Empleo de antibióticos en cirugía electiva en el adulto mayor / Antibiotic Use for Elective Surgery in the Older Adult

Introducción: Los pacientes quirúrgicos geriátricos tienen afectación funcional y enfermedades asociadas, lo cual aumenta su riesgo quirúrgico con la edad. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento del uso de los antibióticos en pacientes geriátricos que requieren cirugía electiva atendidos en el Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin del 2018 al 2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, analítico y transversal a pacientes intervenidos por cirugía electiva con tratamiento con antibiótico. Los datos se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas y la entrevista aplicada. Se analizaron variables como edad, sexo, enfermedades asociadas, diagnóstico preoperatorio, tiempo quirúrgico, complicaciones, evolución, filtrado glomerular y dosis antibiótica perioperatoria. Resultados: El empleo de antibióticos fue más utilizado en los grupos de edades de 60 a 64 años y el sexo femenino; las comorbilidades que predominaron fueron la diabetes mellitus, la hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica. Los motivos de consulta más frecuentes fueron por litiasis vesicular y por hernias dentro del grupo ASA I de la American Society of Anesthesiologists. Los antibióticos fundamentales fueron con dosis ajustada. Conclusiones: Se necesita de un trabajo diferenciado en cuanto a la atención al adulto mayor. La utilización de un protocolo o algoritmo de trabajo es necesario en la práctica diaria, sobre todo ante la necesidad de una cirugía electiva(AU)

Introduction: Geriatric surgical patients have functional impairment and associated diseases, which increases their surgical risk with age. Objective: To determine the behavior of antibiotic use in geriatric patients requiring elective surgery attended at Hospital Vladimir Ilich Lenin Hospital from 2018 to 2022. Methods: A descriptive, observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients undergoing elective surgery with antibiotic treatment. The data were obtained from medical records and the applied interview. The analyzed variables included age, sex, associated diseases, preoperative diagnosis, surgical time, complications, evolution, glomerular filtration and perioperative antibiotic dose. Results: Antibiotic use was more frequent in the age group 60 to 64 years and in the female sex; the most frequent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease. The most frequent reasons for consultation were vesicular lithiasis and hernias within the ASA I group of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. The fundamental antibiotics were adjusted by doses. Conclusions: An individualized work is needed in terms of care of the older adult. The use of a working protocol or algorithm is necessary in daily practice, especially when elective surgery is required(AU)

The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program surgical risk calculator is not reliable in predicting complications and length of stay after primary total hip arthroplasty at an institution implementing clinical pathways.

INTRODUCTION: The authors aimed to: (1) determine how length of stay (LOS) and complication rates changed over the past 10 years, in comparison to values estimated by the ACS-NSQIP surgical risk calculator, at a single private institution open to external surgeons; and (2) determine preoperative patient factors associated with complications. METHODS: We retrospectively assessed 1018 consecutive patients who underwent primary elective THA over 10 years. We excluded 87 with tumours and 52 with incomplete records. Clinical data of the remaining 879 were used to determine real LOS and rate of 9 adverse events over time, as well as to estimate these values using the risk calculator. Its predictive reliability was represented on receiver operating characteristic curves. Multivariable analyses were performed to determine associations of complications with age, sex, ASA score, diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, smoking and BMI. RESULTS: Over the 10-year period, real LOS and real complication rates decreased considerably, while LOS and complication rates estimated by the surgical risk calculator had little or no change. The difference between real and estimated LOS decreased over time. The overall estimated and real rates of any complication were respectively 3.3% and 2.8%. The risk calculator had fair reliability for predicting any complications (AUC 0.72). Overall estimated LOS was shorter than the real LOS in 764 (86.9%) patients. Multivariable analysis revealed risks of any complication to be greater in patients aged ⩾75 (OR = 4.36, p = 0.002), and with hypertension (OR = 3.13, p = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Since the implementation of clinical pathways at our institution, real LOS and complication rates decreased considerably, while LOS and complication rates estimated by the surgical risk calculator had little or no change. The difference between real and estimated LOS decreased over time, which could lead some clinicians to reconsider their discharge criteria, knowing that advanced age and hypertension increased risks of encountering complications.

Abordaje transcaval en reemplazo valvular aórtico percutáneo: primer caso en Costa Rica / Transcaval approach in valve replacement Percutaneous Aortic Surgery: First Case in Costa Rica

La estenosis aórtica severa sintomática que se presenta en pacientes de alto o mediano riesgo quirúrgico puede ser abordada de manera percutánea con reemplazos valvulares aórticos transcateter. Existe sólida evidencia de resultados favorables en estos pacientes con un perfil de seguridad adecuado. El abordaje transfemoral es el más utilizado y ha demostrado ser más seguro en comparación a los abordajes torácicos. Sin embargo, desde mitades de la década pasada el abordaje transcaval se ha convertido en una opción en los pacientes que presentan un riesgo quirúrgico alto y que presentan una vasculatura inadecuada para un abordaje transfemoral seguro. Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 65 años en quien se empleó este abordaje dado a su alto riesgo quirúrgico e inaccesibilidad para realizar un abordaje transfemoral.

Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis in patients with high surgical risk can be addressed percutaneously with transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). There is solid evidence of favorable results with an adequate safety profile in these patients. The transfemoral approach is the most widely used and has shown to be safer compared to thoracic approaches. Though, since the middle of the last decade, the transcaval approach has become an option in patients who present a high surgical risk and who have inadequate vasculature for a safe transfemoral approach. We present the case of a 65-year-old patient in whom this approach was preferred due to his high surgical risk and inaccessibility to perform a transfemoral approach.

Registro de datos sobre riesgo quirúrgico en historias clínicas de Estomatología General Integral / Recording surgical risk data in comprehensive dental care medical records

Introducción: La atención estomatológica integral al paciente de riesgo quirúrgico resulta un reto en la actualidad. El profesional de la estomatología necesita herramientas que permita profundizar en los riesgos quirúrgicos, entre esas herramientas puede contarse la correcta confección de historia clínica. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento de la confección de historia clínica en los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico en la Clínica Estomatológica "Salvador Allende". Métodos: Se revisaron 108 historias clínicas de todos los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico ingresados en la consulta de estomatología general integral en el archivo de la Clínica "Salvador Allende" del municipio Cerro, La Habana, correspondientes a un periodo de tres meses. Resultados: Un 41,6 por ciento de pacientes presentó hipertensión arterial, seguidos de pacientes con dos o más enfermedades (37,0 por ciento). El 56,4 por ciento de las historias clínicas abordó sobre el uso de medicamentos para la enfermedad de base, los restantes acápites tuvieron bajos porcentajes en relación con el completamiento de la información. El 79,6 por ciento de los pacientes de riesgo recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: La enfermedad de riesgo más frecuente es la hipertensión arterial seguida por los pacientes con dos o más enfermedades. No se recogen los datos necesarios en la atención del paciente de riesgo quirúrgico y las propuestas plasmadas permitirán realizar cualquier ejercicio de la profesión de manera más eficaz y con menor riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Comprehensive dental care of surgical risk patients is a current challenge. Dental care professionals should have access to tools allowing them to expand their knowledge about possible surgical risks. Appropriately developed medical records are an example of such tools. Objective: To describe the process of development of medical records of surgical risk patients at Salvador Allende dental clinic. Methods: A total 108 medical records were reviewed, corresponding to all the surgical risk patients admitted to the general comprehensive dental care service of Salvador Allende dental clinic in the municipality of Cerro, Havana, in a three months' period. Results: Of the patients studied, 41.6 percent had arterial hypertension, followed by patients with two or more conditions (37.0 percent). It was found that 56.4 percent of the medical records contained information about the use of drugs for the underlying condition. The remaining items exhibited low percentages of data completion. 79.6 percent of the risk patients received surgical treatment. Conclusions: The most common risk condition is arterial hypertension, followed by patients with two or more diseases. The data required for the care of surgical risk patients are not recorded. The proposals put forth will make it possible to perform any professional practice in a more effective manner and with a lower level of risk(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo dos achados cardiorrespiratórios e laboratoriais de cães atendidos para avaliação pré-operatória em um serviço de cardiologia e doenças respiratórias (2017-2021) / Retrospective study of cardiorespiratory and laboratory findings in dogs treated for preoperative evaluation in a cardiology and respiratory disease service (2017-2021)

Os cães idosos são acometidos com frequência por enfermidades no sistema cardiovascular e respiratório, estando muita das vezes assintomáticos até terem indicação para algum procedimento cirúrgico que requer a avaliação pré-operatória, momento este que muitos achados clínicos poderão ser detectados, ao ponto da necessidade de tratamento prévio à intervenção cirúrgica. Diante disso, o trabalho tem por objetivo detectar as principais manifestações cardiorrespiratórias e sua correlação aos dados encontrados nos exames complementares e informações epidemiológicas de 138 cães atendidos em um serviço especializado em cardiologia e doenças respiratórias, no período de 2017 a 2021, para fins de risco cirúrgico. Foi possível observar maior predominância de animais idosos, de pequeno porte e do sexo feminino. Dentre as doenças cardíacas, a doença degenerativa crônica de mitral foi a mais prevalente, seguida da dirofilariose. Em relação as afecções respiratórias, a bronquite crônica e o colapso de traqueia foram mais diagnosticadas, seguidas da broncopneumonia e da síndrome braquicefálica. Quando da observação do ritmo cardíaco por meio do eletrocardiograma, a arritmia sinusal, ritmo sinusal e sinus arrest foram os principais achados. Quanto aos achados laboratoriais, foi possível observar aumento da média de hematimetria, redução da média do hematócrito e das plaquetas. Entretanto, alguns animais apresentaram azotemia, leucocitose e eosinofilia. Observou-se que pacientes com doenças cardíacas em estágios de congestão possuem redução da pressão arterial, aumento da hematimetria e taquiarritmias, como taquicardia sinusal e/ou complexos atriais prematuros. Pacientes com idade mais avançada tendem a ter redução dos valores de leucometria global e maior probabilidade de manifestação de aumento da pressão arterial. Portadores de dirofilariose cursam com aumento de eosinófilos.

