"I am strong and I can get on with my life": The subjective experience of recovery of patients treated for depression.

OBJECTIVE: : The aim of the study was to characterize the subjective experience of recovery from depression based on the perspective of those who suffer from it. METHOD: : Forty participants from two South American countries, who had been or were currently being treated for depression, took part in semi-structured and in-depth interviews. Most participants were female (78%), with ages ranging from 22 to 63 years. Interviews were analyzed using Grounded Theory, creating a hierarchy of categories that represent participants' experience of recovery. The categories were subsequently organized around an emergent central phenomenon. RESULTS: : "Transformation of the experience of the depressed self" was constructed as the main phenomenon that accounts for the subjective understanding of recovery. This transformation consists in an increase in self-acceptance, self-appreciation, and auto-biographical contextualization, coupled with an increase in agency and empowerment. CONCLUSION: : Recovery is experienced as a multidimensional process that goes beyond the absence of symptoms. Change is experienced as a result of active self-management and commitment. The relevance of person-centered perspectives and their subjectivity for managing depression is discussed.

Sparks of psychotherapeutic change: How therapists understand moments of meetings' contribution to change in psychotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: : This study describes therapists' experience of moments of meeting with their patients in psychotherapy, and how these moments relate to the patient's change process. METHOD: 13 in-depth interviews conducted with therapists from different theoretical backgrounds were analyzed using Grounded Theory. RESULTS: Four categories were established: (1) Characteristics of moments of meeting, (2) Triggers of moments of meeting (3) Enabling conditions, and (4) Main effects of moments of meeting. A conceptual model was developed around an axial phenomenon that provides understanding on how moments of meeting contribute to the change process in psychotherapy, through the construction of shared relational knowing. DISCUSSION: : The value of moments of meeting for the therapeutic process is discussed and reflected upon, as well as their effect on changes regarding implicit relational knowing.

Relatos sobre COVID-19 de profesionales de la salud en un hospital / Stories about covid-19 from health professionals in a hospital

Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 impone a los profesionales de la salud: altas exigencias y modificaciones en el modo de vincularse con pacientes, pares y familiares. Estos cambios implican consecuencias emocionales tales como el incremento del nivel de estrés y síntomas de ansiedad y de depresión. Objetivo: describir un proyecto interdisciplinario creado bajo el modelo de la Medicina Narrativa dirigido a habilitar el relato de la experiencia de profesionales de la salud pertenecientes a un hospital general privado de alta complejidad de la ciudad de Buenos Aires durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: se creó una lista de correo y se convocó a profesionales del hospital a realizar una producción escrita, oral o gráfica que represente su experiencia durante la pandemia. Luego, el material recibido se envió a la misma lista de distribución con frecuencia semanal. En cada correo se renovó la invitación a narrar lo vivido o comentar los relatos de otros. Resultados: en el transcurso de siete semanas se recibieron diez producciones individuales: ocho textos, un audio y un gráfico. Los principales temas tratados pudieron agruparse en tres ejes: sala COVID, comunidad y telemedicina. Los autores fueron profesionales de Medicina, Enfermería, Psicología y de Puericultura. Conclusión: desarrollamos un proyecto bajo el modelo de la Medicina Narrativa que permitió a profesionales narrar su experiencia durante la pandemia de COVID-19, habilitando la posibilidad de poner en palabras lo vivido, reflexionar sobre modelos de actuación y elaborar el desgaste emocional generado por el contacto permanente con el dolor y el sufrimiento. (AU)

Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic imposes high demands on health professionals and changes in the way they relate to patients, peers and family members. These changes involve emotional consequences such as increased stress levels, symptoms of anxiety and depression. Objective: to describe an interdisciplinary project created under the Narrative Medicine model aimed at enabling the reporting of the experience of health professionals belonging to a highly complex private general hospital in the city of Buenos Aires during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: a mailing list was created and hospital professionals were invited to make a written, oral or graphic production that represents their experience during the pandemic. Then, the received material was sent to the same distribution list on a weekly basis. In each email, the invitation to narrate what was experienced or to comment on the stories of others was renewed. Results: over the course of seven weeks, ten individual productions were received: eight texts, one audio and one graphic. The main topics discussed could be grouped into three axes: COVID room, community and telemedicine. The authors were professionals from Medicine, Nursing, Psychology and Childcare. Conclusion: we developed a project under the Narrative Medicine model that allowed professionals to tell their experience during the covid 19 pandemic, enabling the possibility of putting into words what was experienced, reflecting on models of action and elaborating on the emotional exhaustion generated by permanent contact with pain and suffering. (AU)

La escucha psicoanalítica y los recursos psicodramáticos en un grupo de hombres que experimentaron violencia infantil en Costa Rica / The Psychoanalytic Listening and the Psychodramatic Techniques in a Group of Men Who Experienced Childhood Violence in Costa Rica

Resumen Objetivo. Sistematizar los aportes de la escucha analítica con elementos psicodramáticos y corporales en un grupo de hombres que experimentaron violencia durante su infancia. Método. Sistematización y análisis por categorías temáticas, a partir de observación participante, registros escritos y de audio, del discurso verbal y corporal de 9 hombres en un grupo de terapia psicoanalítica con técnicas psicodramáticas. Resultados. Se concluye que la violencia promueve una relación de maltrato con el propio sujeto y la experiencia de dolor es inscrita en el cuerpo como posibilidad de expresión. El abordaje grupal facilitó la reelaboración del sufrimiento psíquico mediante el uso del cuerpo para reconocer y verbalizar emociones de la escena traumática en un encuentro de subjetividades.

Abstract Objective. Systematize the contributions of the psychoanalytic clinic with psychodramatic and body techniques in a group of men who experienced violence in their childhood. Method. Systematization and analysis by theme categories, based on participant observation, written and audio recording, from the verbal and body speech of nine men in psychoanalytic group therapy by using psychodramatic techniques. Results. In conclusion, violence promotes an abusive relationship with the person himself, and the experience of pain is inscribed in the body as a possibility of expression. The group approach facilitated the reworking of psychic suffering through the body to recognize and verbalize emotions from the traumatic scene in an encounter of subjectivities.

Episodes of meeting in psychotherapy: an empirical exploration of patients' experiences of subjective change during their psychotherapy process.

This study aims to assess moments of meeting in psychotherapy -understood as moments of intense connectedness and intimacy, shared between patient and therapist during any therapeutic encounter that enable a spin in the therapy process- using a qualitative interview with patients who were undergoing or had finished psychological treatment. Micro-pehenomenological interviews were conducted with nine patients who were undergoing or had finished psychological treatment. Transcriptions of the interviews were subject to micro-phenomenological analysis. A general structure of episodes of meeting showing their temporal evolution was identified and divided into six consecutive phases. These findings suggest that episodes of meeting in psychotherapy are lived and remembered by patients in a significant way; they are emotionally charged and have a meaning for each participant. Also, emotional and nonverbal cues seem to be highly relevant features. Moments of meeting could be understood as implicit mechanisms that allow changes in the implicit relational domain.

ADHD and Gender: subjective experiences of children in Chile / TDA-H y género: experiencias subjetivas de niños y niñas en Chile

Abstract Although research on ADHD has tended to ignore gender differentials, recent contributions produced mainly from epidemiology have revealed that this diagnostic category seems to be strongly related to gender. However, these contributions seem to limit their scope to the study of the symptoms as well as cognitive, affective and social functioning of children, leaving aside subjective aspects associated with the ADHD practices of diagnosis and treatment. Thus, this article aims to explore how the gender dimension crosses the subjective experience of children diagnosed with ADHD. Based on open interviews conducted with children between the ages of 7 and 13, we show general trends that articulate gender and characteristics associated with the ADHD diagnosis, while at the same time, with children's experiences that dislocate such trends. The findings were grouped according to four emerging axes: (1) locations, (2) abilities, (3) approches, (4) interactions. Thus, we will show how the experience of boys and girls is multiple in relation to the diagnosis and it is not possible to be reduced to a gender binary perspective.

