Hierarchical analysis of barriers to circular business models in the recycling industry.

Circular business models in manufacturing, especially in the recycling industry, face many barriers that need to be managed and mitigated for successful business implementation. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the hierarchy of the main barriers to the implementation of circular business models in the recycling industry and evaluate strategies to overcome them. To achieve this goal, we first conducted a systematic literature review on barriers to implementing circular business models. Second, barriers were prioritized through a survey followed by an expert focus group. Building on these steps, we used interpretive structural modeling combined with a 'matrix of cross-impact multiplications applied to classification' to identify the hierarchy among barriers and describe their interdependencies. As key findings, 10 barriers were prioritized through a survey to identify the most important barriers for the recycling industry. The hierarchy of these barriers highlights regulation and government incentives as the most important, followed by those related to supply chain collaboration and lack of material flow indicators. Finally, internal barriers appear as high investments and associated risks. Finally, we suggest strategies to overcome these barriers based on their hierarchy. The implications of this study provide a proposal of strategies for implementing circular business models in the recycling industry, derived from the hierarchical correlation among the barriers, and can be applied in different regions through expert opinion assessment.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the effect of daily-living on the happiness of community-dwelling older adults in Chile.

This study examined the effect of the human-functioning dimension on happiness among community-dwelling older adults (OAs) in Chile. Questionnaires were used for data collection from a sample of 785 OAs of both sexes attending healthcare institutions. Exploratory factor analysis was performed using parallel analysis and oblique rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted using the maximum likelihood and unweighted least squares methods. Goodness-of-fit analyses were performed by considering absolute and respective incremental fit indices. The relationships between the functioning and happiness factors were all significant at the 1% level, indicating that functioning impacts happiness. The ratios of the variances between both constructs were identical to those of the covariances, indicating consistency between the models, with similarities and equalities in the estimation of their parameters. The modeling confirms a direct relationship between activities of daily living functioning and happiness. Given that a lack of functioning significantly affects OAs' happiness and quality of life, this relationship is consistent with the available theory. These findings may contribute to the formulation of social and health policies regarding OAs in Chile and other Latin American countries.

Genetic Variations in the Purinergic P2X7 Receptor Are Associated with the Immune Response to Ocular Toxoplasmosis in Colombia.

Ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) is characterized by inflammation within the eye and is the most recognized clinical manifestation of toxoplasmosis. The objective of this study was to identify new single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P2RX7 gene that may have significance in the immune response to OT in Colombian patients. A case-control study was conducted to investigate the associations between SNPs (rs1718119 and rs2230912) in the P2RX7 gene and OT in 64 Colombian patients with OT and 64 controls. Capillary electrophoresis was used to analyze the amplification products, and in silico algorithms were employed to predict deleterious SNPs. Stability analysis of amino acid changes indicated that both mutations could lead to decreased protein structure stability. A nonsynonymous SNP, Gln460Arg, located in the long cytoplasmic tail of the receptor, showed a significant association with OT (Bonferroni correction (BONF) = 0.029; odds ratio OR = 3.46; confidence interval CI: 1.05 to 11.39), while no significant association between rs1718119 and OT risk was observed. Based on the 3D structure analysis of the P2RX7 protein trimer, it is hypothesized that an increase in the flexibility of the cytoplasmic domain of this receptor could alter its function. This SNP could potentially serve as a biomarker for identifying Colombian patients at risk of OT.

Development of Human Recombinant Leptospirosis Vaccines.

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with significant impact on health all over the world. Currently, bacterins are the only vaccines available for prevention of this disease, despite several drawbacks. In an effort to develop a more effective vaccine against leptospirosis, reverse and structural vaccinology have been applied to design recombinant constructions composed of leptospiral surface-exposed antigens. Herein, we describe a protocol for design and development of Leptospirosis recombinant vaccines using immunoinformatic approaches.

From Genome to Drugs: New Approaches in Antimicrobial Discovery.

