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1.
Sensors (Basel) ; 21(3)2021 Jan 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33513861

RESUMO

In this paper, a novel optical technique for following the progress of the blister copper desulfurization process is presented. The technique is based on the changes observed in the continuous spectrum of the visible-near-infrared (VIS-NIR) radiation that the blister melt emits while the chemical reactions of the sulfur elimination process are taking place. Specifically, the proposed technique uses an optical probe composed of an optical fiber, a collimating lens, and a quartz tube, which is immersed in the melt. This optical probe provides a field of view of the blowing zone where the desulfurization reaction occurs. The experimental results show that the melt VIS-NIR total irradiance evolves inversely to the SO2 concentration reported by a gas analyzer based on differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Furthermore, the blister copper spectral emissivity as well as the total emissivity observed throughout the process show strong correlation with the sulfur content during desulfurization reaction.

2.
Sensors (Basel) ; 20(5)2020 Feb 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32120881

RESUMO

In this paper, we report on the spectral detection of wustite, Fe(II) oxide (FeO), and magnetite, Fe(II, III) oxide (Fe3O4), molecular emissions during the combustion of pyrite (FeS2), in a laboratory-scale furnace operating at high temperatures. These species are typically generated by reactions occurring during the combustion (oxidation) of this iron sulfide mineral. Two detection schemes are addressed: the first consisting of measurements with a built-in developed spectrometer with a high sensitivity and a high spectral resolution. The second one consisting of spectra measured with a low spectral resolution and a low sensitivity commercial spectrometer, but enhanced and analyzed with post signal processing and multivariate data analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA) and a multivariate curve resolution - the alternating least squares method (MCR-ALS). A non-linear model is also proposed to reconstruct spectral signals measured during pyrite combustion. Different combustion conditions were studied to evaluate the capacity of the detection schemes to follow the spectral emissions of iron oxides. The results show a direct correlation between FeO and Fe3O4 spectral features intensity, and non-linear relations with key combustion variables such as flame temperature, and the combusted sulfide mineral particle size.

3.
Sensors (Basel) ; 18(7)2018 Jun 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29932156

RESUMO

In this paper, we report on spectral features emitted by a reaction shaft occurring in flash smelting of copper concentrates containing sulfide copper minerals such as chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4) and pyrite (FeS2). Different combustion conditions are addressed, such as sulfur-copper ratio and oxygen excess. Temperature and spectral emissivity features are estimated for each case by using the two wavelength method and radiometric models. The most relevant results have shown an increasing intensity behavior for higher sulfur-copper ratios and oxygen contents, where emissivity is almost constant along the visible spectrum range for all cases, which validates the gray body assumption. CuO and FeO emission line features along the visible spectrum appear to be a sensing alternative for describing the combustion reactions.

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