Resumen Si bien las investigaciones sobre TDA-H han tendido a dejar los aspectos diferenciales de género en un lugar secundario, recientes contribuciones emanadas principalmente desde la epidemiología han revelado que esta categoría diagnóstica parece estar fuertemente relacionada con el reparto de los géneros. Sin embargo, dichas contribuciones parecen limitar sus alcances al estudio de la sintomatología y funcionamiento cognitivo, afectivo y social de los(as) niños(as), dejando de lado aspectos subjetivos asociados a las prácticas de diagnóstico y tratamiento de TDA-H. De este modo, el objetivo de este artículo es explorar cómo la dimensión de género configura la experiencia subjetiva de niños(as) diagnosticados(as) con TDA-H. A partir de la realización de entrevistas abiertas realizadas a niños entre 7 y 13 años, damos cuenta de tendencias generales que articulan género y características asociadas al diagnóstico de TDA-H, a la vez que, con experiencias infantiles que dislocan tales tendencias. Los resultados se agruparon en función de cuatro dimensiones emergentes del material producido en las entrevistas: (1) localizaciones; (2) habilidades; (3) abordajes; (4) interacciones. Así, mostraremos cómo la experiencia de niños y niñas es múltiple en relación al diagnóstico y no es posible reducirla a una perspectiva binaria en torno al género.

The Psychopathology of Delusion of Control According to Subjective Experience / La psicopatología del delirio de control según la experiencia subjetiva

ABSTRACT Background: Delusion of control, including thought insertion, occurs in 20% of patients with schizophrenia. However little is known of its psychopathology, and studies involving patients are scarce. Aims: To explore the subjective experience of patients with delusion of control and to propose a psychopathological explanation based on empirical evidence. Methods: Qualitative exploratory study of 7 patients (6 with schizophrenia and 1 with schizophreniform disorder). A phenomenologically-oriented semi-structured interview was used. Results: Delusion of control is not an isolated and pure symptom; it is always immersed in the context of a persecutory delusion and other psychiatric symptoms. The patient experiences partial control, i.e. the control is never complete. In all cases, it is possible to trace the history of the narrative formation of delusion of control from its origins in persecutory delusions and other concomitant symptoms. Conclusions: The delusion of control is a narrative resulting from the joint presence of a persecutory delusion and other psychiatric symptoms. For the patient, the delusion of control is the narrative of the elaborate expression of the meaning of the anomalous experience. Delusion of control is a narrative variety of persecutory delusion.

resumen Introducción: El delirio de control, incluida la inserción de pensamientos, se presenta en el 20% de los pacientes con esquizofrenia. Sin embargo, se conoce poco de su psicopatología y los estudios que implican a pacientes son escasos. Objetivo: A partir de una serie de casos clínicos, explorar la experiencia subjetiva de pacientes con delirio de control y proponer una explicación psicopatológica con base en elementos empíricos. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio de tipo cualitativo con 7 pacientes (6 con esquizofrenia y 1 con trastorno esquizofreniforme). Se utilizó una entrevista semi estructurada de orientación fenomenológica. Resultados: El delirio de control no se presenta como síntoma aislado y puro, siempre está inmerso en el contexto de un delirio persecutorio y otros síntomas psiquiátricos. El control vivido por el paciente es parcial, nunca total. En todos los casos fue posible rastrear la historia de la constitución narrativa del delirio de control a partir del delirio persecutorio y los otros síntomas concomitantes. El delirio de control es la narrativa que expresa de manera más elaborada el sentido que la experiencia tiene para el paciente. Conclusiones: El delirio de control es una narrativa derivada de la concomitancia de un delirio persecutorio y otros síntomas psiquiátricos. Es la narrativa que expresa de manera más elaborada el sentido que tiene la experiencia anómala para el paciente. El delirio de control es una variedad narrativa del delirio persecutorio.

