Understanding the evolution of competing institutional logics in the marketization of care: A stage model analysis of Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme.

This study explores the marketization of healthcare through a stage model analysis, focusing on Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). By employing mixed methods, including sentiment and frequency analysis as well as qualitative content analysis of policy documents and media coverage, we trace the NDIS's evolution and the interplay of competing social welfare and market logics over time. Our findings underline that the evolution and interplay between competing institutional logics follow a stage model of institutional change, detailing pre-emergence, orientation, contestation, consolidation, and normalization phases. Additionally, we observe a shift in dominant institutional logics across different stages, demonstrating the critical role of media and public sentiment in shaping discourse about the marketization of care, which intertwines with policy decision-making. Our findings emphasize the importance of adaptive engagement and communication strategies by policymakers to avoid marginalizing vulnerable groups as institutional logics evolve, especially in the latter stages of the process when a dominant logic has emerged. The study highlights the complex dynamics of institutional change and offers insights for both researchers and practitioners in the healthcare sector, shedding light on the coevolution of competing logics in the policy development and implementation process.

Promoting Consumers' Sustainable Consumption of Online Retail Cold Chain Logistics Services: Extended Applications of SOR and Cognitive-Affective-Conative Theories.

As food safety awareness rises and living standards improve, consumers have increasingly higher expectations for the efficiency and quality of cold chain logistics services. For cold chain logistics service providers, accurately understanding consumer psychology and enhancing their willingness to continue using the service-while guiding them to actively participate in green cold chain logistics practices-are necessary means to maintain competitiveness. Therefore, based on stimulus-organism-response and cognitive-affective-conative theories, this study constructs a three-stage model to explore the factors influencing consumers' continuous consumption of online retail cold chain delivery services. This study substantiates that consumers' intention to continue consuming proceeds through the following three stages: cognitive, affective, and conative. Specifically, the results indicate that consumer- and environment-oriented services significantly enhance consumer value and psychological empowerment, which further promotes their intention to continue using the service and participate in green practices. Moreover, psychological empowerment and perceived value fully and partially mediate the relationship between the two types of services and consumer sustainable consumption, respectively. These findings expand the research on cold chain consumption and deepen our understanding of how various factors influence consumer behavior.

An improved meteorological variables-based aerosol optical depth estimation method by combining a physical mechanism model with a two-stage model.

A two-stage model integrating a spatiotemporal linear mixed effect (STLME) and a geographic weight regression (GWR) model is proposed to improve the meteorological variables-based aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieval method (Elterman retrieval model-ERM). The proposed model is referred to as the STG-ERM model. The STG-ERM model is applied over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region in China for the years 2019 and 2020. The results show that data coverage increased by 39.0% in 2019 and 40.5% in 2020. Cross-validation of the retrieval results versus multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) AOD shows the substantial improvement of the STG-ERM model over earlier meteorological models for AOD estimation, with a determination coefficient (R2) of daily AOD of 0.86, root mean squared prediction error (RMSE) and the relative prediction error (RPE) of 0.10 and 36.14% in 2019 and R2 of 0.86, RMSE of 0.12 and RPE of 37.86% in 2020. The fused annual mean AOD indicates strong spatial variation with high value in south plain and low value in northwestern mountainous areas of the BTH region. The overall spatial seasonal mean AOD ranges from 0.441 to 0.586, demonstrating strongly seasonal variation. The coverage of STG-ERM retrieved AOD, as determined in this exercise by leaving out part of the meteorological data, affects the accuracy of fused AOD. The coverage of the meteorological data has smaller impact on the fused AOD in the districts with low annual mean AOD of less than 0.35 than that in the districts with high annual mean AOD of greater than 0.6. If available, continuous daily meteorological data with high spatiotemporal resolution can improve the model performance and the accuracy of fused AOD. The STG-ERM model may serve as a valuable approach to provide data to fill gaps in satellite-retrieved AOD products.

The impact of environmental regulation on green investment efficiency of thermal power enterprises in China-based on a three-stage exogenous variable model.