Elderly dogs are frequently affected by diseases in the cardiovascular and respiratory system, being often asymptomatic until they are indicated for a surgical procedure that requires preoperative evaluation, at which point many clinical findings can be detected, to the point of need for treatment prior to surgical intervention. Therefore, the work aims to detect the main cardiorespiratory manifestations and their correlation to data found in complementary exams and demographic information of 138 animals treated at a service specialized in cardiology and respiratory diseases, from 2017 to 2021, for risk purposes surgical. It was possible to observe a greater predominance of elderly, small and female animals. Among heart diseases, chronic degenerative mitral disease was the most prevalent, followed by heartworm disease. Regarding respiratory affections, chronic bronchitis and tracheal collapse were more commonly diagnosed, followed by bronchopneumonia and brachycephalic syndrome. When observing the cardiac rhythm through the electrocardiogram, sinus arrhythmia, sinus rhythm and sinus arrest were the main findings. As for laboratory findings, it was possible to observe an increase in mean hematimetry, a reduction in mean hematocrit and platelets. However, some animals showed azotemia, leukocytosis and eosinophilia. It was observed that patients with cardiac diseases in stages of congestion have reduced blood pressure, increased hematimetry and tachyarrhythmias, such as sinus tachycardia and/or premature atrial complexes. Older patients tend to have reduced global white blood cell values and more likely to manifest increased blood pressure. Heartworm patients have an increase in eosinophils.

El paciente de riesgo quirúrgico en la carrera de Estomatología / The surgical-risk patient in the Dental Medicine Major

Introducción: La atención estomatológica integral se realiza a través de grupos priorizados. Entre estos se encuentran los pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, que constituyen un riesgo durante los tratamientos estomatológicos quirúrgicos. Por diversas razones, la atención a estos pacientes se dificulta y muchas deficiencias pueden originarse durante el proceso docente. Objetivo: Evaluar los contenidos relacionados con el paciente de riesgo quirúrgico en el plan de estudios D de la carrera de Estomatología. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de los programas de las asignaturas del plan de estudios vigente. Se revisaron y analizaron documentos como: perfil profesional, modos de actuación, programa de la disciplina integradora y programas de las asignaturas. Se valoraron los contenidos relacionados con el paciente de riesgo quirúrgico, el semestre en que se imparte la asignatura, los objetivos, los temas, el sistema de conocimientos y de habilidades, la denominación del paciente de riesgo quirúrgico y las horas dedicadas en cada programa a este tópico. Se realizaron entrevistas a los profesores, en las que se consideraron los aspectos anteriores. Resultados: Las asignaturas que incorporaron la atención a los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico correspondieron a la disciplina integradora: Operatoria Clínica, Atención integral a la familia II y Cirugía bucal. El análisis documental realizado y las entrevistas ejecutadas mostraron la existencia de diversos criterios en relación con el paciente que constituye riesgo quirúrgico en las asignaturas abordadas. Conclusiones: Los programas de las asignaturas relacionadas con riesgo quirúrgico presentaron insuficiencias desde el punto de vista didáctico y en ellas no se estudian todos los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: Comprehensive dental care is implemented through prioritized groups. Among these are patients with chronic diseases, which constitute a risk during surgical dental treatments. For various reasons, caring for these patients becomes difficult, while many deficiencies can appear during the teaching process. Objective: To assess the contents related to the surgical-risk patient in the D Plan of Studies of the dental medicine major. Methods: An analysis was carried out of the syllabi of the subjects from the current study plan. Documents such as the professional profile, modes of action, the syllabus of the integrative discipline and the syllabi of the programs were reviewed and analyzed. A group of contents were assessed: those related to the surgical-risk patient, the semester in which the subject is taught, the objectives, the topics, the knowledge and skills systems, the name of the surgical-risk patient and the hours allotted to this topic in each syllabus. Interviews were conducted with the professors, in which the above aspects were considered. Results: The subjects that included care for surgical-risk patients belonged to the integrative discipline: Clinical Surgery, Comprehensive Family Care II and Oral Surgery. The document analysis carried out and the interviews conducted showed the existence of various criteria regarding the patient who is at surgical risk in the subjects addressed. Conclusions: The syllabi of the subjects related to surgical risk presented didactic inadequacies, while their study does not include all surgical-risk patients(AU)

Perioperative score for octogenarian patients eligible for rectal cancer surgery.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer incidence increases with age; therefore, rectal cancer treatment in elderly patients is increasingly common. Surgery is a common rectal cancer treatment, and the risks involve complicated surgical decisions. There are currently few surgical outcome data for rectal cancer in elderly patients. The aim of this study is to identify new perioperative risk factors that could be associated with higher 30- and 180-day mortality in elderly patients in good clinical condition considering traditional perioperative risk scores and to develop a risk score. METHODS: A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was performed by reviewing the medical records of patients from the National Cancer Institute of Brazil aged 80 years or older who electively underwent rectal cancer surgery; several independent variables correlated with death from all causes at 30 and 180 days were studied. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis found new variables (CEA, albumin and reoperation) that had independent correlations with increased 30- and 180-day mortality. A clinical risk score was developed with survival profiles ranging from 29.3% to 97.2% within 30 days and 2.45% to 91.8% within 180 days. CONCLUSIONS: This score can aid in deciding whether a patient should undergo rectal cancer surgery.