Decades of successful use of antibiotics is currently challenged by the emergence of increasingly resistant bacterial strains. Novel drugs are urgently required but, in a scenario where private investment in the development of new antimicrobials is declining, efforts to combat drug-resistant infections become a worldwide public health problem. Reasons behind unsuccessful new antimicrobial development projects range from inadequate selection of the molecular targets to a lack of innovation. In this context, increasingly available omics data for multiple pathogens has created new drug discovery and development opportunities to fight infectious diseases. Identification of an appropriate molecular target is currently accepted as a critical step of the drug discovery process. Here, we review how diverse layers of multi-omics data in conjunction with structural/functional analysis and systems biology can be used to prioritize the best candidate proteins. Once the target is selected, virtual screening can be used as a robust methodology to explore molecular scaffolds that could act as inhibitors, guiding the development of new drug lead compounds. This review focuses on how the advent of omics and the development and application of bioinformatics strategies conduct a "big-data era" that improves target selection and lead compound identification in a cost-effective and shortened timeline.

Encuesta BIARE 2012: Análisis del bienestar subjetivo de los mexicanos y modelamiento estructural / BIARE survey 2012: subjective analysis related to mexican people well-being and structural modeling

Resumen Objetivo: El bienestar de una sociedad es un constructo considerado como multidimensional (componentes objetivos y subjetivos). La encuesta nacional de Bienestar Autorreportado (BIARE) se diseñó para evaluar el bienestar de la población mexicana. No obstante, no se ha explorado la estructura y relación que tienen los módulos (sub-escalas) para explicar el bienestar de los mexicanos. Así, el objetivo del estudio es explorar la estructura y relación que tienen los módulos en la encuesta BIARE, 2012 (Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía [INEGI], 2012) mediante modelamiento estructural. Método: Se realizó análisis de datos secundarios de la base BIARE, la cual es aleatoria y representativa a nivel nacional. Participaron 10.654 ciudadanos con un rango de edad entre 18 y 70 años; 5.967 eran mujeres y 4.687 hombres. Resultados: Se encontraron tres modelos. En un primer modelo se concibió la variable latente Bienestar general asociada con variables empíricas Solvencia, Felicidad, Satisfacción y Autodeterminación. En un segundo modelo se proponen dos variables latentes: 1) Bienestar percibido, asociada a tres variables empíricas; a) Satisfacción con la vida, b) Autodeterminación y c) Felicidad; 2) Socio-cultura, relacionada también con tres variables empíricas: a) Altruismo, b) Cultivado y c) Relaciones virtuales. Un tercer modelo de trayectorias para variables latentes mostró ajustes satisfactorios que explican relaciones entre la variable Felicidad con Solvencia, Satisfacción y Autodeterminación, consecutivamente. Conclusiones: La información que se puede obtener del cuestionario BIARE es relevante para evaluar la percepción de los ciudadanos y el entorno inmediato, como la familia. Pero no permite una evaluación precisa sobre la contribución de los factores meso y macro-sociales en el bienestar de los mexicanos. Es necesario que BIARE integre un modelo multidimensional de bienestar.

Abstract Objective: The National Self-Reported Well-being Survey (BIARE) was designed to assess well-being in mexican population, considering well-being of a society as a multidimensional construct (objective and subjective components). However, the structure and relationship between modules (sub-scales) to explain mexican well-being has not been explored yet. Thus, this study aims to explore the structure and relationship among those sub-scales based on the BIARE survey 2012 (INEGI, 2012) through structural modeling. Method: BIARE, Secondary data analysis, which is random and representative of Mexican people was conducted; 10.654 citizens, who were between 18 and 70 years were sampled; 5.967 women and 4.687 men. Results: As a result, three models were found. In a first model, the latent variable related to general well-being associated with empirical variables such as: solvency, happiness, satisfaction and self-determination were considered. In a second model, two latent variables are proposed: 1) Perceived well-being, associated with three empirical variables as follows: a) life Satisfaction b) Self-determination and c) Happiness; 2) Socioculture, also related to three empirical variables, which are: a) Selflessness, b) Cultivated relationships and c) Virtual relationships. A third model of trajectories for latent variables showed adjustments that explain relations among variable Happiness with Solvency, Satisfaction and Self-determination. Conclusions: The information that can be obtained from BIARE questionnaire is relevant to evaluate citizens´s perception and immediate environment, like family. But it does not allow for an accurate assessment about contribution of meso and macro-social factors on mexican´s well-being. It is necessary that BIARE integrate a multidimensional model of well-being.