Due to the increased frequency of extreme weather events and the implementation of the China's dual-carbon target, thermal power companies have been under pressure to construct green infrastructure and to actively pursue low-carbon transformation in response to stricter environmental regulations. This research thus selects 30 listed thermal power enterprises in China as study objects and assesses their green investment efficiency in the low-carbon transition process using three-stage DEA evaluation model with environmental regulation as an exogenous variable. Based on this, a benchmark regression model is used to corroborate the relationship between environmental regulation and green investment. Simultaneously, we carry out analysis to compare the correlation between thermal power firms' green investment efficiency and their focus on green investments. The results show in terms of total efficiency that environmental regulation significantly improves the total efficiency of 80% of thermal power enterprises compared to the absence of this exogenous variable. With the addition of environmental regulation, firms' total efficiency declines gradually in general from 2018 to 2022, with the mean value of efficiency falling by 0.068. In terms of stage-specific efficiency, the efficiency of the green investment stage of the majority of firms is between 0.3 and 0.6, which is much lower than that of the operational stage and the market performance stage. In terms of sub-indicator efficiency, both green investment efficiency and social donation efficiency among thermal power enterprises show obvious polarization, with 30% of them having an efficiency of 1 and 30% less than 0.1. In terms of green investment focus, thermal power unit renovation has a more obvious role in boosting the green investment efficiency of thermal power enterprises than do wind power and photovoltaic projects. Therefore, both governmental departments and thermal power enterprises need to take active measures in order to achieve green transformation from the perspective of green investment efficiency. Through the segmentation of important projects of green investment, this paper provides a reasonable investment direction reference for the sustainable transformation of China's thermal power industry. It also provides a rich and novel theoretical basis for the Chinese government to further improve the relevant environmental protection laws and regulations of thermal power industry.

The effect of body size and inbreeding on cancer mortality in breeds of the domestic dog: a test of the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis.

Cancer is a leading cause of death in domestic dogs. Deaths due to cancer vary widely among breeds, providing an opportunity for testing the multi-stage model of carcinogenesis. This model underpins evolutionary and basic studies of cancer suppression and predicts a linear increase in cancer with breed size, an expectation complicated by bigger breeds having a shorter lifespan (decreasing risk). Using three independent datasets, the weight and lifespan of breeds provided a good fit of lifetime cancer mortality to the multi-stage model, the fit suggesting many canine cancers are initiated by four driver mutations. Of 85 breeds in more than one dataset, only flat-coated retriever showed significantly elevated cancer mortality, with Scottish terrier, Bernese mountain dog and bullmastiff also showing notable risk (greater than 50% over expected). Analysis of breed clades suggested terriers experience elevated cancer mortality. There was no evidence that the lower mass-specific metabolic rate of larger breeds reduced cancer risk. Residuals indicated increased breed inbreeding shortened expected lifespan, but had no overall effect on cancer mortality. The results provide a baseline for identifying increased breed risk for specific cancers and demonstrate that, unless selection promotes increased cancer suppression, the evolution of larger longer-lived animals leads to a predictable increased cancer risk.

Fetal-origin cells in maternal circulation correlate with placental dysfunction, fetal sex, and severe hypertension during pregnancy.

Fetal microchimerism (FMc) arises when fetal cells enter maternal circulation, potentially persisting for decades. Increased FMc is associated with fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, and anti-angiogenic shift in placenta-associated proteins in diabetic and normotensive term pregnancies. The two-stage model of preeclampsia postulates that placental dysfunction causes such shift in placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLt-1), triggering maternal vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether anti-angiogenic shift, fetal sex, fetal growth restriction, and severe maternal hypertension correlate with FMc in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy with new-onset features (n = 125). Maternal blood was drawn pre-delivery at > 25 weeks' gestation. FMc was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction targeting paternally inherited unique fetal alleles. PlGF and sFlt-1 were measured by immunoassay. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) by logistic regression and detection rate ratios (DRRs) by negative binomial regression. PlGF correlated negatively with FMc quantity (DRR = 0.2, p = 0.005) and female fetal sex correlated positively with FMc prevalence (OR = 5.0, p < 0.001) and quantity (DRR = 4.5, p < 0.001). Fetal growth restriction no longer correlated with increased FMc quantity after adjustment for correlates of placental dysfunction (DRR = 1.5, p = 0.272), whereas severe hypertension remained correlated with both FMc measures (OR = 5.5, p = 0.006; DRR = 6.3, p = 0.001). Our findings suggest that increased FMc is independently associated with both stages of the two-stage preeclampsia model. The association with female fetal sex has implications for microchimerism detection methodology. Future studies should target both male and female-origin FMc and focus on clarifying which placental mechanisms impact fetal cell transfer and how FMc impacts the maternal vasculature.

Interoceptive sensitivity and perception of others' emotions: an investigation based on a two-stage model.