El significado de vivir con esquizofrenia / The meaning of living with schizophrenia

La esquizofrenia como trastorno psiquiátrico es una enfermedad crónica que causa un impacto importante en la vida de las personas. Esta condición genera no sólo cambios en las capacidades organizativas y funcionales, sino que además emergen aspectos poco valorados en el plano subjetivo de las personas. Esta investigación tiene como propósito comprender el significado de vivir con esquizofrenia a partir de la experiencia de usuarios en control en un Centro de Salud Mental. Mediante la Metodología Cualitativa, se logra responder interrogantes sobre cuál es el significado de los usuarios en el desarrollo vivencial de la enfermedad. Se aplicó una entrevista en profundidad a seis usuarios en etapa de estabilización de la enfermedad, incluyendo los ejes de la Teoría de las Transiciones de la Dra. Afaf Meléis. De esta manera, se logra acceder al mundo de sus significados individuales; a través de los relatos emergen sentimientos de miedo, tristeza, soledad y rechazo, fuertemente relacionados con la falta de apoyo social y discriminación. Asimismo, el ser consciente de ser portador de una enfermedad mental es un elemento facilitador hacia el logro de un mejor nivel de satisfacción y conciencia personal, proceso fundamental para el mejoramiento de los procesos psicoterapéuticos.

Schizophrenia as a psychiatric disorder is a chronic disease that causes a major impact on people's lives. This condition generates not only changes in the organizational and functional capacities, but also emerge aspects that are not valued at the subjective level of the people. This research aims to understand the meaning of living with schizophrenia from the experience of users in control in a Mental Health Center. Through the Qualitative Methodology, it is possible to answer questions about the meaning of users in the experiential development of the disease. An in-depth interview was conducted with six users in the stage of disease stabilization, including the axes of Dr. Afaf Meléis's Theory of Transitions. In this way, one reaches the world of their individual meanings; through the stories emerge feelings of fear, sadness, loneliness and rejection, strongly related to the lack of social support and discrimination. Likewise, being aware of being a carrier of a mental illness is an element that facilitates the attainment of a better level of satisfaction and personal conscience, a fundamental process for the improvement of the psychotherapeutic processes.

Psychotherapy and Genetic Neuroscience: An Emerging Dialog.

Recent research in psychiatric genetics has led to a move away from simple diathesis-stress models to more complex models of psychopathology incorporating a focus on gene-environment interactions and epigenetics. Our increased understanding of the way biology encodes the impact of life events on organisms has also generated more sophisticated theoretical models concerning the molecular processes at the interface between "nature" and "nurture." There is also increasing consensus that psychotherapy entails a specific type of learning in the context of an emotional relationship (i.e., the therapeutic relationship) that may also lead to epigenetic modifications across different therapeutic treatment modalities. This paper provides a systematic review of this emerging body of research. It is concluded that, although the evidence is still limited at this stage, extant research does indeed suggest that psychotherapy may be associated with epigenetic changes. Furthermore, it is argued that epigenetic studies may play a key role in the identification of biomarkers implicated in vulnerability for psychopathology, and thus may improve diagnosis and open up future research opportunities regarding the mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs as well as psychotherapy. We review evidence suggesting there may be important individual differences in susceptibility to environmental input, including psychotherapy. In addition, given that there is increasing evidence for the transgenerational transmission of epigenetic modifications in animals and humans exposed to trauma and adversity, epigenetic changes produced by psychotherapy may also potentially be passed on to the next generation, which opens up new perspective for prevention science. We conclude this paper stressing the limitations of current research and by proposing a set of recommendations for future research in this area.

Exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes: a vivência subjetiva do corpo / Commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents: the subjective experience of the body / La exploración sexual comercial de niñas y adolescentes: la vivencia subjetiva del cuerpo

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as vivências subjetivas relacionadas ao uso do corpo por crianças e adolescentes do sexo feminino, vitimadas pela exploração sexual comercial em João Pessoa-PB. Participaram da pesquisa 14 meninas, entre 14 e 18 anos, que faziam ponto na orla marítima e no centro da cidade, submetidas a entrevista semiestruturada e técnica de análise de conteúdo temático. Os resultados mostraram que a construção da subjetividade dessas meninas por meio do corpo é mediada pela necessidade de sobrevivência, uma infância e adolescência não vivida, ou permeada de violência, de direitos negados, com destaque para a relação desigual do gênero, que se submetem aos poderes dos homens. Tal situação faz com que neguem o corpo, sintam nojo de si e do corpo, por estarem fazendo algo que lhes tira a dignidade e o direito de ser sujeito de direitos

This article aims to analyze the subjective experiences related to the use of the body of children and adolescent girls, victimized by commercial sexual exploitation in João Pessoa. Interviews were carried out with 14 girls aged 14 to 18 in situations of commercial sexual exploitation in certain parts of the city. Underwent semi-structured interview addressing the experiences of the body, from the moment they discover their body as an object of use by the time of interview technique and subjected to thematic content analysis. The results showed that the construction of subjectivity of these girls through the body is mediated by several factors, and the need for survival as this factor in all categories, marked by experiences of childhood and adolescence not realized, or permeated with violence, rights denied, to having their first sexual intercourse at the age of 9. Highlighting the unequal relationship of gender, undergoing the powers of men, this power normalized and naturalized by the company kept, who sets out who may or may not belong. This situation causes deny the body , feeling of disgust with themselves and their body, for doing something that takes away their dignity and robs them of the right to be the subject of law.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las experiencias subjetivas relacionadas con el uso del cuerpo de las niñas y adolescentes de sexo femenino, víctimas de la explotación sexual comercial en João Pessoa. Participaron 14 niñas con edades entre 14 y 18 años, que se prostituían en el paseo marítimo y en el centro de la ciudad, sometidas a entrevista semiestructurada y a la técnica de análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados mostraron que la construcción de la subjetividad de estas chicas a través del cuerpo está mediada por la necesidad de supervivencia, una infancia y adolescencia no vivida, o impregnada de violencia, de derechos negados, destacando la relación desigual de género, que les hace someterse al poder de los hombres. Esta situación hace que nieguen el cuerpo, sientan asco de sí mismas y del cuerpo, por estar haciendo algo que les quita su dignidad y el derecho de ser sujeto de derechos

Anomalías de la experiencia subjetiva en psicosis: Concepto y validación empírica del modelo de los Síntomas Básicos / Anomalies of subjective experience in psychosis: Concept and empirical validation of the Basic Symptoms model

Introducción Tradicionalmente, en la investigación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de los trastornos del espectro psicótico ha imperado un modelo de comprensión objetivista, centrado principalmente en los síntomas positivos y negativos. Aunque es innegable el valor de esta aproximación, implica considerables limitaciones ampliamente conocidas. De forma complementaria, existe una larga y prometedora tradición fenomenológica en la cual la experiencia subjetiva del síntoma del paciente adquiere una importancia fundamental. La aproximación de las anomalías de la experiencia subjetiva o, específicamente, de los Síntomas Básicos ha adquirido mucha fuerza dentro del contexto de detección precoz de psicosis y esquizofrenia. Objetivo Esta revisión expone la aproximación fenomenológica de las anomalías de la experiencia subjetiva y se define detalladamente el modelo de los Síntomas Básicos, así como su proceso de validación empírica en el campo de detección precoz de psicosis. Método Las bases de datos consultadas han sido PubMed Central® y PsycINFO®, así como libros de autores de referencia. Resultados En las dos últimas décadas ha habido un creciente interés científico sobre esta orientación con resultados muy prometedores. Discusión y conclusión El modelo más destacado a nivel empírico es el de los Síntomas Básicos, aunque recientemente también han ganado gran relevancia las alteraciones del flujo de la consciencia o del self. Se ha comprobado que las anomalías de la experiencia subjetiva consiguen delimitar un perfil de riesgo de psicosis más temprano que los síntomas psicóticos atenuados. Por tanto, son un complemento altamente válido en las estrategias de detección e intervención temprana de psicosis.