Locus de Control y Morosidad como Predictores del Ejercicio Físico-Deportivo en Estudiantes Universitarios / Locus of Control and Procrastination as Predictors of Physical-Sports Exercise in University Students / Lócus de Controle e Morosidade como Preditores do Exercício Físico-Esportivo em Estudantes Universitários

Resumen El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los efectos del locus de control y la morosidad sobre el ejercicio físico-deportivo en universitarios. Con las respuestas de una muestra no probabilística de 171 estudiantes, se construyeron, por análisis factorial confirmatorio, un modelo de locus de control y otro de morosidad. Adicionalmente, se probó un modelo de ejercicio físico-deportivo, a partir del análisis de ecuaciones estructurales, donde la morosidad afecta negativamente la práctica de ejercicio físico, los tres modelos poseen índices de bondad de ajuste adecuados. El estudiantado se ubicó en la etapa de preparación según el modelo transteórico de cambio de comportamiento (MTT). La conducta morosa explica 26% de la varianza del ejercicio físico.

Abstract The objective of this research project was to determine the effects of locus of control and procrastination on physical-sports exercise in university students. The answers from a non-probabilistic sample of 171 students were used to build both a locus of control and a procrastination model, through confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, a physical-sports exercise model was tested on the basis of the analysis of structural equations, in which procrastination negatively affects the practice of physical exercise. The three models feature adequate goodness of fit indexes. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change (TTM), the students were at the preparation stage. Procrastination behavior accounts for 26% of the variance in physical exercise.

Resumo O objetivo da pesquisa foi determinar os efeitos do locus de controle e da morosidade sobre o exercício físico-esportivo em universitários. Com as respostas de uma amostra não probabilística de 171 estudantes, foram construídos, por análise fatorial confirmatória, um modelo de lócus de controle e outro de morosidade. Adicionalmente, um modelo de exercício físico-esportivo foi testado, a partir da análise de equações estruturais, na qual a morosidade afeta negativamente a prática de exercício físico. Os três modelos apresentam índices de bondade de ajuste adequados. Os estudantes se localizaram na etapa de preparação de acordo com o modelo transteórico de mudança comportamental (MTT). A conduta morosa explica 26% da variância do exercício físico.

In silico study of Moxifloxacin derivatives with possible antibacterial activity against a resistant form of DNA gyrase from Porphyromonas gingivalis.

We performed a homology modeling of the structure of a non-mutated and mutated Ser83→Phe DNA gyrase of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The model presented structural features conserved in type II topoisomerase proteins. We designed and evaluated in silico structural modifications to the core of Moxifloxacin by molecular docking, predicted toxicity and steered molecular dynamics simulations (SMD). Our results suggest that 8D derivative of Moxifloxacin could present a strong inhibitory activity in Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria that exhibits resistance to some conventional fluoroquinolone drugs. Also, our results suggest that hydrophobic radicals in the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the quinolone core would increase the antibacterial activity of the compound when a reported mutation Ser83→Phe is present in the DNA gyrase protein. In addition, new candidates that could have a higher antibacterial activity compared to Moxifloxacin in non-resistant bacteria are proposed.

Discovery of Novel Leptospirosis Vaccine Candidates Using Reverse and Structural Vaccinology.

Leptospira spp. are diderm (two membranes) bacteria that infect mammals causing leptospirosis, a public health problem with global implications. Thousands of people die every year due to leptospirosis, especially in developing countries with tropical climates. Prophylaxis is difficult due to multiple factors, including the large number of asymptomatic hosts that transmit the bacteria, poor sanitation, increasing numbers of slum dwellers, and the lack of an effective vaccine. Several leptospiral recombinant antigens were evaluated as a replacement for the inactivated (bacterin) vaccine; however, success has been limited. A prospective vaccine candidate is likely to be a surface-related protein that can stimulate the host immune response to clear leptospires from blood and organs. In this study, a comprehensive bioinformatics approach based on reverse and structural vaccinology was applied toward the discovery of novel leptospiral vaccine candidates. The Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain L1-130 genome was mined in silico for the enhanced identification of conserved ß-barrel (ßb) transmembrane proteins and outer membrane (OM) lipoproteins. Orthologs of the prospective vaccine candidates were screened in the genomes of 20 additional Leptospira spp. Three-dimensional structural models, with a high degree of confidence, were created for each of the surface-exposed proteins. Major histocompatibility complex II (MHC-II) epitopes were identified, and their locations were mapped on the structural models. A total of 18 ßb transmembrane proteins and 8 OM lipoproteins were identified. These proteins were conserved among the pathogenic Leptospira spp. and were predicted to have epitopes for several variants of MHC-II receptors. A structural and functional analysis of the sequence of these surface proteins demonstrated that most ßb transmembrane proteins seem to be TonB-dependent receptors associated with transportation. Other proteins identified included, e.g., TolC efflux pump proteins, a BamA-like OM component of the ßb transmembrane protein assembly machinery, and the LptD-like LPS assembly protein. The structural mapping of the immunodominant epitopes identified the location of conserved, surface-exposed, immunogenic regions for each vaccine candidate. The proteins identified in this study are currently being evaluated for experimental evidence for their involvement in virulence, disease pathogenesis, and physiology, in addition to vaccine development.

