of tumours. In 1936 he left Europe for Brazil but returned in 1942. After 1945, he staged himself as a political victim who had been expelled first by the National Socialists and later from Brazil. In fact, with this portrayal he succeeded in passing the denazification procedure without any damage and in continuing and considerably expanding his university career. Until the recent past, Büngeler was described in the relevant literature as a Nazi critic or victim. But does the presentation handed down by Büngeler stand up to a critical examination of the facts?On the basis of contemporary sources, the article reveals serious differences between Büngeler's statements and historical facts. It can be shown that Büngeler's allegations in denazification were incorrect in all relevant aspects.

German pathologist Walter Büngeler (1900-1987)-Nazi victim or political influencer in Brazil?

One of the most wellknown German pathologists of the twentieth century, Walter Büngeler became internationally known for his elemental research on leukemia and the pathology of tumors. In 1936, Büngeler left Nazi Germany for Brazil, but returned to Germany in 1942. After the war ended in 1945, Büngeler portrayed himself as a political victim who had been expelled first by the National Socialists and later by the Brazilian government, and in fact, he was able to successfully perpetuate this image and emerged unscathed from his de-Nazification procedure, continuing on to a successful university career with stations in Kiel and Munich as both professor and dean, as well as a term as DGP president. Up until very recently, Büngeler was portrayed in literature as a victim and critic of Nazism. Does this self-portrayal stand up to a critical examination of the facts? It is precisely this question that is the focus of this article. The analysis draws upon primary sources; namely, Büngeler's own claims from a curriculum vitae filled out in 1943 as well as his de-Nazification file from the post-war period. This article exposes significant contradictions between these two sources. The statements Büngeler made in his de-Nazification file can be verified as false in all relevant aspects. Nevertheless, Büngeler managed to create a wide-reaching and successful version of himself; a picture which persisted until only very recently.

State and life in Cuba: calibrating ideals and realities in a state-socialist system for food provision.

Based on our collective ethnography of Cuba's socialist system for the provision of state-subsidised food, this article explores manners in which the state weaves itself into the fabric of people's everyday lives in state-socialist society. Instituted by Cuba's revolutionary government in the early 1960s, Cuba's 'state system for provisioning' is still today the backbone of household subsistence, propelling individuals into direct daily relations with the state via its neighbourhood-level network of stores that distribute food catering to citizens' 'basic needs'. Our ethnography brings together a series of studies conducted by the members of our team in different parts of Havana, charting the most salient aspects of people's interaction with the state in this alimentary context. We argue that the state becomes pervasive in people's daily lives not just because it is present in so much of it, but also as the basic normative premise on which people interpret and evaluate everyday comportments in the interactions food provisioning involves. Life in state socialism involves the constant and intricate comparison of its own realities against the normative ideals the state purports to institute. These 'vernacular comparisons' between life and state, as we call them, are the 'local knowledge' of state socialism in Cuba.

A partir de nuestra etnografía colectiva del sistema del abastecimiento de alimentos subsidiados por el Estado cubano este artículo explora las formas en las que el estado se imbrica en el tejido de la vida cotidiana de las personas en el socialismo de estado. Instituido por el gobierno revolucionario cubano a principios de la década de 1960, el 'sistema estatal de abastecimiento' de Cuba es todavía hoy la espina dorsal de la subsistencia de los hogares, el cual impele a los individuos a establecer una relación cotidiana y directa con el estado a través de la red de establecimientos comerciales a nivel de barrio que distribuyen alimentos de acuerdo con las "necesidades básicas" de los ciudadanos. Nuestra etnografía reúne una serie de estudios llevados a cabo por los miembros de nuestro equipo en diferentes partes de La Habana, describiendo los aspectos más significativos de la interacción entre las personas y el estado en este contexto alimentario. Argumentamos que el estado se vuelve ubicuo en la vida cotidiana de las personas no sólo por estar presente en numerosos aspectos de la misma, sino también por ser el supuesto básico y normativo con el que la gente interpreta y evalúa sus comportamientos en las interacciones cotidianas relacionadas con el abastecimiento alimentario. La vida en el socialismo de estado involucra una constante e intrincada comparación entre los ideales normativos que el estado pretende institucionalizar y sus realidades. Estas 'comparaciones vernáculas' entre vida y estado, como las llamamos, son el 'conocimiento local' del socialismo de estado en Cuba.

