Relación de variables sociodemográficas con niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes universitarios / PRelation of socio-demographic variables with levels of depression, anxiety and stress in university students

RESUMEN: Introducción: La salud mental en universitarios es un tema que cada vez cobra más relevancia y la importancia que tiene identificar factores que afectan su aparición, así como también en qué medida influyen en el desempeño académico. Método: Se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental, descriptivo, correlacional y de corte transversal. Se aplicó Chi Cuadrado para evaluar asociación entre variables. La muestra fue no probabilística de 166 estudiantes de enfermería, nutrición y dietética, fonoaudiología y kinesiología. Se aplicó la versión chilena abreviada de las escalas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés DASS - 21, constituida por 21 ítems, con cuatro alternativas de respuesta en formato en escala Likert y un cuestionario sociodemográfico, éste instrumento consideró variables personales, etnia Mapuche y nivel de escolaridad de los padres. El protocolo de investigación realizado fue aprobado por el Comité Ético Científico del Servicio de Salud Del Reloncaví. Resultados: El 54, 82% de la muestra presenta algún nivel de alteración o riesgo de padecer ansiedad, un 47,59% de estrés y un 31,33% depresión. El 42,17% se identifica como perteneciente a la etnia mapuche, mientras que el 56,02% se identifica como no mapuche. En relación al nivel de escolaridad del padre y de la madre, el porcentaje más alto corresponde a la categoría de enseñanza media completa (padre 37,95% y madre 36,14%). Conclusiones: Existe una asociación entre sexo femenino y los niveles ansiedad, estrés y depresión. Además, una relación entre pertenecer al género femenino, cursar las carreras de Enfermería y nutrición y dietética con presentar algún nivel de ansiedad, destacándose una asociación entre ansiedad, depresión y estrés.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Mental health in university students is a topic that is becoming more and more relevant and the importance of identifying factors that affect its appearance, as well as to what extent they influence academic performance. Method: A non-experimental, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional quantitative design was used. Chi Square was applied to evaluate the association between variables. The sample was non-probabilistic of 166 students from nursing, nutrition and dietetics, speech therapy, and kinesiology. The abbreviated Chilean version of the DASS-21 depression, anxiety and stress scales was applied, consisting of 21 items, with four response alternatives in Likert scale format and a sociodemographic questionnaire, this instrument considered personal variables, Mapuche ethnic group and level of parental education. The research protocol carried out was approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Del Reloncaví Health Service. Results: 54.82% of the sample presented some level of alteration or risk of suffering from anxiety, 47.59% stress and 31.33% depression. 42.17% identify themselves as belonging to the Mapuche ethnic group, while 56.02% identify themselves as non-Mapuche. Regarding the level of education of the father and mother, the highest percentage corresponds to the category of complete secondary education (father 37.95% and mother 36.14%). Conclusions: There is an association between female sex and levels of anxiety, stress and depression. In addition, there is a relationship between belonging to the female gender, studying nursing, nutrition and dietetics careers with presenting some level of anxiety. An association between anxiety, depression and stress stands out.

Invariance of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Construct Across Clinical Populations and Sociodemographic Variables.

Recent research has shown that cultural, linguistic, and sociodemographic peculiarities influence the measurement of trait emotional intelligence (trait EI). Assessing trait EI in different populations fosters cross-cultural research and expands the construct's nomological network. In mental health, the trait EI of clinical populations has been scarcely researched. Accordingly, the present study examined the relationship between trait EI and key sociodemographic variables on Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue-SF) datasets with mental healthcare patients from three different Spanish-speaking countries. Collectively, these datasets comprised 528 participants, 23% from Chile (120), 28% from Peru (150), and 49% from Spain (258). The sociodemographic variables we used for trait EI comparisons were gender, age, educational level, civil status, and occupational status. Analyses involved Multigroup Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling (to test measurement invariance) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Our results revealed significant between-country differences in trait EI across the studied sociodemographic variables and interactions between these variables. Measurement invariance across the datasets was attained up to the scalar level regarding gender and education (i.e., strong invariance), although analyses on age, civil status, and occupation displayed non-invariance. The resultant psychometric evidence supports the suitability of the TEIQue-SF for the accurate cross-cultural assessment of trait EI in mental health settings. It also highlights the importance of incorporating trait EI into extant psychotherapeutic frameworks to enhance non-pharmacological treatment efficacy.

Body weight changes in the NutriNet Brasil cohort during the covid-19 pandemic / Mudanças no peso corporal na coorte NutriNet Brasil durante a pandemia de covid-19

ABSTRACT This study describes body weight changes among participants of the NutriNet Brasil cohort (n = 14,259) during the covid-19 pandemic. We analyzed data reported before the pandemic onset (01/26/2020 to 03/18/2020) and about six months after (09/14/2020 to 10/19/2020). Our results show that 19.7% of the participants gained ≥ 2 kg. Weight gain was directly associated with male gender, lower education, and previous presence of overweight, and inversely associated with age. In turn, 15.2% lost ≥ 2kg, being directly associated with male gender and previous presence of overweight and inversely associated with age.