Dent Disease in Chinese Children and Findings from Heterozygous Mothers: Phenotypic Heterogeneity, Fetal Growth, and 10 Novel Mutations.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the phenotypes of Dent disease in Chinese children and their heterozygous mothers and to establish genetic diagnoses. STUDY DESIGN: Using a modified protocol, we screened 1288 individuals with proteinuria. A diagnosis of Dent disease was established in 19 boys from 16 families by the presence of loss of function/deleterious mutations in CLCN5 or OCRL1. We also analyzed 16 available patients' mothers and examined their pregnancy records. RESULTS: We detected 14 loss of function/deleterious mutations of CLCN5 in 15 boys and 2 mutations of OCRL1 in 4 boys. Of the patients, 16 of 19 had been wrongly diagnosed with other diseases and 11 of 19 had incorrect or unnecessary treatment. None of the patients, but 6 of 14 mothers, had nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis at diagnosis. Of the patients, 8 of 14 with Dent disease 1 were large for gestational age (>90th percentile); 8 of 15 (53.3%) had rickets. We also present predicted structural changes for 4 mutant proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric Dent disease often is misdiagnosed; genetic testing achieves a correct diagnosis. Nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis may not be sensitive diagnostic criteria. We identified 10 novel mutations in CLCN5 and OCRL1. The possibility that altered CLCN5 function could affect fetal growth and a possible link between a high rate of rickets and low calcium intake are discussed.

Distribution of stress in greenhouses frames estimated by aerodynamic coefficients of Brazilian and European standards

Widely disseminated in both national and international scenarios, greenhouses are agribusiness solutions which are designed to allow for greater efficiency and control of the cultivation of plants. Bearing this in mind, the construction of greenhouses should take into consideration the incidence of wind, and other such aspects of comfort and safety, and ensure they are factored into the design of structural elements. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pressure coefficients established by the European standard EN 13031-1 (2001) and the Brazilian standard ABNT (1988), which are applicable to the structures of greenhouses with flat roofs, taking into account the following variables: roof slope, external and internal pressure coefficients and height-span ratio of the structure. Using the ANSYSTM computer program, zones of columns and roof were discretized by the Beam44 finite element to identify the maximum and minimum stress portions connected to the aerodynamic coefficients. With this analysis, we found that, in the smallest roof slope (a equal to 20°), the frame stress was quite similar for standards adopted. On the other hand, for the greatest inclination (a equal to 26°), the stress was consistently lower under the Brazilian standard. In view of this, we came to the conclusion that the differences between stresses when applying both standards were more significant at the higher degrees of height-span ratio and roof slope.(AU)

Distribution of stress in greenhouses frames estimated by aerodynamic coefficients of Brazilian and European standards

Widely disseminated in both national and international scenarios, greenhouses are agribusiness solutions which are designed to allow for greater efficiency and control of the cultivation of plants. Bearing this in mind, the construction of greenhouses should take into consideration the incidence of wind, and other such aspects of comfort and safety, and ensure they are factored into the design of structural elements. In this study, we evaluated the effects of pressure coefficients established by the European standard EN 13031-1 (2001) and the Brazilian standard ABNT (1988), which are applicable to the structures of greenhouses with flat roofs, taking into account the following variables: roof slope, external and internal pressure coefficients and height-span ratio of the structure. Using the ANSYSTM computer program, zones of columns and roof were discretized by the Beam44 finite element to identify the maximum and minimum stress portions connected to the aerodynamic coefficients. With this analysis, we found that, in the smallest roof slope (a equal to 20°), the frame stress was quite similar for standards adopted. On the other hand, for the greatest inclination (a equal to 26°), the stress was consistently lower under the Brazilian standard. In view of this, we came to the conclusion that the differences between stresses when applying both standards were more significant at the higher degrees of height-span ratio and roof slope.

