Structural and Techno-Functional Properties of BovineCollagen and Its Application in Hamburgers.

The objective of this work is to characterize two types of bovine collagen (fibre and powder), evaluating its application in mixed hamburger formulations, as well as the quality characteristics of the products. The collagen fibre had a fibrillar structure, molecular mass 100 kDa and greater gel strength (146 315 Pa) and protein content (97.81%) than the powdered collagen, which had molecular mass from 50 to 100 kDa, greater hydroxyproline content, and a morphological structure with spherical microparticles more amorphous than the collagen fibre. In this study we found that the addition of 1.5% powdered collagen and 2.5% flocculated soybean flour and/or 0.75% powdered collagen and 3.5% flocculated soybean flour did not deteriorate the technological properties or the sensory attributes of hamburgers. The use of collagen is a promising alternative, since it has functional properties, improves the texture characteristics of a product, and is of low cost.

Nitrogen balance after a single oral consumption of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volúbilis L.) protein compared to soy protein: a randomized study in humans.

Sacha inchi is a seed produced in the Peruvian Amazonian and its oil is recognized by the lowering lipids effect in humans. The remaining material transformed to flour has a higher amount of protein, but, the nitrogen balance once ingested orally has not been studied. The present study was designed to evaluate the nitrogen balance after single consumption of 30 g of sacha inchi flour and compared with that obtained after consumption of 30 g soybean flour in adult men and women. This was a double-blind cohort study in 15 men and 15 women between 18 and 55 years old. Fifteen subjects received soy meal and 15 subjects received sacha inchi meal. Group receiving sacha inchi flour has comparable initial parameters as those receiving soybean flour (p > 0.05). Blood samples at different times were obtained. Urine for 24 h was collected to calculate nitrogen balance, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Plasma insulin levels increased post-prandial with a peak at 30 min. Thereafter, a reduction occurred. The magnitude of changes in insulin levels was similar in sacha inchi and soybean groups (p < 0.05). Lipid profile and inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) was not different at 0 or 24 h after sacha inchi or soy flour administration. The nitrogen balance was negative in the study but similar between both groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, protein consumption of sacha inchi flour has the same nitrogen balance as soybean flour, shows acceptability for a single consumption and does not present serious adverse effects.

Inhibitory substances production by Lactobacillus plantarum ST16Pa cultured in hydrolyzed cheese whey supplemented with soybean flour and their antimicrobial efficiency as biopreservatives on fresh chicken meat.

Cheese whey, the main byproduct of the dairy industry, is one of the most worrisome types of industrial waste, not only because of its abundant annual global production but also because it is a notable source of environmental pollution. However, cheese whey can serve as a raw material for the production of biocomposites. In this context, in this study, we assayed the production of a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) and lactate by culturing Lactobacillus plantarum ST16Pa in hydrolyzed fresh cheese whey. The process was improved by studying the enzymatic hydrolysis of cheese whey as well as its supplementation with soybean flour under microaerophilic or anaerobic conditions. Thus, the highest values of BLIS (7367.23 arbitrary units [AU]/mL) and lactate yield (Ylactate/lactose=1.39g/g) were achieved after addition of 10g/L soybean flour in microaerophilia. These conditions were successfully scaled up in a bioreactor because during complete anaerobiosis at 150rpm, L. plantarum ST16Pa attained considerable cell growth (3.14g/L), lactate concentration (14.33g/L), and BLIS activity (8082.56AU/mL). In addition, the cell-free supernatant resulting from this bioprocess showed high biopreservative efficiency in chicken breast fillets artificially contaminated with Enterococcus faecium 711 during 7days of refrigerated storage, thus indicating the potential use of this BLIS as a biopreservative in the food industry.