RESUMO Este estudo descreve modificações no peso corporal de participantes da coorte NutriNet Brasil (n = 14.259) ocorridas durante a pandemia de covid-19. Foram analisados dados informados em período anterior ao início da pandemia (26/01/2020 a 18/03/2020) e cerca de 6 meses após (14/09/2020 a 19/10/2020). O ganho de peso ≥ 2 kg alcançou 19,7% dos participantes, mostrando-se diretamente associado ao sexo masculino, à menor escolaridade e à presença prévia de excesso de peso, sendo inversamente associado à idade. A perda de peso ≥ 2kg alcançou 15,2% dos participantes, mostrando-se diretamente associada ao sexo masculino e à presença prévia de excesso de peso, sendo inversamente associada à idade.

Caracterización sociodemográfica y perfil clínico de pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis en una población de Bogotá, Colombia / Socio-demographic characterization and clinical profile of patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis in a population of Bogotá, Colombia

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurosífilis se asocia con una serie de signos y síntomas que pueden aparecer luego de 10 a 30 años de la primoinfección; es más frecuente en pacientes con VIH, conductas homosexuales y adultos de género masculino. Es una enfermedad tratable, cuya incidencia viene en descenso notorio tras el advenimiento de la terapia antibiótica de fácil acceso, lo que la convierte en un problema de salud pública a escala mundial. OBJETIVO: Determinar la prevalencia y las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y paraclínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis tratados en la Unidad de Servicios de Salud Occidente de Kennedy (USSOK), Bogotá, Colombia, entre el 2014 y el 2018. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, retrospectivo, en el que se evaluó a pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis que recibieron manejo en la USS Occidente Kennedy durante 2014-2018. Para tal fin se incluyó a mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de neurosífilis, y se hizo estudio de líquido cefalorraquídeo, pruebas no treponémicas en las que se usó el VDRL y pruebas treponémicas en las cuales se empleó FTA-Abs. RESULTADOS: Se diagnosticaron 55 casos de neurosífilis durante el periodo estudiado. Si se tiene en cuenta el número total de pacientes atendidos (8244), la prevalencia calculada correspondió a 0,66 %. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestro medio, la prevalencia de neurosífilis (0,6 %) es mayor a la reportada en poblaciones de altos ingresos económicos (0,4 %). El perfil sociodemográfico de pacientes con diagnóstico de neurosífilis de una población de bajos recursos se caracteriza por: adultos en la sexta década de la vida, sexo masculino e inmunocompetentes.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Neurosyphilis is associated with a series of signs and symptoms that may appear 10 to 30 years after the first infection; it is more frequent in patients with HIV, homosexual behavior and male adults. It is a treatable disease, whose incidence comes in a noticeable descent after the advent of easily accessible antibiotic therapy, which makes it a public health problem worldwide. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, sociodemographic, clinical and paraclinical variables of patients diagnosed with Neurosyphilis treated in the Kennedy West Health Services Unit (USSOK) between 2014-2018 PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional, retrospective, observational study was carried out in which patients diagnosed with Neurosyphilis who received management at the USS West Kennedy during 2014-2018 were evaluated. They were older than 18 years, with a diagnosis of Neurosyphilis. Cerebrospinal fluid study, non-treponemal tests where VDRL was used and treponemal tests using FTA-Abs RESULTS: 55 cases of neurosyphilis were diagnosed during the period studied. Taking into account the total number of patients treated (8244), the calculated prevalence corresponded to 0.66 % CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Neurosyphilis in our environment (0.6 %) is higher than that reported in high income populations (0.4 %). The sociodemographic profile of patients diagnosed with neurosyphilis from a low-income population is characterized by: adults in the sixth decade of life, male and immunocompetent.

A Sociodemographic variables questionnaire (Q-SV) for research on family caregivers of children with chronic disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic diseases in childhood can affect the physical and mental health of patients and their families. The literature on pediatric chronic diseases has found important associations between the sociodemographic variables of children and their caregivers and negative health consequences in families. METHODS: In this study, we aimed to design and validate a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables that would be useful for research on pediatric chronic diseases; and investigate the relationship between sociodemographic variables and psychosocial variables among family caregivers. First, we created a questionnaire that consists of 20 demographic, medical, and family-related items based on a literature review and expert evaluations. This questionnaire was then validated by 335 expert reviewers in the field of Social Work, who work daily with the families of patients with chronic diseases in 10 National Institutes of Health of Mexico. The validation was based on three empirical criteria created specifically for this study, and the reviewers evaluated the usefulness, relevance, and permanence of the items. In a second cross-sectional, correlational and comparative study, a total of 446 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases were interviewed, and they completed the Sociodemographic Variables Questionnaire for research on family caregivers of children with chronic sociodemographic diseases and four psychosocial measurement instruments for evaluating anxiety, depression, caregiver burden and quality of life. RESULTS: Based on the results of the first study, we created the Sociodemographic Variables Questionnaire (Q-SV) for research on family caregivers of children with chronic diseases, and it includes 17 items that assess demographic, medical, and family characteristics. The results of the second study showed that the 17 sociodemographic variables obtained in the validation by expert judges are useful for measuring and evaluating the relationship between psychosocial variables in families of children with chronic diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Psychosocial and sociodemographic factors are relevant for the development of research processes for families that care for children with chronic diseases.