Modelagem estrutural fatorial e consistência Interna da escala de autoestima de Rosenberg em adolescentes brasileiros / Factorial structure modeling and internal consistence in the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in Brazilian teenagers

A autoestima é o processo avaliativo do autoconceito e deve ser mensurada com instrumentos fdedignos e confáveis. Adicionalmente, a avaliação dessa característica vem sendo considerada uma ferramenta importante na identifcação e na prevenção de problemas psicológicos. Foi objetivo de este trabalho realizar de forma mais robusta, a partir da análise de modelo de equação estrutural efetuada no Amos a avaliação fatorial da escala de autoestima, elaborada por Rosenberg em diferentes amostras etárias de 12 a 20 anos. A amostra foi composta por 1864 sujeitos, onde 49% destes eram do sexo masculino e 51% feminino. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a escala de autoestima apresentou indicadores estatísticos que justifcam a sua consistência fatorial para amostra de jovens brasileiros, confrmando os dois fatores propostos: autoestima negativa e autoestima positiva. Considerando os indicadores estatísticos do modelo fatorial, estes, revelaram-se satisfatórios dentro dos intervalos que têm sido considerados como aceitáveis na literatura vigente.(AU)

The self-esteem is the evaluation process of self-concept and must be measured with real and reliable tools. Additionally, the evaluation of that characteristic has been considered an important implement in identifcation and in prevention of psychological problems. It was objective of this work to perform in more robust way, through Confrmatory Factor Analysis and an analysis of Structural Equation Modeling made based in Amos Graphics, the factorial structure of the scale of self-esteem, created by Rosenberg in different age line samples from 12 to 20 years. The sample was composed by 1864 subjects, where 49% of these were males and 51% were females. According results obtained in these analyses, the scale of Rosenberg presented statistical indicators that justify its factorial consistence for Brazilians teenagers These indicators corroborate suitability of structure of scale of self-esteem for the sample context analyzed composed by two factors: negative self-esteem and positive self-esteem. Considering the indicators they have proved satisfactoryinthe intervalswhich have beenconsideredacceptablein thecurrent literature.(AU)

Cuántas Dimensiones Mide la Empatía? Evidencia Empírica Escala Multidimensional de Reactividad Interpersonal en Brasileño

Se define la empatía como una respuesta afectiva origen evolutivo más adecuado de la situación de la que no sea el propio observador. En Brasil, algunas escalas de medición esta construcción, entre ellos, destacan la multidimensional Davis reactividad interpersonal, que tiene un cuerpo de teoría y operación muy organizada. En Brasil, esta escala fue adaptada y validada: un estudio exploratorio fijado en tres dimensiones y en otro estudio, de confirmación, se demostrara cuatro factores.Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de dos estudios que abordan las limitaciones psicométricas presentados en el estudio exploratorio, tenemos la intención de evaluar, a partir de un análisis del modelo estructural, si tres o cuatro factores son más apropiados para medir la empatía. 651 sujetos, hombres y mujeres, mayores de 17 y 27 años, mayor nivel educativo de los encuestados Escala Multidimensional de la reactividad interpersonal. Se observó indicadores psicométricos para garantizar la coherencia estructural de la escala de reactividad interpersonal medido cuatro factores para muestras brasileñas.