Introduction Research, diagnosis and treatment of psychotic spectrum disorders have been traditionally dominated by an objectivist approach to their understanding, being primarily focused on positive and negative symptoms. The value of this approach goes without question, but it also involves considerable and widely known limitations. From a complementary perspective, there is a longstanding and promising phenomenological tradition in which the subjective experience of the patient's symptom becomes crucial. The focus on the anomalies of subjective experience, or the Basic Symptom concept specifically, has gained much momentum in the context of early detection of psychosis and schizophrenia. Objective This review presents the phenomenological approach to the anomalies of subjective experience and the Basic Symptoms model and its empirical validation process in the field of early detection of psychosis. Method The scientific literature was collected from PubMed Central® and PsyclNFO® databases and books from authors of reference. Results In the last two decades there has been a growing scientific interest in this approach with very promising results. Discussion and conclusion The most prominent model from an empirical standpoint is the Basic Symptoms approach, although recently the disturbances of the flow of consciousness or self disorders have achieved great relevance as well. It has been found that the anomalies of subjective experience could delimitate a risk profile that precedes that defined by attenuated psychotic symptoms. Therefore, this approach is a highly valuable complement in the early detection and intervention of psychosis strategies.

Exploring the subjective experience of the "rubber hand" illusion.

Despite the fact that the rubber hand illusion (RHI) is an experimental paradigm that has been widely used in the last 14 years to investigate different aspects of the sense of bodily self, very few studies have sought to investigate the subjective nature of the experience that the RHI evokes. The present study investigates the phenomenology of the RHI through a specific elicitation method. More particularly, this study aims at assessing whether the conditions usually used as control in the RHI have an impact in the sense of body ownership and at determining whether there are different stages in the emergence of the illusion. The results indicate that far from being "all or nothing," the illusion induced by the RHI protocol involves nuances in the type of perceptual changes that it creates. These perceptual changes affect not only the participants' perception of the rubber hand but also the perception of their real hand. In addition, perceptual effects may vary greatly between participants and, importantly, they evolve over time.

An Audience's Subjective Experience of the Freedom of Artistic Expression in Different Dance Forms from the Perspective of the Cultural Psychology of Creativity: un enfoque de la psicología cultural de la creatividad / La experiencia subjetiva del observador sobre la libertad de expresión artística en las formas diferentes de la danza

Previous studies on different dance forms, including classical ballet, modern ballet and flamenco, show that the objective classification of these forms of dance is subjectively relevant, or in other words, the subjective categorization of dance is based on its formal properties. Based on this standpoint, this study aims to examine the audience's subjective experience of the freedom of artistic expression in three dance forms: classical ballet, modern ballet and flamenco. This study also aims to place an audience's subjective experience of the freedom of artistic expression in different dance forms, into the context of the cultural psychology of creativity. Sixty-nine participants assessed three choreographies from each dance form. The participants observed the choreographies audio-visually. The assessment of the freedom of artistic expression included seven-point scales of freedom to use space, use different figures and to express different emotions. The results showed that the dance form effects the assessment of an audience's subjective experiences (using these 3 criteria) in relation to the freedom of artistic expression. Likewise, Choreography has a marked effect on the assessment of subjective experience within the aforementioned criteria for the freedom of artistic expression within each observed dance form. In conclusion, a dance form determines, by its formal characteristics, not only how certain choreography will be created, but also how an audience will experience the choreography. The various implications of the research results on creativity in the field of dance, and the importance of understanding the complex dialogical connections between particular dance forms, choreographers, choreographies and audience in the context of the cultural psychology of creativity were discussed.