Recent research shows that sensitivity to interoceptive sensitivity is associated with a more granular experience of emotions. These studies suggest that individuals sensitive to their interoceptive signals can better perceive somatic physiological changes as compared to their counterparts. Therefore, they discriminate among a wide and subtle range of emotions. Further, the perception of others' emotions could be based on our own emotional experiences. However, whether interoceptive sensitivity is related to the perception of others' emotions remains unclear. Therefore, this study examined the relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and emotional perception. Considering the model that emotion perception comprises two processes, categorization of facial expressions and approach-avoidance responses, this study examined both categorizations of facial expressions and approach-avoidance responses. The results showed no relationship between interoceptive sensitivity and the perception of emotion, which suggests that interoceptive sensitivity is related to the experience of emotion but does not affect the granularity of emotional perception. Future studies should diversely and empirically examine the role of the body in emotional perception from the perspective of interoceptive sensitivity.

Oscillations of algal cell quota: Considering two-stage phosphate uptake kinetics.

Elucidating the mechanism of effect of phosphate (PO43-) uptake on the growth of algal cells helps understand the frequent outbreaks of algal blooms caused by eutrophication. In this study, we develop a comprehensive mathematical model that incorporates two stages of PO43- uptake and accounts for transport time delay. The model parameter values are determined by fitting experimental data of Prorocentrum donghaiense and the model is validated using experimental data of Karenia mikimotoi. The numerical results demonstrate that the model successfully captures the general characteristics of algal growth and PO43- uptake under PO43- sufficient conditions. Significantly, the experimental and mathematical findings suggest that the time delay associated with the transfer of PO43- from the surface-adsorbed PO43- (Ps) pool to the intracellular PO43- (Pi) pool may serve as a physiologically plausible mechanism leading to oscillations of algal cell quota. These results have important implications for resource managers, enabling them to predict and deepen their understanding of harmful algal blooms.

A study on identifying synergistic prevention and control regions for PM2.5 and O3 and exploring their spatiotemporal dynamic in China.

Air pollutants, notably ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) give rise to evident adverse impacts on public health and the ecotope, prompting extensive global apprehension. Though PM2.5 has been effectively mitigated in China, O3 has been emerging as a primary pollutant, especially in summer. Currently, alleviating PM2.5 and O3 synergistically faces huge challenges. The synergistic prevention and control (SPC) regions of PM2.5 and O3 and their spatiotemporal patterns were still unclear. To address the above issues, this study utilized ground monitoring station data, meteorological data, and auxiliary data to predict the China High-Resolution O3 Dataset (CHROD) via a two-stage model. Furthermore, SPC regions were identified based on a spatial overlay analysis using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The standard deviation ellipse was employed to investigate the spatiotemporal dynamic characteristics of SPC regions. Some outcomes were obtained. The two-stage model significantly improved the accuracy of O3 concentration prediction with acceptable R2 (0.86), and our CHROD presented higher spatiotemporal resolution compared with existing products. SPC regions exhibited significant spatiotemporal variations during the Blue Sky Protection Campaign (BSPC) in China. SPC regions were dominant in spring and autumn, and O3-controlled and PM2.5-dominated zones were detected in summer and winter, respectively. SPC regions were primarily located in the northwest, north, east, and central regions of China, specifically in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration (BTH), Shanxi, Shaanxi, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Xinjiang, and Anhui provinces. The gravity center of SPC regions was distributed in the BTH in winter, and in Xinjiang during spring, summer, and autumn. This study can supply scientific references for the collaborative management of PM2.5 and O3.

Addressing sequential and concurrent treatment regimens in a small n sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (snSMART) in the MISTIC study.

Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and novel pediatric complication linked to COVID-19 exposure, which was first identified in April 2020. A small n, Sequential, Multiple Assignment, Randomized Trial (snSMART) was applied to the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Therapies in Children Comparative Effectiveness Study (MISTIC) to efficiently evaluate multiple competing treatments. In the MISTIC snSMART study, participants are randomized to one of three interventions (steroids, infliximab or anakinra), and potentially re-randomized to the remaining two treatments depending on their response to the first randomized treatment. However, given the novelty and urgency of the MIS-C disease, in addition to patient welfare concerns, treatments were not always administered sequentially, but allowed to be administered concurrently if deemed medically necessary. We propose a pragmatic modification to the original snSMART design to address the analysis of concurrent versus sequential treatments in the MISTIC study. A modified Bayesian joint stage model is developed that can distinguish a concurrent treatment effect from a sequential treatment effect. A simulation study is conducted to demonstrate the improved accuracy and efficiency of the primary aim to estimate the first stage treatments' response rates and the secondary aim to estimate the combined first and second stage treatments' responses in the proposed model compared to the standard snSMART Bayesian joint stage model. We observed that the modified model has improved efficiency in terms of bias and rMSE under large sample size settings.