Psychosocial factors related with caregiver burden among families of children with chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: The impact of looking after children who live with complex chronic conditions is a growing public health issue. However, it is unclear whether sociodemographic and psychosocial variables can be used to predict the burden on the caregiver and how the profiles of families of children with chronic diseases are defined and structured. The objective of this study was to identify multivariate sociodemographic and psychosocial variables as well as sociocultural and familial factors to analyze the caregiver burden of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 416 family caregivers of children with chronic diseases at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants responded to a questionnaire on sociodemographic variables and a battery of 7 instruments that examined caregiver burden, family support, parental stress, anxiety, support networks, family functioning, historic-psycho-socio-cultural premises and the World Health Organization Well-Being Index. RESULTS: A multivariate analysis using hierarchical multiple regression models showed that the variables included in the psychosocial and sociodemographic profile as a whole explained 40% of the variance in caregiver burden, taking sociocultural historical premises, stressors and anxiety into account as positive individual predictors. Negative individual predictors for caregiver burden included upper secondary education, social support networks, family support, family functioning and well-being. The sociodemographic profiles of family caregivers were as follows: female (81.7%); mean age, 31.7 years (standard deviation [SD], 8 years); married (79.3%); nuclear family (60%); basic education (62.7%); unpaid work (66.3%); and a daily household income of approximately 4 USD (61.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The caregiver burden of family caregivers of children with chronic diseases is defined and structured based on personal, family, and sociocultural factors. These features provide evidence to conduct research and implement intervention strategies with regard to families facing adversity, risk and vulnerability during a child's disease.

Marital Satisfaction in Spanish and Dominican Couples / Satisfacción Marital en Parejas Españolas y Dominicanas

Abstract Marriage is an appreciated worldwide institution, although nearly half of first marriages end in divorce. Thus, the relevance of understanding how people choose their partners and what features can predict a satisfactory relationship. More specifically, in search of data supporting similarity or complementarity approaches on marital satisfaction, the current study analyzes the association between different assortative mating options (homogamy, and heterogamy) and marital satisfaction in Spanish and Dominican couples. A stratified quota sampling of 600 participants was selected, corresponding to 300 married couples (50% Spanish and 50% Dominicans). Data were gathered by means of an interview with the 10-item scale on Marital Satisfaction and a 7-item scale on Status. Results suggest that spouses are matched by similarity in their health and education and by the perception of similarity in intelligence and the financial advantages of staying together. Dominican couples experienced higher marital satisfaction than Spanish couples. Findings on hypergamy reveals the persistence of some traditional roles' distribution among Spanish speaking cultures. The association between status and marital satisfaction revealed that heterogamy rather than homogamy is associated to such satisfaction. These results stress the relevance of taking into account social and cultural differences, beyond biological and psychological factors, to fully understand couples' satisfaction.

Resumen El matrimonio es una institución apreciada a nivel mundial, pese a que casi la mitad de los primeros matrimonios terminan en divorcio. De ahí la importancia de comprender cómo las personas eligen a sus parejas y qué factores contribuyen a predecir una relación satisfactoria. Más concretamente, en busca de datos que ofrezcan apoyo a los enfoques de semejanza o de complementariedad en su relación con la satisfacción marital, el presente estudio analiza diferentes alternativas de emparejamiento selectivo (homogamia y heterogamia) y su relación con dicha satisfacción marital en parejas españolas y dominicanas. Para llevar a cabo el estudio se ha empleado un muestreo estratificado por cuotas compuesto por un total de 600 participantes, que se corresponden con 300 parejas casadas (un 50% procedente de España y el otro 50% procedente de República Dominicana). Los datos se recogieron a través de entrevista la escala de 10 ítems de Satisfacción Marital y la escala de 7 ítems de Status. Los resultados sugieren que los emparejamientos se caracterizan por la semejanza en salud, formación, inteligencia, y por la percepción compartida de las ventajas económicas asociadas a su permanencia. Las parejas dominicanas experimentan una mayor satisfacción marital que las españolas. Los resultados obtenidos sobre hipergamia revelan la persistencia de una distribución de roles tradicional en países de habla hispana. La asociación entre estatus y satisfacción marital indicaron que la heterogamia más que la homogamia, se asocia a tal satisfacción. Todos estos resultados subrayan la importancia de tener en cuenta diferencias sociales y culturales, además de factores biológicos y psicológicos, para comprender plenamente la satisfacción en las parejas.

Factors associated with anxiety in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases.