S'appuyant sur une ethnographie collective du système socialiste cubain en matière d'approvisionnement de nourriture subventionné par l'État, cet article étudie la manière dont l'État s'immisce dans la vie quotidienne des gens, dans une société socialiste. Instauré à Cuba au début des années 1960 par le gouvernement révolutionnaire, le « système étatique d'approvisionnement ¼ constitue encore aujourd'hui l'épine dorsale de la subsistance des foyers, et pousse les individus à entretenir des relations quotidiennes directes avec l'État à travers son réseau de magasins de quartier, qui distribuent des aliments correspondant aux « besoins vitaux ¼ des citoyens. Nos travaux ethnographiques réunissent une série d'études, menées par les membres de notre équipe dans différents secteurs de La Havane, mettant en évidence les aspects les plus saillants de l'interaction entre les individus et l'État dans le domaine de l'alimentation. Nous soutenons que l'État pénètre dans la vie quotidienne des gens, non seulement parce qu'il y est presque omniprésent, mais aussi comme une prémisse normative fondamentale à partir de laquelle on interprète et évalue les comportements quotidiens dans les interactions faisant partie de l'approvisionnement alimentaire. La vie sous le socialisme étatique implique une comparaison complexe et constante entre ses propres réalités et les idéaux normatifs que l'État prétend instaurer. Ce que nous appelons les « comparaisons vernaculaires ¼ entre la vie et l'État composent la « connaissance locale ¼ du socialisme étatique à Cuba.

Carlos Marx y José Martí: coincidencias en las concepciones sociopolíticas y culturales / Coincidences in the social-political and cultural conceptions of Carlos Marx and José Martí

RESUMEN El presente estudio está dirigido a establecer coincidencias entre el pensamiento de José Martí y de Carlos Marx en el terreno filosófico. Ambos representan los más altos exponentes del saber filosófico y humanista de la cultura europea y latinoamericana del siglo XIX, respectivamente, con un alcance genuinamente universal. No fue objetivo en modo alguno convertir a Martí en marxista, del mismo modo que sería absurdo afiliar a Marx a las ideas y las concepciones martianas. Sin embargo, no es posible dejar de subrayar la profundidad del ideario martiano en el terreno filosófico, político, social y económico y sus aproximaciones a las concepciones marxistas o al socialismo científico.

ABSTRACT The present study is directed to establish coincidences between the thought of José Martí and Carlos Marx in the philosophical area. Both are represented by the highest exponents of the philosophical and humanist knowledge of the European and Latin-American culture of the 19th century, respectively, with an authentically universal scope. It was not objective in any way to turn Martí into Marxist, in the same way that it would be absurd to affiliate Marx to the ideas and the Martí´s conceptions. Nevertheless, it is not possible to stop underlining the depth of the Martí´s ideology in the philosophical, political, social and economic area and his approaches to the Marxist conceptions or to the scientific socialism.

Transformative Possibilities: Politics and Cosmetic Surgery in the Bolivarian Revolution.

I examine the intersection of politics and aesthetics in a public hospital in Caracas, Venezuela in the first years of the twenty-first century. Given Venezuela's long-standing embrace of physical enhancement and the contradictions of the medical values of cosmetic surgery with those of Bolivarian socialism, the changing surgical practices at a well-established public site offer a significant case for considering how different actors negotiate the dialectics of care. In the face of increasing resource shortages, negotiations of aesthetic care contributed to tensions in the clinical encounter as patients creatively pushed Bolivarian policies to support their pursuits of aesthetic self-improvement.

A categoria saúde na perspectiva da saúde do trabalhador: ensaio sobre interações, resistências e práxis / The health category in the perspective of worker's health: an essay about interaction, resistances and praxis

RESUMO O principal intento deste ensaio consiste em retomar de modo crítico a perspectiva de saúde sob o enfoque da saúde do trabalhador, reavendo alguns dos seus marcos teóricos constitutivos. Lançou-se mão, como base principal de estudo, de obras seminais pertencentes ao campo, a saber: a medicina social latino-americana e os estudos operários italianos. Além disso, serviram de apoio publicações de autores brasileiros que examinam a configuração teórica, política e metodológica do campo, procurando conferir 'identidade própria' à saúde do trabalhador. Chegou-se a três teses capitais que foram desenvolvidas em diálogo com autores da tradição de pensamento do materialismo histórico.