Determinants of food security status of household in west Gojjam zone, Ethiopia.

Food security is based on a variety of factors, including how well agricultural production is doing, how much food we import, how many people are employed in the food industry, what public policies are put in place to improve food production strategy and food security of the household. Food is important for human beings so that everyone can have enough of it. A lack of food in the long term can lead to people becoming hungry and starving, which can be dangerous. There are many ways to boost food production and improve self-sufficiency and food security. One way is to develop small-scale irrigation schemes. In this study, multistage sampling was used to collect data from 400 sample rural households, and results showed that age, family size, market information, and price of the product are significant at 1% significance level, along with the non-farm income, and irrigation participation at 5% significance level. It was also found that education is significant at 10% significance level. Governments and relevant parties need to work together to address the issues of food security by disseminating current data on the irrigation industry to boost the agricultural product, enhance irrigation facilities, and provide extension agents with training to increase the level of food security in the country.

Binocular properties of contrast adaptation in human vision.

Adaptation to contrast has been known and studied for 50 years, and the functional importance of dynamic gain control mechanisms is widely recognized. Understanding of binocular combination and binocular fusion has also advanced in the last 20 years, but aside from interocular transfer (IOT), we still know little about binocular properties of contrast adaptation. Our observers adapted to a high contrast 3.6 c/deg grating, and we assessed contrast detection and discrimination across a wide range of test contrasts (plotted as threshold vs contrast [TvC] functions). For each combination of adapt/test eye(s), the adapted TvC data followed a 'dipper' curve similar to the unadapted data, but displaced obliquely to higher contrasts. Adaptation had effectively re-scaled all contrasts by a common factor Cs that varied with the combination of adapt and test eye(s). Cs was well described by a simple 2-parameter model that had separate monocular and binocular gain controls, sited before and after binocular summation respectively. When these two levels of adaptation were inserted into an existing model for contrast discrimination, the extended 2-stage model gave a good account of the TvC functions, their shape invariance with adaptation, and the contrast scaling factors. The underlying contrast-response function is of almost constant shape, and adaptation shifts it to higher contrasts by the factor log10(Cs) - a 'pure contrast gain control'. Evidence of partial IOT in cat V1 cells supports the 2-stage scheme, but is not consistent with a classic (single-stage) model.

Tabletability and compactibility of α-lactose monohydrate powders of different particle size. II: predicted relationships.

This study aimed to evaluate a material sparing method to predict tabletability and compactibility relationships. Seven α-lactose monohydrate powders with varying particle size were used as test materials. The compressibility of the powders was determined experimentally, whereas tabletability and compactibility profiles were derived both experimentally and predicted. In the prediction method, two experimental compression parameters (Kawakita b-1 and Heckel plastic stiffness) and a single tensile strength reference value were used, all necessary data obtained from a single compression experiment. For both predicted and experimental relationships, compaction and tableting parameters (performance indicators) were calculated. The correction for viscoelastic recovery was successful in generating compressibility profiles that corresponded to the series of experimental out-of-die tablet porosities. For both the tabletability and compactibility, the experimental and predicted profiles showed a high degree of similarity. Good correlations were obtained between the predicted and experimental compaction and tableting parameters. It is concluded that the hybrid prediction method is a material sparing method, which can give good approximations of tabletability and compactibility relationships. The prediction method has the potential to be included as a part of a protocol for the characterisation of the tableting performance of particulate solids.

Exploring information dissemination effect on social media: an empirical investigation.

Operators make profits by publishing information. If they can know the influencing factors in the process of information dissemination, they can provide new insights for practical operations and formulate corresponding operation strategies for different types of accounts. The purpose of this article is to discuss the information dissemination process of WeChat public accounts and what factors will affect the reading rate and sharing rate of the article. In this paper, the "feedback-sympathize-identify participant-share" (FSIPS) two-stage model is used to analyze the characteristics of information dissemination, and the negative binomial regression model is used to analyze which factors have a significant impact on the two stages of the dissemination model. Our data is obtained from a company that specializes in operating WeChat Official Accounts, and the data is authentic and more valuable. We collectively consider the roles of users, message content, interactions between content and individuals, and the context of social media in information dissemination behaviors (i.e., reading and sharing). In this process, some new variables, such as environment-related variables, are involved and incorporated into the two stages of information dissemination for analysis. The results show that the like rate, which is one of the feedback dimensions, has the greatest impact on the reading rate, while the favorite rate has the greatest impact on the sharing rate. Article type also plays a crucial role in the dissemination of information. In addition, the content relevance between the title and the content also largely affects the share rates of the three types.