Segundas resecciones anatómicas en pacientes con resección anatómica previa / Second pulmonary anatomical lung resections in patients with previous anatomical resections

Resumen Introducción: Las segundas resecciones anatómicas son cada vez más frecuentes en el tratamiento de carcinomas pulmonares sincrónicos, metacrónicos y de metástasis pulmonares de origen extrapulmonar. Objetivo: Determinar si las segundas resecciones anatómicas pulmonares se asocian con un mayor riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias comparadas con la primera intervención. Materiales y Método: Hemos analizado todos los pacientes sometidos a una segunda resección anatómica en nuestro centro entre octubre de 2000 y febrero de 2019. Las complicaciones fueron clasificadas en mayores y menores según la clasificación estandarizada de morbilidad posoperatoria de Clavien-Dindo. Se compararon las características clínicas y demográficas de los pacientes y la ocurrencia de complicaciones mayores tras la primera y la segunda intervención quirúrgica mediante la prueba T para muestras relacionadas y la prueba exacta de McNemar para las variables cuantitativas y categóricas, respectivamente. Resultados: Setenta y cinco pacientes fueron sometidos a una segunda resección anatómica. La prevalencia de complicaciones globales y mayores tras la primera intervención fue del 26,7% y el 4% frente al 34,7% y al 6,7% tras la segunda intervención (p = 0,362 y p = 0,727, respectivamente). Las segundas resecciones pulmonares ipsilaterales se asociaron con un 16,7% de complicaciones mayores y los procedimientos consistentes en completar la neumonectomía con un 25%. Conclusión: Las segundas resecciones anatómicas pulmonares no se asocian con un mayor riesgo de complicaciones posoperatorias comparadas con la primera intervención. Sin embargo, las segundas resecciones ipsilaterales y las resecciones que impliquen completar la neumonectomía se asocian con riesgo significativamente superior de complicaciones mayores posoperatorias.

Introduction: Second anatomical resections are becoming more frequent in the treatment of synchronous, metachronous and pulmonary metastases of extrapulmonary origin. Aim: The objective of this study is to determine whether second pulmonary anatomical resections are associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications compared to the first intervention. Materials and Method: We have analyzed all patients undergoing a second anatomical resection in our center between October 2000 and February 2019. Complications were classified in major and minor according to the standardized Clavien-Dindo postoperative morbidity classification. The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients and the occurrence of major complications after the first and second surgical intervention were compared using the T test for related samples and the McNemar exact test for quantitative and categorical variables, respectively. Results: Seventy-five patients underwent a second anatomic resection. The prevalence of global and major complications after the first intervention was 26.7% and 4% compared to 34.7% and 6.7% after the second intervention (p = 0.362 and p = 0.727, respectively). Second ipsilateral lung resections were associated with 16.7% of major complications and procedures consisting of completing pneumonectomy with 25%. Conclusion: Second lung anatomical resections are not associated with an increased risk of postoperative complications compared to the first intervention. However, second ipsilateral resections and resections that involve completing pneumonectomy are associated with a significantly higher risk of major postoperative complications.

Curso optativo de riesgo quirúrgico para estudiantes de pregrado de la carrera de estomatología / Elective course on surgical risk for undergraduate dental medicine students

Introducción: Los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico presentan enfermedades asociadas que deben considerarse durante el tratamiento estomatológico. Investigaciones realizadas revelan la existencia de deficiencias durante la atención estomatológica a este tipo de paciente y que el tema debe ser reforzado durante el pregrado. Objetivos: Exponer las generalidades del curso optativo de atención estomatológica integral al paciente de riesgo quirúrgico y los criterios emitidos por sus participantes. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva de corte pedagógico para exponer las características más importantes del curso. Se tuvieron en cuenta las siguientes variables: temas, objetivos, sistema de conocimientos y de habilidades. Se aplicó la técnica de Positivo, Negativo, Interesante a todos los participantes del curso. Resultados: El curso implementado contó con cinco temas: el primero dedicado a las generalidades y las características particulares en la confección de historia clínica; el segundo y tercero, a las enfermedades de riesgo quirúrgico y los tratamientos estomatológicos; el cuarto, al uso de medicamentos para la enfermedad sistémica y las posibles interacciones; y el quinto, a experiencias clínicas. Los estudiantes aportaron criterios positivos, negativos e interesantes. Conclusiones: El curso diseñado ofrece conocimientos y habilidades al estudiante que no se proporcionan en las asignaturas de pregrado, lo cual permite una mejor atención estomatológica integral a los pacientes de riesgo quirúrgico. Los estudiantes participantes del curso optativo aportaron criterios favorables sobre su estructura, pertinencia y valor científico(AU)