ABSTRACT The main intention of this essay consists in critically analysing the perspective of health under the focus of worker's health, recovering some of its constitutive theorical milestones. Seminal literature of the field, such as Latin American social Medicine and studies of the Italian workers, was used as a main base of this study. Besides, publications of Brazilian authors, which assess the theorical, political and methodological configuration of the field and seek to provide 'self-identity' to worker's health, also supported this essay. We have come to three capital theses which were developed in dialogues with authors of the tradition of the historical materialism thinking.

Narrating health and scarcity: Guyanese healthcare workers, development reformers, and sacrifice as solution from socialist to neoliberal governance.

In oral history interviews, Guyanese healthcare workers emphasize continuity in public health governance throughout the late twentieth century, despite major shifts in broader systems of governance during this period. I argue that these healthcare workers' recollections reflect long-term scarcities and the discourses through which both socialist politicians and neoliberal reformers have narrated them. I highlight the striking similarities in discourses of responsibility and efficiency advanced by socialist politicians in 1970s Guyana and by World Bank representatives designing the country's market transition in the late 1980s, and the ways these discourses have played out in Guyana's health system. Across diverging ideologies, politicians and administrators have promoted severe cost-control as the means to a more prosperous future, presenting short-term pains as necessary to creating new, better, leaner ways of life. In the health sector this has been enacted through a focus on self-help, and on nutrition as a tool available without funds dedicated for pharmaceuticals, advanced medical technologies, or a fully staffed public health system. I argue that across these periods Guyanese citizens have been offered a very similar recipe of ongoing sacrifice. I base my analysis on oral histories with forty-six healthcare workers conducted between 2013 and 2015 in Guyana in Regions 3, 4, 5, 9, and 10, as well as written records from World Bank and Guyanese national archives; I analyze official discourses as well as recollections and experiences of public health governance by those working in Guyana's health system.

Socialismo cien años después / Socialism one hundred years later

A los 17 años del siglo XXI, el presente artículo tiene como objetivo reivindicar el imaginario socialista frente al fracaso del capitalismo, y de los propios errores de las diferentes experiencias de transformación social. Cien años de aniversario de la primera experiencia socialista en el mundo, se toma como motivación para reflexionar sobre las posibles temáticas de la agenda de la ciencia del socialismo; en la delimitación de la evaluación del socialismo, como proyecto histórico monumental, entre la necesidad del cambio social y el cómo hacerlo.

The aim of this article is to claim the socialist imaginary in the face of the failure of capitalism and the mistakes of the different experiences of social transformation. One hundred years of the first socialist experience in the world, is taken as a motivation to reflect on the possible themes of the socialist science agenda; in the delimitation of the evaluation of socialism, as a monumental historical project, between the need for social change and how to do it.

O movimento da nova reconstrução rural e alguns experimentos sociais na China contemporânea / The new rural reconstruction moviment and some social experiments in contemporary China

Este trabalho consiste em uma mescla entre notas e observações efetuadas em campo e dados de textos de pesquisa, informações da imprensa e também de vários pesquisadores, sobre o movimento da "Nova Reconstrução Rural na China" e de algumas comunidades que mantêm o legado das experiências de socialismo construído no período das Comunas Populares. Todas essas experiências são discutidas na maneira de como se relacionam de uma forma ou de outra ao hukou e à forma social de propriedade da terra na China. Estes, segundo o anúncio da Terceira Sessão Plenária do Décimo Oitavo Comitê Central do Partido Comunista da China, devem ser gradativamente suprimidos. Discutimos neste trabalho as possíveis dificuldades que essas transformações poderão causar nessas experiências que ainda buscam manter o "Estado Comunista", segundo a epígrafe, e os possíveis impactos nas relações campo-cidade, nas migrações internas e sobre o padrão de desenvolvimento decorrentes da efetiva implementação dessas medidas.