Define-se empatia como uma resposta afetiva de origem evolutiva mais apropriada à situação do outro do que à do próprio observador. No Brasil, algumas escalas mensuraram esse construto; dentre elas, destaca-se a escala multidimensional de reatividade interpessoal de Davis, por ter um corpo teórico e operacionalização bastante organizada. No Brasil, adaptou-se e validou-se esta escala: em um estudo exploratório estabeleceu três fatores e, em outro estudo, confirmatório, quatro fatores foram comprovados. Considerando os resultados dos dois estudos, especificamente, as limitações psicométricas apresentadas no estudo exploratório, pretende-se avaliar, a partir de uma análise de modelagem estrutural, se três ou quatros fatores são mais adequados para mensurar a empatia. 651 sujeitos, do sexo masculino e do sexo feminino, com idades de 17 e 27 anos, do nível educacional superior responderam a Escala Multidimensional de Reatividade Interpessoal. Observaram-se indicadores psicométricos que garantiram a consistência estrutural da escala de reatividade interpessoal mensurada em quatro fatores para amostras brasileiras.

It is defined empathy as an effective response more appropriate evolutionary origin of the other's situation than that the observer himself. In Brazil, some scales measured this construct, among them, we highlight the multidimensional Davis interpersonal reactivity, having a body of theory and very organized operation. In Brazil, this scale was adapted and validated: an exploratory study set in three dimensions and in another study, confirmatory, four factors were proven. Considering the results of two studies addressing the psychometric limitations presented in the exploratory study, we intend to evaluate, from a structural modeling analysis, if three or four factors are more appropriate to measure empathy. 651 subjects, male and female, ages 17 and 27 years, higher educational level of respondents Multidimensional Scale of the Interpersonal Reactivity. It was observed psychometric indicators to ensure structural consistency of the interpersonal reactivity scale measured four factors to Brazilian samples.

Prueba Empírica de un Modelo Socio Normativo entre Pares e Indicadores de Rendimiento Escolar / Empirical Test of a Model Between Socio-Normative Pairs and Indicators of School Perfomance

El análisis del desempeño escolar no se ha destacado por ser de interés para los investigadores en diversas áreas científicas. Aunque muchas variables sugieren algunas soluciones, aún es la participación de la familia (los padres) y la de la escuela (profesores), con sus compañeros normativos, factores importantes que infuyen en este trabajo. El presente estudio tiene por objeto evaluar, a partir de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales, la influencia socio-normativa de los compañeros sobre otros indicadores de rendimiento escolar. 412 jóvenes, distribuidos en los niveles de primaria y secundaria, provenientes de escuelas de educación privada y pública en João Pessoa - PB contestaron el cuestionario destinado a evaluar la identidad de los jóvenes con sus pares socionormativos sobre los indicadores de rendimiento escolar. Desde el programa AMOS 7.0 graficos, los principales resultados indican que los pares socio-normativos explican satisfactoriamente los indicadores de rendimiento escolar, lo que demuestra cómo la familia y la escuela son útiles para predecir esta variable.

Discussions about scholar performance have earned interest of researchers in various scientific areas. Although many variables suggest some solutions, it is still highlighted a family involvement (parents) and a school (teachers) considered in this work with normative peers as an important factor of influence. This study aims to assess, from the structural equation modeling, the influence of socio-normative pairs on some indicators of scholar performance. 412 young people, also distributed in primary and middle school levels, of private and public education in João Pessoa-PB answered the Questionnaire evaluating of Identity with social-normative pairs and Indicators of school performance. From the program AMOS GRAFICS 7.0, the main results indicated that the social-normative pairs explain satisfactorily the indicators of scholar performance, how family and school are useful to predict these variables.

Consistencia Estructural de la Escala Multidimensional de Reactividad Interpersonal: un Estudio con Jóvenes Civiles y Militares / Structural Consistency of the Interpersonal Reactivity Multidimensional Scale: A Study with Civil and Military Youth / Consistência estrutural da Escala Multidimensional de Reatividade Interpessoal: um estudo com jovens civis e militares

De forma general, la empatía puede ser comprendida como la capacidad de una persona en se colocar en el lugar del otro, capaz de inferir sus sentimientos y, con base en conocimiento adquirido en el proceso empático, responder afectivamente de forma más adecuada para la situación que el otro pasa. Recientes estudios en el Brasil ha validado y confirmaron la estructura trifactorial de la Escala Multidimensional de Reactividad Interpersonal (EMRI); con eso, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la consistencia estructural de la Escala EMRI en muestras de jóvenes de distintos contextos socioeducativos. 376 hombres y mujeres, de 17 y 33 años, de la secundaria de instituciones de educación pública y militar de la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB; han respondido la EMRI y a un cuestionario demográfico. Se observó que en la muestra total y, por separado, a de los jóvenes militares y civiles, la escala presentó indicadores psicométricos que han garantido la estructura trifactorial, la cual, ya encontrada por otros autores brasileños. Estos resultados señalan, conceptual y empíricamente, la consistencia de la EMRI, Independiente de la diversidad muestral. Aún se ha constatado que los jóvenes civiles presentaran medias superiores a la de los jóvenes militares en la consideración empática y angustia personal, pero, en la tomada de perspectiva, el resultado se invirtió.

