RESUMO
The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the N-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)- 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium perchlorate and of its deprotonated betaine 4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinio)-2,6-dichlorophenolate (Wolfbeis's ET(33) dye) were recorded in various solvents and analyzed in search of solvent-dependent shifts that characterize their solvatomagnetism, which was compared with the well-known UV-vis spectral behavior of this important solvatochromic dye. Although the NMR spectra of ET(33) and its phenolic precursor in different solvents correlated only poorly with their UV-vis spectral responses, they provided valuable information on specific structural features and solute-solvent interactions that are not available from their UV-vis spectra.
RESUMO
Eight compounds with phenols as electron-donating groups and 5-nitrothiophen-2-yl or 5-nitrofuran-2-yl acceptor moieties in their molecular structures were synthesized. The crystalline structures of six compounds were obtained. Their corresponding phenolate dyes were studied in 29â solvents and the data showed that in all cases a reverse solvatochromism occurred. The results are explained in terms of the ability of the medium to stabilize the electronic ground and excited states of the probes to different extents. The frontier molecular orbitals were analyzed for the protonated and deprotonated forms of the compounds. The calculated geometries are in agreement with the X-ray structures determined for the compounds and it was verified that after their deprotonation an increase in the electron delocalization occurs. Radial distribution functions were calculated for the dyes in water and n-hexane to analyze different solvation patterns resulting from the interaction of the solvents with the dyes. Data obtained by using the Catalán multiparameter equation revealed that the medium acidity is responsible for hypsochromic shifts, whereas the solvent basicity, polarizability, and dipolarity contributed to bathochromic shifts of the solvatochromic band of these dyes. Two model "hybrid cyanine" dyes were used in the design of simple experiments to demonstrate that the solvatochromic behavior of these dyes in solution can be tuned with careful consideration of the properties of the medium.
RESUMO
In this work we present the effect of temperature on the viscosities of aqueous so-lutions of 3-aminopropanoic acid, 4-ami-nobutanoic acid, 5-aminopentanoic acid and 6-aminohexanoic acid as a function of concentration. The experimental mea-surements were done from 293.15 K to 308.15 K. At each temperature the experimental data were fitted to the Tsangaris-Martin equation and the B viscosity coefficient was determined. The dependence of the B coefficients on the number of carbon atoms of the amino acids is linear, so the contribution of polar and apolar groups was established. The results are interpreted in terms of amino acid hydration.
En este trabajo se presenta el efecto de la temperatura sobre las viscosidades de soluciones acuosas de acido 3-aminopro-panoico, acido 4-aminobutanoico, acido 5-aminopentanoico, acido 6-aminohexa-noico en función de la concentración. Las determinaciones experimentales se realizaron en un intervalo de temperatura entre 293,15 K hasta 308,15 K. A cada una de las temperaturas trabajadas, los datos experimentales se ajustaron a la ecuación de Tsangaris-Martin y se determinó el coeficiente B de viscosidad. La dependencia del coeficiente B con el número de carbonos del aminoácido es lineal lo cual permitió establecer la contribución de los grupos polares y apo-lares del aminoácido. Los resultados se interpretan en términos de la hidratación de los aminoácidos.
Neste trabalho é apresentado o efeito da temperatura sobre as viscosidades das soluções aquosas de ácido 3-aminopro-panoico, ácido 4-aminobutanoico, ácido 5-aminopentanoico, ácido 6-aminohe-xanoico em função da concentração. As determinações experimentais foram feitas em um intervalo de temperatura entre os 293,15 K até 308,15 K. Para cada uma das temperaturas trabalhadas, os dados experimentais foram ajustados à equação de Tsangaris-Martin, e o coe-fciente B de viscosidade foi determinado. A dependência do coeficiente B com o número de carbonos do aminoácido é linear e permitiu estabelecer a contri-buição dos grupos polares e apolares do aminoácido. Os resultados foram interpretados em termos da hidratação dos aminoácidos.
RESUMO
La influencia de la temperatura sobre las propiedades volumétricas de soluciones acuosas ha sido frecuentemente usada para obtener información sobre los efectos de los distintos solutos sobre la estructura del agua. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados experimentales de densidades de soluciones acuosas diluidas de n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol y n-octanol a 288,15; 293,15; 298,15; 303,15 y 308,15 K. Las medidas de densidad fueron realizadas en un densímetro Antón Paar de tubo vibracional (DMA 60/602) y a partir de los datos obtenidos se calcularon volúmenes de exceso, volúmenes molares aparentes y volúmenes molares parciales a dilución infinita. Para determinar el carácter hidrofóbico de los solutos empleados y su efecto sobre la estructura del agua se empleó el criterio de la segunda derivada del volumen molar parcial en función de la temperatura. Se calculó la contribución volumétrica del grupo CH2 encontrándose que tiene un valor constante en el rango de temperatura estudiado.
The effect of temperature on the behavior of volumetric and surface properties of aqueous solutions has often been used to obtain information about solute effect on water structure. In this work, we present experimental results for densities of dilute aqueous solutions of n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol and n-octanol at 288.15; 293.15; 298.15; 303.15 and 308.15 K. Density measurements were realized using an Anton Paar (DMA 60/602) vibrating tube densimeter. Excess volumes, apparent volumes and molar partial volumes at infinite dilution were evaluated from density data. The second derivate of partial molar volume with temperature was used to determine the hydrophobic character of the solutes and their effect on the water structure. The volumetric contribution of CH2 group was evaluated and it has a constant value at the studied temperatures.
A influência da temperatura sobre as propriedades volumétricas de soluções aquosas tem sido freqüentemente usada para obter informação sobre os efeitos dos diferentes solutos na estrutura do água. Neste trabalho apresentam-se os resultados experimentais de densidades de soluções aquosas diluídas de n-pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol y n-octanol à 288,15; 293,15; 298,15; 303,15 y 308,15 K. As medidas de densidade foram realizadas num densímetro Anton Paar de tubo vibracional (DMA 60/602) e partindo dos dados obtidos calcularam-se volumes de excesso, volumes molares aparentes e volumes molares parciais à diluição infinita. Para determinar o caráter hidrofóbico dos solutos e o seu efeito sobre estrutura de água usou-se o critério da segunda derivada do volume molar parcial em função da temperatura. Foi calculado a contribuição volumétrica do grupo de CH2 encontrando- se que tem um valor constante na faixa de temperatura estudada.