Introduction: Surgical risk patients have associated diseases that must be considered during dental treatment. Some research carried out have revealed the existence of deficiencies during dental care for this type of patients, a reason why the issue must be strengthened during undergraduate studies. Objective: To present the generalities of an elective course of comprehensive dental care for patients at surgical risk and the criteria issued by its participants. Methods: A descriptive research with a pedagogical nature was carried out to expose the most important characteristics of the course. The following variables were taken into account: topics, objectives, knowledge system and skills system. The positive-negative-interesting technique was applied to all the course participants. Results: The implemented course had five topics: the first was dedicated to generalities and particular characteristics in the preparation of a clinical record; the second and third courses, to surgical risk diseases and dental treatments; the fourth course, to the use of drugs for systemic diseases and possible interactions; and the fifth, to clinical experiences. The students provided positive, negative and interesting criteria. Conclusions: The designed course offers knowledge and skills to the student that are not provided in undergraduate subjects, which allows better comprehensive dental care to patients at surgical risk. The students participating in the elective course provided favorable criteria about the course's structure, relevance and scientific value(AU)

Riesgo médico en pacientes estomatológicos según la clasificación ASA / Medical risk in dental patients according to the ASA classification

Introducción: Realizar un tratamiento estomatológico sin comprometer el estado sistémico ha motivado varios estudios. Entre ellos está la determinación del riesgo médico de los pacientes que acuden a la consulta estomatológica según la clasificación ASA, de lo cual no existen reportes en Cuba. Objetivo: Identificar los antecedentes médicos y determinar el riesgo médico ASA de los pacientes en la consulta estomatológica. Material y Método: Se aplicó el cuestionario CROMEC (Clasificación de los Factores de Riesgo Odontológico en los pacientes Médicamente Comprometidos) a 30 pacientes que asistieron por primera vez a la consulta estomatológica. Se tuvo en cuenta edad, sexo, antecedentes médicos y medicamentos utilizados y se determinó la clasificación ASA. Resultados: Predominó el grupo poblacional de 60 o más años con 53,3 por ciento y dentro de este grupo el sexo femenino, 60 por ciento. El 63,3 por ciento de los pacientes estudiados poseían antecedentes médicos, con predominio de los hipertensos en un 56,6 por ciento seguido por los pacientes diabéticos con 36,6 por ciento. Los medicamentos más frecuentemente usados fueron los antihipertensivos para un 32 por ciento seguido por los usados para la diabetes mellitus, 20 por ciento. El 43,3 % de los pacientes se incluyeron en la clasificación ASA II. Conclusiones: Más de la mitad de los pacientes estudiados presentaron antecedentes médicos, los más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus en correspondencia con el mayor uso de los medicamentos antihipertensivos y para la diabetes mellitus. La mayor cantidad de pacientes correspondieron a la clasificación ASA II, enfermedad sistémica leve, lo que indica tratamiento estomatológico con modificaciones(AU)

Introduction: To carry out a dentist treatment without committing the systemic state has been the aim of several of studies. Among them is the determination of the medical risk of patients attending the dental consultation according to ASA classification, which has not been reported in Cuba. Objective: To identify the medical history and to determine the ASA medical risk of patients in the dental consultation. Material and Method: The CROMEC questionnaire was applied to 30 patients that attended for the first time the consultation. Age, sex, medical history and medications were taken into account to finally determine the ASA classification of the patients. Results: The 60 year-old or more group prevailed with 53,3 percent, inside this group the feminine sex with 60 percent. 63,3 percent of the studied patients had medical history, mainly hypertension with 56,6 percent followed by diabetes mellitus with 36,6 percent. The most frequently used medications were the antihypertensive ones with 32 percent followed by those used by diabetics with 20 percent. 43,3 percent of the patients were included in the classification ASA II. Conclusions: More than half of the studied patients presented medical history; being the most frequent arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in correspondence with the biggest use of antihypertensive and diabetes mellitus medications. Most of the patients corresponded to the classification ASA II, light systemic illness, indicating dental treatment with modifications(AU)

Percepción y conocimientos de los estudiantes sobre la atención estomatológica al paciente con riesgo quirúrgico / Students' perception of and knowledge about the dental care of patients at surgical risk

Introducción: El estomatólogo debe estar preparado para la atención a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas, las cuales constituyen un riesgo para los tratamientos estomatológicos, sobre todo los quirúrgicos. Objetivo: Describir la percepción de la preparación recibida y el nivel de conocimientos de estudiantes de los planes C y D sobre la atención estomatológica a los pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo mediante encuestas de percepción sobre la preparación recibida y el examen de conocimientos a estudiantes de cuarto año, 81 del Plan C (2010-2011) y 85 del Plan D (2017-2018). Resultados: La percepción con respecto a la preparación recibida fue regular en el 63 por ciento de los estudiantes del Plan C y en el 52 por ciento de los del Plan D. El 32,9 por ciento de los estudiantes del Plan D la consideraron entre buena y excelente, mientras que solo el 25,9 por ciento del Plan C la valoró en estas categorías. El nivel de conocimientos resultó bajo, con el 72,8 por ciento de los alumnos del Plan C y el 71,7 por ciento de los del Plan D. El 11,7 por ciento del Plan D y el 8,6 por ciento en el C obtuvieron la categoría de alto. Conclusiones: Predominó la categoría de regular en la percepción sobre la preparación recibida en ambos grupos, aunque casi la mitad de los estudiantes del plan D la calificaron entre excelente y buena. En relación con el nivel de conocimientos, la categoría de bajo primó en los estudiantes de ambos planes, pero los estudiantes del Plan D lograron mejores resultados(AU)