In general, empathy can be understood as the ability of a person to put yourself in the other's sight, able to infer their feelings and, based on knowledge acquired in the empathic process, respond affectively more adequately to the situation that the other is going through. Recent studies in Brazil validated and confirmed the factorial structure of the Interpersonal Reactivity Multidimensional Scale (IRMS), with this, this study aims to evaluate the structural consistency of the IRMS Scale in a sample of young people from different socio-scholars contexts. 376 men and women of 17 to 33 years of a public and military high school educational institution of the city of João Pessoa, answered to the IRMS and a demographic questionnaire. It was observed that the total sample and, separately, for the young soldiers and civilians, the psychometric scale showed indicators that ensured the factorial structure, which as found by other Brazilian authors. These results show, both conceptually and empirically, the consistency of IRMS, regardless of the sample diversity. It was still found that young civilians had higher means for the young soldiers into empathetic consideration and personal anguish, but in perspective taking, the result was reversed.

De forma geral, a empatia pode ser compreendida como a capacidade de uma pessoa em se colocar no lugar do outro, capaz de inferir seus sentimentos e, com base no conhecimento adquirido no processo empático, responder afetivamente de forma mais adequada para a situação que o outro está passando. Recentes estudos no Brasil validaram e confirmaram a estrutura trifatorial da Escala Multidimensional de Reatividade Interpessoal (EMRI); com isso, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a consistência estrutural da Escala EMRI em amostra de jovens de diferentes contextos sócio-escolares. 376 homens e mulheres, de 17 e 33 anos, do ensino médio de instituição de ensino pública e militar da cidade de João Pessoa-PB; responderam a EMRI e a um questionário demográfico. Observou-se que na amostra total e, separadamente, para a dos jovens militares e civis, a escala apresentou indicadores psicométricos que garantiram a estrutura trifatorial, a qual, já encontrada por outros autores brasileiros. Esses resultados apontam, conceitual e empiricamente, a consistência da EMRI, independente da diversidade amostral. Ainda se constatou que os jovens civis apresentaram médias superiores à dos jovens militares na consideração empática e angustia pessoal, mas, na tomada de perspectiva, o resultado se inverteu.

Versión en español de la Escala de Ansiedad para Niños de Spence (SCAS) / Spanish version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS)

Quinientos cincuenta y cuatro niños de población general, de 8 a 12 años, respondieron a la Escala de Ansiedad para Niños de Spence en español (SCAS), al ITA-UNAM, que mide ansiedad y al CES-D, que mide depresión. Se investigó si se confirmaba el modelo estructural de la SCAS hallado por Spence. Mediante análisis confirmatorio, se probaron dos modelos: uno de 38 ítems y otro de 32 ítems, ambos con 6 factores relacionados, englobados bajo un factor de orden superior de ansiedad general. El modelo de 38 ítems se ajustó razonablemente, confirmando el encontrado por Spence. Pero, el modelo de 32 ítems ajustó mejor. Ambos coinciden con los trastornos de ansiedad más comunes clasificados por el DSM-IV-R. Los análisis psicométricos adicionales refuerzan la validez de constructo de la SCAS y muestran una consistencia interna aceptable.

Five hundred and fifty four school children, 8 to 12 years of age, completed the Spanish version of the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS), the ITA-UNAM, which measures anxiety in children, and the CES-D measuring depression. The study investigated the structural model of the SCAS found by Spence. Two models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis: one 38-item and a second 32-item model, both involving 6 related first-order factors loading in a higher-order factor. The 38-item model provided a reasonably good fit, confirming the one reported by Spence. However, the second model provided the best fit of the data. Both models coincide with the most common anxiety disorders classified by the DSM-IV-TR. Further psychometric analyses reinforced construct validity of the SCAS and showed acceptable internal consistency.