Este artículo tiene por objeto examinar la experiencia subjetiva del observador de la libertad de expresión artística en tres formas de danza: ballet clásico, ballet moderno y baile flamenco; adicionalmente, pretende situar la investigación en el contexto de la psicología cultural de la creatividad. Los 69 participantes evaluaron tres coreografías para cada forma de danza, observándolas a través de audiovisuales. La estimación de la libertad de expresión artística incluye tres escalas de siete puntos: libertad de usar el espacio, libertad de utilizar diferentes figuras y libertad para expresar sus emociones. Los resultados muestran que la forma de danza tiene un efecto significativo sobre la estimación de la experiencia subjetiva de estos tres criterios y que la coreografía tiene un marcado efecto sobre la estimación de la experiencia subjetiva sobre la libertad de expresión artística dentro de cada forma de la danza observada. Los resultados sugieren que una forma de danza determina, por sus características formales, no solo la coreografía, o cómo se creará, sino también cómo un observador experimentará la coreografía creada. Se discuten las diversas implicaciones de los resultados en la creatividad en el área de la danza, y la importancia de entender las conexiones complejas y dialógicas entre forma particular de danza, coreógrafo, coreografía y observadores, en el contexto de la psicología cultural de la creatividad.

O ócio como experiência subjetiva: contribuições da psicologia do ócio / The leisure as a subjective experience and the question abouth the science

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão e síntese de conceitos oriundos da Psicologia do Lazer norte-americana e da Teoria do Ócio, desenvolvida na Espanha. Aborda o ócio como fenômeno psicossocial cujas características diferenciais podem ser percebidas pelo próprio sujeito. Distinguem-se os conceitos de estado de Ócio e experiência de Ócio, diferenciando-os em função da intensidade e profundidade da experiência e dos atributos nela implicados. Destacamos ainda, nas observações sobre os temas, as experiências de pico e de flow, encontrados em recentes estudos norte-americanos, empreendidos por investigadores que se dedicaram ao fenômeno, salientando as semelhanças entre estes fenômenos e as experiências subjetivas de ócio. Por fim, apresentam-se os principais atributos ou qualidades constituintes das experiências de ócio, quais sejam, a percepção de liberdade, significado intrínseco, desfrute, ruptura, introspecção, encontro interpessoal, desenvolvimento humano, relaxamento, desafio, auto-expressão e autorrealização. Para concluir, salienta-se a opção de circunscrever o ócio numa perspectiva humanista e positiva, privilegiando, nesta busca, a experiência subjetiva, por observarmos, a partir do percurso realizado no trajeto investigativo, que as experiências de ócio podem ser facilitadoras da promoção da saúde , qualidade de vida e do desenvolvimento pessoal e tais processos se iniciam no sujeito agente/ator de sua experiência.(AU)

This article presents a revision and synthesis of deriving concepts of the Psychology of Leisure of the North American and the Theory of the Idleness (recreation) developed in Spain. It approaches the idleness as psychosocial phenomenon whose distinguishing characteristics can be perceived by the proper citizen. The concepts from state of idleness or leisure and experience of idleness or leisure are distinguished, differentiating them in function of the intensity and depth of the experience and the attributes in it implied. To follow, the experiences are distinguished peak and of flow, pointing out the similarities between such phenomena and the subjective experiences of leisure. Finally, the main attributes or constituent qualities of the experiences of leisure in a perspective humanist are presented, called here also of constructive leisure perception of freedom, meaning intrinsic, enjoys, rupture, introspection, interpersonal meeting, human development, relaxation, challenge, auto-expression and auto-accomplishment.(AU)

O ócio como experiência subjetiva: contribuições da psicologia do ócio / The leisure as a subjective experience and the question abouth the science