Financial compensation for natural forest logging ban: Standard calculation based on willingness to accept.

To alleviate the deteriorating environment and protect biodiversity, China has implemented a natural forest protection system, demonstrating the importance of sustainable forest management for ecological conservation and socio-economic development, including the complete cessation of commercial logging of natural forests. Financial compensation is adopted to increase farmers' enthusiasm within the commercial Logging Ban of Natural Forests framework. This study used the contingent valuation method and the Heckman two-stage model to explore farmers' willingness to participate in the Logging Ban of Natural Forests and the willingness to accept by survey data on 486 farming households. 72% of farmers are willing to join the Logging Ban of Natural Forests. Their willingness to accept is 517.95 yuan/ha per year, higher than the current state subsidy standard (225 yuan/ha per year). The key factors influencing willingness to accept include the education and degree of fragmentation of woodland and village collective willingness to accept. The age of the rural household head, the fragmentation of the forest, and the evaluation of the Logging Ban of Natural Forests policies have inhibited the increase of farmers' compensation. Farmers' assessment of the Logging Ban of Natural Forests policy only impacts the medium level of compensation. The age and the degree of forest fragmentation would affect the higher compensation amount. The results from this study suggest more financial sources and increased compensation standards are needed. The government should also strengthen ecological awareness and adopt different compensation standards for other groups to achieve sustainable forestry.

Evolution of the theoretical description of the isoelectric focusing experiment: I. The path from Svensson's steady-state model to the current two-stage model of isoelectric focusing.

In 1961, Svensson described isoelectric focusing (IEF), the separation of ampholytic compounds in a stationary, natural pH gradient that was formed by passing current through a sucrose density gradient-stabilized ampholyte mixture in a constant cross-section apparatus, free of mixing. Stable pH gradients were formed as the electrophoretic transport built up a series of isoelectric ampholyte zones-the concentration of which decreased with their distance from the electrodes-and a diffusive flux which balanced the generating electrophoretic flux. When polyacrylamide gel replaced the sucrose density gradient as the stabilizing medium, the spatial and temporal stability of Svensson's pH gradient became lost, igniting a search for the explanation and mitigation of the loss. Over time, through a series of insightful suggestions, the currently held notion emerged that in the modern IEF experiment-where the carrier ampholyte (CA) mixture is placed between the anolyte- and catholyte-containing large-volume electrode vessels (open-system IEF)-a two-stage process operates that comprises a rapid first phase during which a linear pH gradient develops, and a subsequent slow, second stage, during which the pH gradient decays as isotachophoretic processes move the extreme pI CAs into the electrode vessels. Here we trace the development of the two-stage IEF model using quotes from the original publications and point out critical results that the IEF community should have embraced but missed. This manuscript sets the foundation for the companion papers, Parts 2 and 3, in which an alternative model, transient bidirectional isotachophoresis is presented to describe the open-system IEF experiment.

Grammatical encoding of double-object alternations in Zhuang: Evidence for the one-stage model.

Production research has yielded mixed findings regarding whether grammatical encoding specifies grammatical functions and linear word order simultaneously or separately, supporting either one-stage or two-stage models. Here, we focused on the double object (DO) and shifted double object (SDO) constructions in Zhuang, an ethnic minority language in China because they differ only in linear ordering of the two nouns whose grammatical functions are direct object and indirect object, assuming the roles of Theme and Recipient, respectively. Using two structural priming experiments, we found that both DO and SDO constructions induced within-structure priming effects, but they did not prime each other. Such structural priming effects persisted, regardless of whether semantic features (i.e., animacy of the Theme) were repeated across primes and targets. Taken together, these priming patterns support the one-stage model of grammatical encoding, where a conceptual representation is converted into a structure specifying both grammatical functions and linear word order.