BACKGROUND: Currently, information on factors associated with anxiety in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases is unavailable, indicating a significant gap in the literature. Therefore, this study aims to identify the psychosocial and sociodemographic variables associated with anxiety in family caregivers of children with chronic diseases. METHODS: In 2018, a nonprobability sample of 446 family caregivers was recruited at the National Institute of Health in Mexico City. The participants completed a sociodemographic variable questionnaire, clinical questions, and 18 psychosocial assessment scales, including a scale to assess family caregiver anxiety. RESULTS: Family caregiver anxiety was correlated with almost all psychosocial variables and one out of three clinical variables but with none of the sociodemographic variables. Furthermore, a multiple linear regression model with five psychosocial variables was established to predict family caregiver anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Some psychosocial variables have effects on caregiver anxiety that are relevant for interventions. Clinical interventions should be implemented based on the psychosocial variables associated with family caregiver anxiety.

Predictors of social skills and behavioral problems in children / Preditores de habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento em crianças / Predictores de habilidades sociales y problemas de conducta en niños

Social skills and behavioral problems are influenced by multiple variables. Objective was to compare groups of children distinguished by social skill deficits and behavioral problems, according to sociodemographic variables, educational practices, family environment resources, and indicators of maternal depression, verifying the predictive value of those variables. Participants were 151 mothers of children, and data were compared and treated by binary logistic regression. On the regression models, the following influences were observed: a) in case of social skills related to the positive and negative educational practices - behavioral problems and low income; b) in case of behavioral problems related to the negative practices - child social skills, mother's schooling, mother's marital state and child's gender. In comparisons, environmental resources and maternal depression differentiated the groups. Simultaneous evaluation of the variables emphasizes intersections and differences of the constructs

Habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento são influenciados por múltiplas variáveis. Objetivou-se comparar grupos de crianças diferenciados por déficits de habilidades sociais e problemas de comportamento quanto aos aspectos sociodemográficos, práticas educativas, recursos do ambiente familiar e indicadores de depressão materna, verificando o valor preditivo dessas variáveis. Participaram 151 mães de crianças e os dados foram comparados e tratados por regressões logísticas binárias. Nos modelos de regressão constataram-se as influências: a) para habilidades sociais das práticas positivas e negativas - problemas de comportamento e renda familiar; e b) para problemas de comportamento das práticas negativas - habilidades sociais infantis, tempo de educação materna, estado civil e sexo da criança. Nas comparações, os recursos do ambiente e depressão materna diferenciaram os grupos. A avaliação simultânea das variáveis evidenciou intersecções e diferenciações dos construtos

Las habilidades sociales y los problemas de comportamiento están influenciados por múltiples variables. Se objetivó comparar grupos de niños diferenciados por déficit de habilidades sociales y problemas de comportamiento en cuanto a los aspectos sociodemográficos, prácticas educativas, recursos del ambiente familiar e indicadores de depresión materna, verificando el valor predictivo de esas variables. Participaron 151 madres de niños y los datos fueron comparados y tratados mediante regresión logística binaria.. En los modelos de regresión, se observaron las siguientes influencias: a) en el caso de las habilidades sociales relacionadas con las prácticas educativas positivas y negativas: problemas de conducta y bajos ingresos; b) en caso de problemas de comportamiento relacionados con las prácticas negativas: habilidades sociales del niño, educación de la madre, estado civil de la madre y género del niño. En las comparaciones, los recursos ambientales y la depresión materna diferenciaron a los grupos. La evaluación simultánea de las variables enfatiza las intersecciones y las diferencias de los constructos

Condición periodontal y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes adultos de una institución docencia-servicio / Periodontal disease and its relationship with clinical and sociodemographic variables in adult patients treated in a service/teaching institution