Introduction: Dentists should be prepared to treat patients with chronic diseases representing a risk to dental procedures, particularly surgical ones. Objective: Describe the perception of the training received and the knowledge acquired by students attending Curricula C and D as concerns the dental care of patients at surgical risk. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted based on perception surveys about the training received and the knowledge acquired by fourth year students: 81 attending Curriculum C (2010-2011) and 85 attending Curriculum D (2017-2018). Results: Perception of the training received was fair in 63 percent of the Curriculum C students and 52 percent of the Curriculum D students. 32.9 percent of the Curriculum D students ranked it as between good and excellent, while only 25.9 percent of the Curriculum C students awarded such scores. The level of knowledge was seen as low by 72.8 percent of the Curriculum C students and 71.7 percent of the Curriculum D students. It was ranked high by 11.7 percent of the students in Curriculum D and 8.6 percent of the students in Curriculum C. Conclusions: A predominance was found of the category of fair in the perception of the training received by both groups, though almost half of the Curriculum D students ranked it as between excellent and good. As to level of knowledge, the category of low prevailed among students from both curricula, but those from Curriculum D awarded better scores(AU)

Valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca: un abordaje por pasos.

Preoperative assessment in non-cardiac surgery is essential to reducing the rate of in-hospital complications. Its purpose is to identify patients with higher levels of risk. Preoperative assessment should not be restricted to cardiovascular aspects, but it should focus on all organs and systems and include medication reconciliation. The purpose of this article is to approach the performance of a preoperative assessment in non-cardiac surgery from the perspective of the internist, with the purpose to help prevent adverse events and improve the overall outcome.

La valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca es fundamental para disminuir la tasa de complicaciones hospitalarias; su finalidad es identificar pacientes con riesgos mayores. La valoración preoperatoria no se debe limitar a los aspectos cardiovasculares, sino enfocarse en todos los órganos y sistemas e incluir la conciliación de medicamentos. El objetivo de este escrito es abordar la realización de una valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca desde la perspectiva del médico internista, con el fin de ayudar a prevenir eventos adversos y mejorar el desenlace general.

Valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca: un abordaje por pasos / Preoperative evaluation in noncardiac surgery: a stepwise approach

Resumen La valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca es fundamental para disminuir la tasa de complicaciones hospitalarias; su finalidad es identificar pacientes con riesgos mayores. La valoración preoperatoria no se debe limitar a los aspectos cardiovasculares, sino enfocarse en todos los órganos y sistemas e incluir la conciliación de medicamentos. El objetivo de este escrito es abordar la realización de una valoración preoperatoria en cirugía no cardiaca desde la perspectiva del médico internista, con el fin de ayudar a prevenir eventos adversos y mejorar el desenlace general.

Abstract Preoperative assessment in non-cardiac surgery is essential to reducing the rate of in-hospital complications. Its purpose is to identify patients with higher levels of risk. Preoperative assessment should not be restricted to cardiovascular aspects, but it should focus on all organs and systems and include medication reconciliation. The purpose of this article is to approach the performance of a preoperative assessment in non-cardiac surgery from the perspective of the internist, with the purpose to help prevent adverse events and improve the overall outcome.

Medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y su repercusión en Estomatología / Medicine use in surgery risk patients and repercussion in Dentistry

RESUMEN • Introducción: Con el envejecimiento creciente de la población, la práctica estomatológica exige la utilización del conocimiento para identificar y tratar pacientes con enfermedades sistémicas cada vez más frecuentes, lo cual puede requerir el uso de medicamentos capaces de interactuar con el tratamiento farmacológico de su enfermedad de base. La literatura refleja esta relación de manera fragmentada y carente de un enfoque sistémico. Objetivo: Identificar en la literatura el uso de medicamentos en pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico y describir su repercusión durante el tratamiento estomatológico. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y se consultaron artículos científicos, tesis de titulación de especialistas, maestrías y doctorales entre otras referencias principalmente de los últimos 5 años mediante Google. Desarrollo: Se abordan las generalidades, manejo estomatológico y las interacciones medicamentosas de cada una de las enfermedades a estudiar (Diabetes Mellitus, hipertensión arterial y cardiopatía), así como las situaciones que requieren profilaxis antibiótica. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con riesgo quirúrgico utilizan medicamentos que producen interacciones importantes con fármacos como AINES, anestésicos locales y glucocorticoides que habitualmente se emplean en los tratamientos estomatológicos; existen además enfermedades sistémicas en las cuales hay que tener en cuenta la profilaxis antibiótica antes de realizar determinados procederes estomatológicos.

ABSTRACT • Introduction: With the growing of population aging, the dental practice requires the adequate knowledge to identify and treat patients with increasingly frequent systemic diseases, which may require the use of drugs capable of interacting with the pharmacological treatment of their underlying diseases. The literature reflects this relationship in a fragmented manner and lacking a systemic approach. Objective: To identify the drugs used in risk patients undergoing surgery and describe their repercussion during dental treatment. Material and Method: A bibliographic review was carried out. Scientific articles, specialists´ theses, Master´s and PhD degrees among other references were consulted, mainly the ones obtained from the search carried out in Google during the last 5 years. Results: The generalities, dental management and drug interactions between the diseases studied (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and heart disease) were addressed, as well as the situations that require antibiotic prophylaxis. Conclusions: The surgical risk patients studied use drugs that produce important interactions with drugs such as NSAIDs, local anesthetics and glucocorticoids that are usually used in dental treatments. There are also systemic diseases in which antibiotic prophylaxis must be taken into account before performing certain dental procedures.