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão e síntese de conceitos oriundos da Psicologia do Lazer norte-americana e da Teoria do Ócio, desenvolvida na Espanha. Aborda o ócio como fenômeno psicossocial cujas características diferenciais podem ser percebidas pelo próprio sujeito. Distinguem-se os conceitos de estado de Ócio e experiência de Ócio, diferenciando-os em função da intensidade e profundidade da experiência e dos atributos nela implicados. Destacamos ainda, nas observações sobre os temas, as experiências de pico e de flow, encontrados em recentes estudos norte-americanos, empreendidos por investigadores que se dedicaram ao fenômeno, salientando as semelhanças entre estes fenômenos e as experiências subjetivas de ócio. Por fim, apresentam-se os principais atributos ou qualidades constituintes das experiências de ócio, quais sejam, a percepção de liberdade, significado intrínseco, desfrute, ruptura, introspecção, encontro interpessoal, desenvolvimento humano, relaxamento, desafio, auto-expressão e autorrealização. Para concluir, salienta-se a opção de circunscrever o ócio numa perspectiva humanista e positiva, privilegiando, nesta busca, a experiência subjetiva, por observarmos, a partir do percurso realizado no trajeto investigativo, que as experiências de ócio podem ser facilitadoras da promoção da saúde , qualidade de vida e do desenvolvimento pessoal e tais processos se iniciam no sujeito agente/ator de sua experiência.

This article presents a revision and synthesis of deriving concepts of the Psychology of Leisure of the North American and the Theory of the Idleness (recreation) developed in Spain. It approaches the idleness as psychosocial phenomenon whose distinguishing characteristics can be perceived by the proper citizen. The concepts from state of idleness or leisure and experience of idleness or leisure are distinguished, differentiating them in function of the intensity and depth of the experience and the attributes in it implied. To follow, the experiences are distinguished peak and of flow, pointing out the similarities between such phenomena and the subjective experiences of leisure. Finally, the main attributes or constituent qualities of the experiences of leisure in a perspective humanist are presented, called here also of constructive leisure perception of freedom, meaning intrinsic, enjoys, rupture, introspection, interpersonal meeting, human development, relaxation, challenge, auto-expression and auto-accomplishment.

Corporalidad y uso de drogas: estudio de caso de la experiencia subjetiva del cuerpo / Bodily experience and drug abuse: a case study of the subjective experience of the body

Estudio de caso que explora la experiencia subjetiva del cuerpo en la trayectoria con el uso de drogas a través del relato de vida. Se utilizó la entrevista abierta bajo los supuestos metodológicos del relato autobiográfico. Se propuso al participante "Hablar de sí mismo y contar su experiencia con el uso de drogas". La estrategia analítica se diseñó con base en la propuesta de Barthes (1990) para el análisis estructural de los relatos. Los resultados muestran que en el relato emerge una subjetividad que articula modos de haber sido y ser cuerpo como instancias constitutivas de la existencia. Desde el punto de vista de la corporalidad, la trayectoria con el uso de drogas deviene en una relación de saber-poder con el propio cuerpo, donde la experiencia subjetiva se entreteje en una red de controles y normas sociales. El análisis del cuerpo como experiencia enriquece la comprensión de prácticas como el uso de drogas.(AU)

This case study explores the subjective experiences of the body as a narration that gives meaning to reality as a result of drug abuse. It uses the open interview technique based on the method of autobiographic narrative. During the interview the participant was asked to "Speak about himself and tell of his experience with consumption of illegal drugs." This analytic strategy is based on some elements proposed by Barthes (1990) for the structural analysis of narratives. The results show that in the process of these narrations subjectivity emerges, that articulates the individual's own existence through experiences of having been and of being a body. From this corporal perspective, the process of drug use generates a relationship of power with one's own body, whereby the subjective experience is woven into a network of social controls and norms. Analytic study of the body as a subjective experience helps understand drug abuse.(AU)