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de enfermedad periodontal y los factores sociodemográficos y clínicos relacionados. Material y métodos: Se diseñó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron historias clínicas con los siguientes criterios: ≥ 35 años de edad, historia clínica y ficha periodontal completa y mínimo 10 dientes presentes en boca. Se analizaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas periodontales y se estableció el diagnóstico periodontal de acuerdo con dos sistemas de clasificación (AAP y CDC-AAP). Se calculó el χ2 para analizar las diferencias entre variables sociodemográficas y clínicas con relación a la severidad de la periodontitis. Para variables cuantitativas se utilizó la prueba de la mediana. Resultados: La frecuencia de periodontitis fue 67.2% (periodontitis severa 43.2%) y gingivitis fue 32.8%. En 155 casos hubo acuerdo entre las dos clasificaciones cuando la periodontitis fue severa. La clasificación CDC-AAP produjo más casos de periodontitis moderada y sólo 47 casos en concordancia con el sistema AAP. Los pacientes con periodontitis presentaron mayor sangrado al sondaje, pérdida de inserción y bolsas periodontales (p < 0.001). Los pacientes con periodontitis perdieron más dientes que pacientes con gingivitis. La periodontitis fue más frecuente en hombres que en mujeres (p = 0.025). Los pacientes con periodontitis tuvieron un nivel educativo más bajo, enfermedades sistémicas, consumo de cigarrillo y alcohol y problemas de afiliación a la seguridad social. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de periodontitis en la población de estudio fue muy alta (60%) y se encontró relacionada con enfermedades sistémicas, cigarrillo, afiliación a la seguridad social y nivel educativo. La frecuencia de periodontitis se ve determinada por el sistema de clasificación que se utilice.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To determine prevalence of periodontal disease and related clinical and sociodemographic factors. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive and retrospective study was undertaken. Criteria to select patients were as follows: ≥ 35 years of age, full clinical history and periodontal chart and a minimum of ten teeth present in the mouth. Clinical periodontal and sociodemographic variables were examined; periodontal diagnosis was established according to two classification systems (AAP and CDC-AAP). χ2 was calculated in order to analyze differences among sociodemographic and clinical variables with respect to periodontitis severity. Median test was used for quantitative variables. Results: Periodontitis frequency was 67.2% (severe periodontitis 43.2%). Gingivitis frequency was 32.8%. In 155 cases there was concordance of two observers in cases of severe periodontitis. CDC-AAP classification established more cases of moderate periodontitis and only 47 cases in concordance with AAP system. Periodontitis patients exhibited greater bleeding upon probing, insertion loss and periodontal pockets (p < 0.001). Patients with periodontitis lost more teeth that patients with gingivitis. Periodontitis was more frequent in males than in females (p = 0.025). Patients with periodontitis exhibited lower educational levels, suffered systemic diseases, were addicted to tobacco and alcohol use and had encountered problems with their affiliation to social security services. Conclusions: Periodontitis frequency in studied population was high (60%), and found to be related to systemic diseases, tobacco use, affiliation to social security services and educational level. Periodontitis frequency was determined by used classification system.

Developmental effects of economic and educational change: cognitive representation in three generations across 43 years in a Maya community.

We studied the implications of social change for cognitive development in a Maya community in Chiapas, Mexico, over 43 years. The same procedures were used to collect data in 1969-1970, 1991, and 2012-once in each generation. The goal was to understand the implications of weaving, schooling and participation in a commercial economy for the development of visual pattern representation. In 2012, our participants consisted of 133 boys and girls descended from participants in the prior two generations. Procedures consisted of placing colored sticks in a wooden frame to make striped patterns, some familiar (Zinacantec woven patterns) and some novel (created by the investigators). Following Greenfield (2009), we hypothesised that the development of commerce and the expansion of formal schooling would influence children's representations. Her theory postulates that these factors move human development towards cognitive abstraction and skill in dealing with novelty. Furthermore, the theory posits that whatever sociodemographic variable is changing most rapidly functions as the primary motor for developmental change. From 1969 to 1991, the rapid development of a commercial economy drove visual representation in the hypothesised directions. From 1991 to 2012, the rapid expansion of schooling drove visual representation in the hypothesised directions.

An ecological study on suicide and homicide in Brazil / Estudo ecológico sobre suicídio e homicídio no Brasil

The objective was to evaluate correlations between suicide, homicide and socio-demographic variables by an ecological study. Mortality and socio-demographic data were collected from official records of the Ministry of Health and IBGE (2010), aggregated by state (27). The data were analyzed using correlation techniques, factor analysis, principal component analysis with a varimax rotation and multiple linear regression. Suicide age-adjusted rates for the total population, men and women were 5.0, 8.0, and 2.2 per 100,000 inhabitants respectively. The suicide rates ranged from 2.7 in Pará to 9.1 in Rio Grande do Sul. Homicide for the total population, men and women were 27.2, 50.8, and 4.5 per 100,000, respectively. The homicide rates ranged from 13.0 in Santa Catarina to 68.9 in Alagoas. Suicide and homicide were negatively associated, the significance persisted among men. Unemployment was negatively correlated with suicide and positively with homicide. Different socio-demographic variables were found to correlate with suicide and homicide in the regressions. Suicide showed a pattern suggesting that, in Brazil, it is related to high socioeconomic status. Homicide seemed to follow the pattern found in other countries, associated with lower social and economic status.

O objetivo foi avaliar a correlação entre homicídio, suicídio e variáveis sociodemográficas num estudo ecológico. Os dados foram coletados a partir de registros oficiais disponibilizados pelo Ministério da Saúde e IBGE (2010), agregados por estado. Os dados foram analisados usando técnicas de correlação, análise fatorial, análise de componentes principais com rotação varimax e regressão linear múltipla. As taxas de suicídio padronizadas por idade para o total, homens e mulheres foram 5,0; 8,0 e 2,2 por 100.000, respectivamente. A taxa de suicídio variou de 2,7 no Pará a 9,1 no Rio Grande do Sul. As taxas de homicídio para o total, homens e mulheres foram 27,2; 50,8 e 4,5 por 100.000, respectivamente. A taxa de homicídio variou de 13,0 em Santa Catarina a 68,9 em Alagoas. Suicídio e homicídio foram negativamente associados, a significância persistiu entre os homens. O desemprego foi negativamente correlacionado com o suicídio e positivamente com o homicídio. Diferentes variáveis sociodemográficas foram correlacionadas com o suicídio e homicídio nas regressões. Suicídio apresentou um padrão, sugerindo que no Brasil está relacionado com alto nível socioeconômico. Homicídio parece seguir o padrão encontrado em outros países, associado com baixo nível socioeconômico. .