Fibrinolytic protease production by new Streptomyces sp: DPUA 1576 from Amazon lichens

Background Streptomyces sp. DPUA 1576 from Amazon lichens was studied to protease and fibrinolytic production. A 2² factorial experimental design was applied to optimize its protease enzyme production using two independent variables, namely soybean flour and glucose concentrations. Results The optimal conditions to obtain high protease production (83.42 U/mL) were 1.26% soybean flour and 1.23% glucose concentration. A polynomial model was fitted to correlate the relationship between the two variables and protease activity. In relation to fibrinolytic activity, the highest activity of 706.5 mm² was obtained at 1.7% soybean flour and 1.0% glucose concentration, which was 33% higher than plasmin. Fibrinolytic production was not optimized in the studied conditions. Conclusions These results show that the optimization of the culture medium can enhance protease production, thus becoming a good process for further research. In addition, Streptomyces sp. DPUA 1576, isolated from Amazon lichens, might be a potential strain for fibrinolytic protease production.

Soybean flour induces a greater increase of the antioxidant defenses in rats fed with a normocaloric diet compared with a hypercaloric diet.

BACKGROUND: Soybeans, due to their antioxidant properties, present beneficial health effects. The objective was to evaluate if replacing casein with soy flour, modifies antioxidant defenses in rat liver, compared to animals that continued being fed with casein based diets (normocaloric and hypercaloric). RESULTS: Four groups of rats were used: CC (control casein), CS (control soy), HC (hypercaloric casein) and HS (hypercaloric soy). Malondialdehyde, in serum and liver, did not present differences. In liver, when comparing CS vs. CC: increased superoxide dismutase 1 (P < 0.001), catalase (P < 0.01) and glutathione reductase (P < 0.05) activities, the total glutathione (P < 0.001) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.05) content and decreased oxidized glutathione content (P < 0.05). In HS vs. HC: increased carbonyl groups (P < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase 1 activity (P < 0.05), and decreased glutathione peroxidase activity (P < 0.01), total glutathione (P < 0.05) and oxidized glutathione content (P < 0.001). In HS vs. CS: decreased glutathione reductase activity (P < 0.01), total glutathione (P < 0.001) and reduced glutathione (P < 0.01) content, and increased oxidized glutathione content (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Replacing casein by soybean flour improves antioxidant defenses, mainly in normocaloric diets.

Optimisation of soy flour fermentation parameters to produce ß-glucosidase for bioconversion into aglycones.

The solid state fermentation (SSF) parameters of defatted soybean flour (DSF) with Aspergillus oryzae IOC 3999/1998 or Monascus purpureus NRRL 1992 was evaluated using a rotational central composite experimental design to optimise the production of ß-glucosidase and convert glycosidic isoflavones in aglycones. Variables investigated were initial pH of DSF, volume of water added to 10 g of DSF and incubation temperature. ß-Glucosidase activity was measured using the synthetic substrate, p-nitrophenyl-ß-D-glucoside. The content of isoflavones was determinate by ultra performance liquid chromatography. The highest production of ß-glucosidase for both strains occurred when adding 10 mL of water to the DSF, incubating at 30 °C and using 6.0 as the initial DSF pH. A. oryzae IOC 3999/1998 expressed ß-glucosidase activity at 10.7 times higher than M. purpureus NRRL 1992. The DSF fermentation was more efficient in converting isoflavones with M. purpureus NRRL 1992.

Heat-treated hull flour does not affect iron bioavailability in rats / Farinha de soja com casca tratada termicamente

In this study the chemical composition and iron bioavailability of hull and hull-less soybean flour from the new cultivar UFVTN 105AP was evaluated. The hemoglobin depletion-repletion method was used in Wistar rats. Soybean hull flour presented 37% more total dietary fiber and higher content of iron than hull-less soybean flour. The phytate:iron molar ratio, however, was 2-fold lower in the soybean hull flour in compared to the hull-less soybean flour. Animals fed soybean hull flour presented hemoglobin gains similar to those of the control diet group (p>0.05). The Relative Biological Values of hull and hull-less soybean flour were 68.5% and 67.1%, respectively, compared to the control group. Heat-treated soybean hull flour (150ºC/30 minutes) showed high content of iron and low phytate, which favors the iron bioavailability. Thus, the soybean hull flour is a better source of dietary fiber and iron than hull-less soybean flour at comparable bioavailabilities.