This article approaches notes made in the field reserach and taken from literature data, press reports and several researchers about the social movement of the "New Rural Reconstruction in China." Some communities maintain the legacy of socialism experiences built during the period of the People's Communes in that country. These experiences are linked directly or indirectly to the Hukou system and the social framework of land ownership in China. According to the announcement of the 3rd Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, this system and framework should be gradually abolished. We discuss in this article the possible difficulties that these changes may cause on those experiences that still seek to maintain the "Communist state", and the possible impacts on rural-urban relations, internal migration and the pattern of development stemming from the effective implementation of these measures.

O inferno e o paraíso nos mundos ideais (ou A inviabilidade das sociedades igualitárias)

Ao longo da história o homem tem sonhado com o estabelecimento de uma sociedade onde predomine a igualdade. As doutrinas Comunistas e Socialistas fracassam em passar da teoria à prática terminando sempre num autoritarismo sangrento, através de uma ótica freudiana, sobre a natureza do humano envolvido nessas construções, que se fazem presentes na literatura, nos projetos individuais e nos sociais. Propõe-se principalmente a pensar oque, na natureza do sujeito que idealiza, solapa seu próprio projeto(AU)

Throughout its hisrory markind has Always been dreaming of a society where social equility would be predominant. The Communist and Socialist doctrines fail to move from theory to practice Always leading to blood-shedding authoritarianism and to dangerous power cantralization. In this work the author proposes a reflection, through a Fredian perspective, about the nature of the people involved in the building of these concepts currenty presente in the literature, on individual ando n social projects. Above all, the main proposal is to allow a reflection about what is it that undermines its own design, by considering the nature of the individual that idealizes it

El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, tratado axiológico para el profesional de la salud / El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, an axiological treatise for health professionals

El estudio del El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba, de Ernesto Guevara de la Serna, tiene una gran importancia para el análisis de la concepción del hombre nuevo. En este trabajo se brinda una nueva visión desde un enfoque axiológico. Asimismo, se divulga el sistema de valores presentes en la obra que contribuyen a la formación del profesional de la salud, a partir de la figura del Che.

The study of El socialismo y el hombre en Cuba (Socialism and man in Cuba) of Ernesto Guevara de la Serna is of great importance to analyze the concept of the new man. The article reviews the book from an axiological approach, as well as pointing out its system of values, which is a contribution to the education of health professionals.

La compulsión al trabajo y el porvenir de otra ilusión / Compulsion for work and the future of other illusion / La compulsion au travail et l’avenir d’autre illusion

El artículo examina los dos primeros capítulos de El porvenir de una ilusión de Freud, donde aparece la formulación de dos bases que soportan la cultura. Esta fórmula, planteada en 1927 a diez años de comenzar la revolución bolchevique, toma la economía política como punto de arranque y llega a la psicología con terminología enteramente psicoanalítica: renuncia pulsional y compulsión al trabajo. Pero en el primer capítulo examina Freud otra ilusión del mundo contemporáneo: una Edad de Oro. El escrito descubre, detrás de esta alusión, el marxismo o por lo menos algunos ideales socialistas...

The article studies the two first chapters of The future is an illusion by Freud, where the formulation of two thesis than holds the culture appear. This formula was posed in 1927, ten years before the Bolshevik revolution started. Takes the political economy as beginning point and arrives at the psychology full of psychoanalytic terminology: drive renunciation and compulsion for work. Freud studies in the first chapter other illusion of the contemporary world: a Golden Age. The paper discover, behind this allusion, the Marxism or at least some socialist ideals...

Ce travail examine les deux premiers chapitres de L’Avenir d’autre illusion par Freud, où la formulation de deux bases qui supportent la culture apparaît. Cette formule, avancée en 1927 -10 ans avant la révolution bolchevique- prend l’économie politique en tant que point de départ et elle arrive à la psychologie avec une terminologie entièrement psychanalytique: l’abandon pulsionnelle et la compulsion au travail. Dans le premier chapitre, néanmoins, Freud examine une autre illusion du monde contemporain: une Age d’Or. Derrière cette allusion, ce chapitre met en évidence le marxisme ou au moins certains idéaux socialistes...