Study on emergency management mechanism of drug volume-based procurement / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for the normalization of drug volume-based procurement （hereinafter referred to as “VBP”） and the establishment of local emergency management mechanism. METHODS Based on the equilibrium theory of the whole process of emergency management with Chinese conditions， referring to the “6+1” stage model， the emergency management mechanism of VBP was constructed； 21 provincial-level procurement projects in China from 2019 to 2022 were evaluated accordingly. RESULTS The emergency management mechanism of VBP including 14 measures in 7 stages of preparation， prevention， mitigation， response， recovery， learning and monitoring was successfully constructed. The total score of the 21 provincial-level procurement projects was 3 to 11 points， and the average score of each project in the past 4 years fluctuated slightly within 6 to 7 points. Among the 5 evaluated stages， the scores of the prevention and response stage were relatively high， followed by the mitigation and preparation stage， and the lowest in the recovery stage. Among the 11 rated emergency management measures， more than half had an average score greater than 0.5， but the average score of “determining alternative enterprise selection methods” was only 0.19. CONCLUSIONS Some emergency management measures of drug VBP are lacking， and the emergency management mechanism still needs to be perfected， which is not conducive to the development of emergency management work. The procurement organizer should focus on building a complete emergency management mechanism covering all stages， and clarify the specific measures at each stage， so as to ensure procurement effective and good in operation.

Role of risk perception and government regulation in reducing over-utilization of veterinary antibiotics: Evidence from hog farmers of China.

Antibiotic residues and resistance caused by farmers' overuse of veterinary antibiotics have severely damaged global food safety, the ecological environment, and public health. How to lessen the overutilization of antibiotics is of prime concern nowadays; however, the existing literature has paid little attention. So, to fill this gap, the current study explores the role of risk perception and government regulation in reducing the over-utilization of veterinary antibiotics by gathering data from 675 hog farmers in the Hebei, Henan, Hubei, and Shandong provinces of China. The Heckman two-stage model is employed to explore the phenomenon. Meanwhile, risk perception is categorized into food security risk perception (FSRP), ecological security risk perception (ESRP), and public health risk perception (PHRP), and government regulation is measured from antibiotic prescribed policy (APP), withdrawal period policy (WPP), and antibiotic recorded policy (ARP). The results showed that the PHRP (ODC: ME = -0.073, SE = 0.018; ODG: ME = -0.125, SE = 0.047) significantly inhibits farmers' overuse of antibiotics. In contrast, the ESRP and PHRP have not shown significant results in influencing farmers' overuse of antibiotics. Moreover, the APP (ODC: ME = -0.035, SE = 0.016; ODG: ME = -0.088, SE = 0.040) and WPP (ODC: ME = -0.072, SE = 0.039; ODG: ME = -0.175, SE = 0.097) significantly reduce antibiotics overuse, but the influence of the ARP on farmers' antibiotics overuse is not apparent. Further, a moderating effect model is used to analyze the moderating effect of government regulation on farmers' overuse of antibiotics influenced by risk perception. The results showed that the APP (ODC: ME = -0.041, SE = 0.012; ODG: ME = -0.075, SE = 0.018) and WPP (ODC: ME = -0.058, SE = 0.015; ODG: ME = -0.076, SE = 0.019) positively influence farmers' overuse of antibiotics impacted by public health risk perception. In contrast, the ARP has no positive reinforcement effect. Finally, the study proposes that government should devolve the supervision power to veterinarians, strengthen the regulation policy advocacy, conduct training programs for farmers regarding skills to use antibiotics, and strengthen biosafety measures.

Power prior models for estimating response rates in a small n, sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial.

A small n, sequential, multiple assignment, randomized trial (snSMART) is a small sample, two-stage design where participants receive up to two treatments sequentially, but the second treatment depends on response to the first treatment. The parameters of interest in an snSMART are the first-stage response rates of the treatments, but outcomes from both stages can be used to obtain more information from a small sample. A novel way to incorporate the outcomes from both stages uses power prior models, in which first stage outcomes from an snSMART are regarded as the primary (internal) data and second stage outcomes are regarded as supplemental data (co-data). We apply existing power prior models to snSMART data, and we also develop new extensions of power prior models. All methods are compared to each other and to the Bayesian joint stage model (BJSM) via simulation studies. By comparing the biases and the efficiency of the response rate estimates among all proposed power prior methods, we suggest application of Fisher's Exact Test or the Bhattacharyya's overlap measure to an snSMART to estimate the response rates in an snSMART, which both have performance mostly as good or better than the BJSM. We describe the situations where each of these suggested approaches is preferred.