Evaluación del riesgo quirúrgico en pacientes con cirrosis hepática / Surgical risk assessment in patients with liver cirrosis

Resumen Los pacientes cirróticos pueden requerir procedimientos quirúrgicos y están relacionados con mayor morbimortalidad que la población general. Los resultados adversos están asociados con múltiples factores, pero los más importantes son la severidad de la enfermedad hepática, la urgencia del procedimiento y el tipo de cirugía. El puntaje Child-Turcott-Pugh (CTP) y el puntaje MELD pueden ser usados para determinar la severidad de la enfermedad hepática y estratificar el riesgo. Se considera que la cirugía electiva se tolera bien en pacientes con CTP A, es permisible con una buena preparación preoperatoria en pacientes con CTP B o MELD <14 y está contraindicada en pacientes con CTP C o MELD >15 con albúmina <2,5 g/dL. Lo ideal son procedimientos electivos, mínimamente invasivos y que sean realizados en centros especializados y con médicos entrenados en el cuidado de este tipo de pacientes. La optimización preoperatoria después de la estratificación del riesgo y un cuidadoso manejo son obligatorios antes y después de la cirugía. Una aproximación multidisciplinaria, individualizada y especializada puede mejorar los resultados.

Abstract Cirrhotic patients may require surgical procedures and face higher morbidity and mortality than the general population. Adverse results are associated with multiple factors, but the most important are the severity of the liver disease, the urgency of the procedure and the type of surgery. The Child-Turcott-Pugh score (CTP) and the MELD score can be used to determine the severity of liver disease and to stratify the risk. Patients with CTP A are considered to tolerate elective surgery well, and surgery is permissible in patients with CTP B or MELD <14 with good preoperative preparation. It is contraindicated in patients with CTP C or MELD> 15 with albumin <2.5 gr/dL. Ideally, elective, minimally invasive procedures are used in specialized centers with doctors trained in the care of this type of patient. Preoperative optimization after risk stratification and careful management are mandatory before and after surgery. A multidisciplinary, individualized and specialized approach can improve results.

Perioperative mortality related to anesthesia within 48 h and up to 30 days following surgery: A retrospective cohort study of 11,562 anesthetic procedures.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Studying postoperative in-hospital mortality is crucial to the understanding of the perioperative process failures and to the implementation of strategies to improve patient outcomes. We intend to classify the causes of perioperative deaths up to 30 days after procedures requiring anesthesia and to evaluate the risk factors for early (48 h) or late (30 day) mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: A quaternary University Hospital from South Brazil. PATIENTS: The information related to the perioperative care was collected from surgeries performed between January 2012 and December 2011. INTERVENTIONS: None (observational study). MEASUREMENTS: Three anesthesiologists classified the causes of deaths according to the ANZCA (Australian and New Zealand College of Anesthetists) classification, used in the report of Anesthesia-Related Mortality in Australia since 1985, which defines eight death categories. The risk factors for early or late death were analyzed in a regression model. MAIN RESULTS: 11.562 surgeries were performed, with a mortality incidence of 2.75% within 30 days (319 deaths). Most deaths were inevitable (50.7%), as they were related to advanced illnesses and would occur regardless of anesthetic or surgical procedures. The second most common cause was related to surgical complications (25%). The death rate having anesthesia as a likely contributor was 1.72:10.000 procedures, and as a potential contributor 7.78:10.000. These deaths occurred significantly earlier (<48 h) when compared to deaths from other causes. Transoperative vasopressor, extremes of age and out-of-hour surgery were independent variables associated to early deaths. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms that postoperative mortality in which anesthesia was involved occurred earlier in the perioperative period. In addition, it was revealed that this involvement of anesthesia as a morbidity contributor shows higher frequency when considering the anesthesiologist perioperative role, and when assessing the mortality in the long term (30 days).

Surgery for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Surgical resection is the only potentially curative option in the treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Preoperative radiological imaging allows to rule out the presence of metastases. Three resectability categories are established based on the radiological findings depending on the degree of contact between the tumor and the blood vessels. Histological confirmation of malignancy is only required in cases of borderline or non-resectable tumors, prior to neoadjuvant treatment initiation. Diagnostic laparoscopy is recommended in the presence of large tumors of the body or tail and in borderline tumors to explore the possibility of resection and to apply treatment with curative intent, as well as in those cases with high level of biomarkers to rule out peritoneal involvement. Prior to surgery preoperative nutritional measures as well as endoscopic biliary drainage can be applied to optimize patient's conditions. Cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy is the recommended surgical technique in tumors located in the head of the pancreas. The benefits from pyloric preservation, type or reconstruction (one vs. two loops), type of anastomosis (pancreaticojejunostomy vs. pancreaticogastrostomy), intraoperative biopsy of the pancreatic resection margin or the use of intraperitoneal drainages are inconclusive. Total pancreatectomy and/or portal resection should only be performed in particular cases; however, arterial resections have shown no benefits. Radical antegrade modular pancreaticosplenectomy, that can be performed laparoscopically, is the technique used for those tumors located in the pancreatic body-tail.

Uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía mayor de urgencia / Use of local anesthesia for major surgery in emergency

Introducción: la presencia de enfermos de alto riesgo con necesidad de una intervención quirúrgica de urgencia es un grave problema. En estos casos, la anestesia local podría ser una alternativa. Objetivo: mostrar la experiencia del Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo con el uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia en enfermos de alto riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal tipo serie de casos. Incluyó 72 pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico que necesitaron un procedimiento quirúrgico de urgencia en que por su estado fisco y riesgo fue necesario utilizar anestesia local. Resultados: más de la mitad de los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, mayores de 65 años, con enfermedades concomitantes. Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la HTA y la Diabetes Mellitus. Todos los enfermos eran ASA III y IV, predominó el riesgo quirúrgico malo. Las indicaciones de cirugía de urgencia fueron variadas siendo las frecuente la disfagia severa por cáncer, estenosis por cáusticos o esclerosis lateral amiotrofica, la oclusión intestinal por cáncer de colon izquierdo y la colecistitis aguda. Se apoyó con sedación en 14 enfermos, no se presentaron reacciones adversas ni complicaciones. Conclusiones: la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia ofrece resultados favorables y escazas reacciones adversas. Es una opción eficaz en el enfermo con ASA III y IV y riesgo quirúrgico malo(AU)

Introduction: high risk patients requiring surgery in emergency is a serious problem. In this situation, the local anesthesia might be an alternative. Objective: to show the experience of Comandante Manuel Fajardo hospital in using the local anesthesia for emergency surgery in high risk patients. Methods: a case series-type, cross-sectional observational and descriptive study was carried out with 72 high surgical risk patients who required emergency surgical procedure and whose physical condition and risk demanded using local anesthesia. Results: over half of the patients were males, aged over 65 years with underlying diseases. The most frequent of them were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. All the patients were classified as ASA III and IV, being bad surgical risk predominant. The indications for emergency surgery varied and the most common ones included severe dysphagia caused by cancer, stenosis from caustic substances or amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, intestinal occlusion from cancer in left colon and acute cholecystitis. Surgical procedure supported on sedation in 14 patients; there were neither adverse reactions nor complications. Conclusions: local anesthesia for emergency surgery provides favorable results and few adverse reactions. It is an effective option to treat ASA III and IV and bad surgical risk patients(AU)

Uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía mayor de urgencia / Use of local anesthesia for major surgery in emergency

Introducción: la presencia de enfermos de alto riesgo con necesidad de una intervención quirúrgica de urgencia es un grave problema. En estos casos, la anestesia local podría ser una alternativa. Objetivo: mostrar la experiencia del Hospital Universitario Comandante Manuel Fajardo con el uso de la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia en enfermos de alto riesgo. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal tipo serie de casos. Incluyó 72 pacientes de alto riesgo quirúrgico que necesitaron un procedimiento quirúrgico de urgencia en que por su estado fisco y riesgo fue necesario utilizar anestesia local. Resultados: más de la mitad de los pacientes fueron del sexo masculino, mayores de 65 años, con enfermedades concomitantes. Las enfermedades más frecuentes fueron la HTA y la Diabetes Mellitus. Todos los enfermos eran ASA III y IV, predominó el riesgo quirúrgico malo. Las indicaciones de cirugía de urgencia fueron variadas siendo las frecuente la disfagia severa por cáncer, estenosis por cáusticos o esclerosis lateral amiotrofica, la oclusión intestinal por cáncer de colon izquierdo y la colecistitis aguda. Se apoyó con sedación en 14 enfermos, no se presentaron reacciones adversas ni complicaciones. Conclusiones: la anestesia local en la cirugía de urgencia ofrece resultados favorables y escazas reacciones adversas. Es una opción eficaz en el enfermo con ASA III y IV y riesgo quirúrgico malo(AU)

Introduction: high risk patients requiring surgery in emergency is a serious problem. In this situation, the local anesthesia might be an alternative. Objective: to show the experience of Comandante Manuel Fajardo hospital in using the local anesthesia for emergency surgery in high risk patients. Methods: a case series-type, cross-sectional observational and descriptive study was carried out with 72 high surgical risk patients who required emergency surgical procedure and whose physical condition and risk demanded using local anesthesia. Results: over half of the patients were males, aged over 65 years with underlying diseases. The most frequent of them were hypertension and diabetes mellitus. All the patients were classified as ASA III and IV, being bad surgical risk predominant. The indications for emergency surgery varied and the most common ones included severe dysphagia caused by cancer, stenosis from caustic substances or amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, intestinal occlusion from cancer in left colon and acute cholecystitis. Surgical procedure supported on sedation in 14 patients; there were neither adverse reactions nor complications. Conclusions: local anesthesia for emergency surgery provides favorable results and few adverse reactions. It is an effective option to treat ASA III and IV and bad surgical risk patients(AU)