Variables asociadas a la experiencia de abuso en la pareja y su denuncia en una muestra de mujeres / Factors Associated with the Intimate Partner Violence and their Complaint in a Sample of Women

Se examinan algunos factores asociados a la experiencia de abuso de pareja en la mujer y al hecho de denunciar estos abusos. Se evaluaron la sintomatología psicopatológica, las actitudes sexuales machistas y las variables sociodemográficas en 900 mujeres (300 que habían denunciado a sus parejas por abusos, 300 que nunca lo habían hecho y 300 de la población general), con edades entre 18 y 72 años. El abuso sufrido por la mujer en el ámbito marital se asocia a síntomas psicopatológicos y a actitudes sexuales machistas. La decisión de denunciar a la pareja depende de la intensidad del propio abuso y de que la mujer tenga un rol social más liberal y por tanto menos ajustado a los estándares tradicionales de género.

Some factors associated with intimate partner violence and their complaint among women is here examined. Psychopathological symptoms, sexist attitudes and some sociodemographic variables were assessed in a sample of 900 women (300 women who reported partner abuse, 300 women who never reported partner abuse and 300 women in the general population). The age range was from 18 to 72 years old. The abuse suffered by women within marriage is associated with psychopatological symptoms and sexist attitudes. The women's decision to report partner abuse depends on both the intensity of the abuse and women's values as more liberal and less conformed by traditional gender standards.

Infección por helicobacter pylori asociada con neoplasias gástricas malignas en el estado de Guerrero, México. 2001-2011 / Infection by helicobacter pylori associated with gastric malignant in Guerrero state, Mexico. 2001-2011

Introducción: La asociación entre Helicobacter pylori y las neoplasias gástricas malignas ha sido ampliamente demostrada, en relación con esto, la OMS determinó que el microorganismo es agente carcinógeno comprobado del grupo I. En México la prevalencia de infección por esta bacteria es alta. Objetivo: Evaluación de la relación entre variables sociodemográficas, clínicoendoscópicas e histopatológicas con los diferentes tipos de neoplasias gástricas malignas en pacientes Helicobacter pylori positivos y negativos. Pacientes y métodos: Se desarrolló una investigación en la región Sur de México, de tipo retrospectiva, descriptiva e inferencial; se estudiaron 214 casos con adenocarcinoma gástrico y linfoma asociado a mucosas (MALT, por sus siglas en inglés), diagnosticados en el período 2001-2011, de los cuales 99 presentaron Helicobacter pylori. Se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas para evaluar la posible relación entre variables. Procedimientos: Media aritmética y desviación estándar, porcentajes y sus errores. Técnicas: Prueba de Chi² para tablas de contingencia, correlación de rango de Spearman, estimación de parámetros poblacionales, comparación de porcentajes relacionados. Resultados: Se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre el diagnóstico histológico y edades, serotipo sanguíneo, antecedente de familiares con cáncer y la sintomatología (dispepsia y signos de alarma). Y asociaciones muy significativas entre la presencia de Helicobacter pylori con vivos, fallecidos y el diagnóstico histológico. Se determinó que el adenocarcinoma difuso aparece entre 48,8% y 62,4% con una probabilidad de 95% en la población con esta característica, igualmente el porcentaje de neoplasia/tumor dentro del diagnóstico endoscópico oscila entre 68,4% y 80,6% con una probabilidad de 95%. El intervalo de confianza con 99% de certeza para la edad en que se manifiestan estas enfermedades se mueve entre 56 y 62 años. Conclusiones: Queda demostrado que las características sociodemográficas, clínicoendoscópicas e histológicas de los pacientes con adenocarcinoma y linfoma MALT influyen en el diagnóstico final, evolución y pronóstico. La presencia de Helicobacter pylori en estos pacientes fue determinante para su sobrevivencia.

Introduction:The association between Helicobacter pylori and the gastric malignant has been extensively demonstrated, in relation to this, the WHO determined that the microorganism is a carcinogen agent proved from group I. In Mexico the prevalence of infection by this bacterium it is high Objective: Evaluation of the relationship between the socio-demographic, clinical-endoscopic and histopathological variables with the different kinds of gastric malignant in Helicobacter pylori positive and negative patients. Patients and methods: An investigation was carried out to determine the kind of association in a population of the south region of Mexico. The type of research is retrospective, descriptive and inferential, 214 cases with gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma associated to the mucosal (MALT) were studied, they were diagnosed from 2001 to 2011, of which 99 had Helicobacter pylori. Statistical techniques to evaluate the possible relationship between variables were used. Procedures: Arithmetic mean and standard deviation, percentages and its errors. Techniques: Chi square test for contingency tables, correlation of Spearman´s range, population parameter estimation, related percentage comparison. Results: It was found meaningful associations between the histologic diagnostic and ages, blood serotype, antecedent of relatives with cancer and the symptomatology (dyspepsia and alarm signs), and very meaningful association between the presence of Helicobacter pylori with alive, deceased and the histologic diagnostic. It was determined that diffuse adenocarcinoma appears between a 48,8% and 62,4% with a probability of the 95% in the population with this characteristics, likewise, the percentage of neoplasm/toumor within endoscopic diagnosis ranges between 68,4% and 80,6% with a 95% probability. The interval of confidence with the 99% of certainty for the age in which these illnesses appear it moves between 56 and 62 years. Conclusions: It has been proved that the socio-demographic, clinical-endoscopic and histologic characteristics of these patients with adenocarcinoma and lymphoma MALT have an influence in the final diagnostic, evolution and prognostic. The presence of Helicobacter pylori in these patients was determining for their survival.