Neste estudo foram avaliadas a composição química e a biodisponibilidade de ferro das farinhas de soja com e sem casca do novo cultivar UFVTN 105AP. O método usado foi de depleção-repleção de hemoglobina em ratos Wistar. A farinha de soja com casca apresentou 37% a mais de fibra alimentar e maior teor de ferro (p 0,05). O Valor Relativo de Biodisponibilidade (VRB) da farinha de soja com casca e sem casca foram 68,5% e 67,1%, respectivamente, em relação ao sulfato ferroso (100%). A farinha de soja com casca submetida ao tratamento térmico (150ºC/30 minutos) apresentou maior teor de ferro e reduzido conteúdo de fitato, favorecendo a biodisponibilidade de ferro. Assim, a farinha de soja com casca apresentou melhor fonte de fibra alimentar e ferro do que a farinha de soja sem casca de comparável biodisponibilidade.

Equipamento experimental para determinação de isotermas de adsorção pelo método dinâmico

The evaluation of the performance of an experimental apparatus for the determination of flour sorption isotherms was carried out. To adjust the water activity - Aa - values (0.51; 0.57; 0.67; 0.75; 0.79 and 0.81) of the air stream, saturated salt solutions were used. The comparison of the apparatus with and without air recycling, was done by determining the sorption isotherm of soybean flour at 35°C. The air recycling model enables to obtain reliable data in a high Aa range, where samples are usually impaired by microbial growth when the other model is used. Time to obtain equilibrium for soybean flour with the air recycling model was about 50% less than for the model without air recycling.

Foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho de equipamento experimental para a determinação de curvas de umidade de equilíbrio - isoterma de adsorção - de farinhas pelo método dinâmico. Para o ajuste dos valores definidos (0,51; 0,57; 0,67; 0,75; 0,79 e 0,81) de atividade de água - Aa - na corrente de ar, foram usadas soluções saturadas de sais. A comparação da eficiência do equipamento, com e sem recirculação de ar, foi feita determinando-se a isoterma de adsorção de farinha de soja a 35°C. A versão com recirculação de ar permite a obtenção de dados de equilíbrio em elevados níveis de Aa, nos quais há perda das amostras por crescimento microbiano quando se emprega a versão sem recirculação. Os tempos necessários para a obtenção do equilíbrio da farinha com as umidades relativas das correntes de ar são cerca de 50% menores na versão com recirculação de ar.

Equipamento experimental para determinação de isotermas de adsorção pelo método dinâmico

The evaluation of the performance of an experimental apparatus for the determination of flour sorption isotherms was carried out. To adjust the water activity - Aa - values (0.51; 0.57; 0.67; 0.75; 0.79 and 0.81) of the air stream, saturated salt solutions were used. The comparison of the apparatus with and without air recycling, was done by determining the sorption isotherm of soybean flour at 35°C. The air recycling model enables to obtain reliable data in a high Aa range, where samples are usually impaired by microbial growth when the other model is used. Time to obtain equilibrium for soybean flour with the air recycling model was about 50% less than for the model without air recycling.

Foi realizada a avaliação do desempenho de equipamento experimental para a determinação de curvas de umidade de equilíbrio - isoterma de adsorção - de farinhas pelo método dinâmico. Para o ajuste dos valores definidos (0,51; 0,57; 0,67; 0,75; 0,79 e 0,81) de atividade de água - Aa - na corrente de ar, foram usadas soluções saturadas de sais. A comparação da eficiência do equipamento, com e sem recirculação de ar, foi feita determinando-se a isoterma de adsorção de farinha de soja a 35°C. A versão com recirculação de ar permite a obtenção de dados de equilíbrio em elevados níveis de Aa, nos quais há perda das amostras por crescimento microbiano quando se emprega a versão sem recirculação. Os tempos necessários para a obtenção do equilíbrio da farinha com as umidades relativas das correntes de ar são cerca de 50% menores na versão com recirculação de ar.