Crenças e práticas de cuidado entre mães residentes em capitais e pequenas cidades Brasileiras / Beliefs and care practices of mothers living in Brazilian capital cities and small towns

Na presente pesquisa foram comparadas crenças e práticas de cuidado de mães de cidades pequenas e capitais brasileiras. Participaram do estudo 307 mães de cidades pequenas e 299 de capitais, as quais responderam a uma escala que avalia cuidados primários e estimulação. Os resultados indicaram que mães das cidades pequenas afirmaram realizar significativamente mais práticas de cuidados primários do que mães das capitais e estas afirmaram realizar e valorizar significativamente mais práticas de estimulação. Uma maior idade da criança e maior nível educacional da mãe explicaram significativamente a estimulação. Conclui-se que existe certa similaridade nas práticas e crenças das mães, que são independentes do lugar onde elas residem, assim como diferentes ênfases nas práticas de cuidado, dependendo da influência de variáveis sociodemográficas em cada contexto.(AU)

This study aimed to compare both beliefs and care practices of mothers living in capital cities and small towns. Three hundred seven mothers living in capital cities and 299 in small towns answered a scale that assesses primary care and stimulation. A sociodemographic questionnaire has also been used. The results indicated that mothers from small towns reported developing significantly more practices of primary care than the ones who live in the capitals. Mothers from the capitals value and practice more stimulation than primary care. The age of the child and the educational level of the mother explained significantly the stimulation results. Therefore, it seems there is some similarity in the practices and beliefs of mothers which are independent of the context where they live. There are also different emphases on health care practices, but these are influenced by sociodemographic variables depending on each context.(AU)

Crenças e práticas de cuidado entre mães residentes em capitais e pequenas cidades Brasileiras / Beliefs and care practices of mothers living in Brazilian capital cities and small towns

Na presente pesquisa foram comparadas crenças e práticas de cuidado de mães de cidades pequenas e capitais brasileiras. Participaram do estudo 307 mães de cidades pequenas e 299 de capitais, as quais responderam a uma escala que avalia cuidados primários e estimulação. Os resultados indicaram que mães das cidades pequenas afirmaram realizar significativamente mais práticas de cuidados primários do que mães das capitais e estas afirmaram realizar e valorizar significativamente mais práticas de estimulação. Uma maior idade da criança e maior nível educacional da mãe explicaram significativamente a estimulação. Conclui-se que existe certa similaridade nas práticas e crenças das mães, que são independentes do lugar onde elas residem, assim como diferentes ênfases nas práticas de cuidado, dependendo da influência de variáveis sociodemográficas em cada contexto.

This study aimed to compare both beliefs and care practices of mothers living in capital cities and small towns. Three hundred seven mothers living in capital cities and 299 in small towns answered a scale that assesses primary care and stimulation. A sociodemographic questionnaire has also been used. The results indicated that mothers from small towns reported developing significantly more practices of primary care than the ones who live in the capitals. Mothers from the capitals value and practice more stimulation than primary care. The age of the child and the educational level of the mother explained significantly the stimulation results. Therefore, it seems there is some similarity in the practices and beliefs of mothers which are independent of the context where they live. There are also different emphases on health care practices, but these are influenced by sociodemographic variables depending on each context.

Comparación entre mujeres blancas y negras víctimas de la violencia de pareja en el nordeste de Brasil / A comparison of black and white women victims of partner violence in northeastern Brazil

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los casos de mujeres blancas y negras víctimas de la violencia de pareja en el nordeste de Brasil, así como determinar las diferencias de abuso dentro del marco de una relación de pareja en función de diversas variables sociodemográficas. Una muestra de 386 mujeres (183 blancas y 203 negras) con relación de pareja heterosexual desde hacía al menos seis meses contestó al Index of Spouse Abuse. Los resultados encontrados permiten concluir que las mujeres de raza negra sufren más abusos en su relación de pareja que las blancas, y que la edad, el nivel educativo, la ocupación, la práctica religiosa y la ideología política no se relacionan con la frecuencia de abuso físico y no físico.

The aim of this study was to compare the partner violence among white and black women in northeastern Brazil and to determine the differences of abuse within an intimate relation in function of various sociodemographic variables. The Index of Spouse Abuse was administered in one sample of 386 heterosexual women (183 white and 203 black). These results allow to infer that black women experience more abuse than white women, and that age, educational level, occupation, religious practice and political ideology are not related to the frequency of physical and non physical abuse.

Variáveis sociodemográficas como determinantes do domínio meio ambiente da qualidade de vida de adolescentes / Sociodemographic variables as determinant of the environment domain of quality of life of adolescents

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar a relação entre variáveis sociodemográficas e o domínio meio ambiente da qualidade de vida (QV) de adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 608 adolescentes com idades entre 14 e 20 anos, do município da Lapa (PR). Para a avaliação da QV e da condição socioeconômica, foram utilizados, respectivamente, o questionário WHOQOL-Bref e da ABEP. Para análise dos dados, recorreu-se à estatística descritiva e aos testes qui-quadrado, exato de Fisher e regressão logística binária, considerando p<0,05. O valor médio da QV global e do domínio meio ambiente dos adolescentes foi 67,3 por cento e 55,6 por cento, respectivamente. Moças tiveram 1,9 vezes mais chance para apresentar domínio meio ambiente ruim do que rapazes, bem como indivíduos menos abastados (classe B e C+D+E) apresentaram, respectivamente, 5,7 e 7,4 vezes mais risco para possuir domínio meio ambiente ruim quando comparados com adolescentes da classe socioeconômica A. Pode-se inferir que o domínio meio ambiente apresentou-se como ponto vulnerável da QV dos adolescentes investigados. Os principais subgrupos em risco para possuir domínio meio ambiente da QV ruim foram compostos por adolescentes do sexo feminino e pertencentes às classes socioeconômicas menos favorecidas.

This study aimed to identify the relationship between sociodemographic variables and environment domain of Quality of Life (QOL) of adolescents. The sample was composed by 608 adolescents aged 14 to 20 years, from the municipality of Lapa, Paraná State, South of Brazil. The WHOQOL-Bref and ABEP questionnaires were used, respectively, to assess the QOL and socioeconomic condition. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and chi-square tests, exact Fisher and logistic regression binary, considering p<0.05. The average value of QOL overall and environment domain of adolescents was 67.3 percent and 55.6 percent, respectively. Girls were 1.9 times more likely to present poor environment domain than boys, and less wealthy individuals (B and C+D+E classes) showed, respectively, 5.7 and 7.4 times more risk to have poor environment domain when compared with adolescents of A class socioeconomic. It can be inferred that the environment domain presented themselves as vulnerable point of the QOL of adolescents investigated. The main groups in risk to the have poor environment domain of the QOL were composed by female adolescents, belonging to less advantaged socioeconomic classes.

Relación de variables sociodemográficas y laborales con manifestaciones clínicas en trabajadores agentes de tránsito, México / Sociodemographic and labor variables as related to clinical manifestations in traffic officers, México

Actualmente millones de trabajadores desarrollan sus actividades laborales bajo condiciones inseguras. Las estadísticas señalan que las enfermedades laborales van incrementándose día a día, entendiendo por enfermedad de trabajo a "todo estado patológico derivado de la acción continuada de una causa que tenga su origen o motivo en el trabajo" (1) El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la relación entre las variables sociodemográficas y laborales con las manifestaciones clínicas en hombres y mujeres agentes de tránsito, México. Se realizó un estudio de tipo transversal. La población participante la constituyeron 801 hombres y 73 mujeres. Se aplicó un cuestionario el cual incluía variables de tipo sociodemográfico, laborales y de salud. El 32.9 por ciento de las mujeres manifestó haber presentado alguna molestia y/o enfermedad contra un 33.7 por ciento de los hombres. Se demostró asociación significativa entre las variables sociodemográficas y laborales con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, metabólicas y musculoesqueléticas, principalmente en los hombres, además de haber asociación entre las variables enfocadas a salud con la enfermedad, agregándose a las ya mencionadas, las enfermedades respiratorias superiores y gastrointestinales. Se concluye que algunos factores de tipo psicosocial están asociados al desarrollo de alguna enfermedad y qye trabajar bajo condiciones inseguras puede ser un factor condicionante negativo en la salud del trabajador.

Currently millions of workers perform their work under unsafe conditions. Statistics indicate that occupational diseases are increasing day to day. A labor disease is any pathological condition resulting from the continuous action of a cause that has its origin or motive at work. The objetive of this study was to determine the relationship betweeen sociodemographic and labor variables and clinical manifestations in men and women traffic officers in Mexico. A crosssectional study was undertaken. The participant population was made up of 801 men and 73 women. A questionnaire was applied which included sociodemographics, health, and labor topics. 32,9% of women stated that they had suffered some discomfort and/or illness, versus 33,7% of the men. There was a significant association between sociodemographic and labor variables and cardiovascular, metabolic and musculoskeletal diseases, mainly in men. In addition there was an association between health/disease variables and upper respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. This study concludes that that some psychosocial factors are associated to the development of some diseases and that work under unsafe conditions may be a negative determining factor on worker health.