Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Urine Cultures.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the evolution of antibiotic resistance of symptomatic bacteriuria caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in Granada. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out, including antibiograms of urine cultures in which microorganisms identified as E. coli and K. pneumoniae, were isolated in the Microbiology laboratory of the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Spain) between January 2016 and June 2021. RESULTS: E. coli was the most frequent isolate (10,048) and its resistance to ampicillin (59.45%) and ticarcillin (59.59%), and the increase to cefepime (15.07%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (17.67%) is noteworthy. K. pneumoniae (2222) is notable for resistance to Fosfomycin (27.91%) and an increase to ciprofloxacin (37.79%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (36.63%). Resistance is generally higher in hospitalized patients, males, and adults. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic resistance to the studied Enterobacteriaceae is on the rise, requiring empirical treatment targeted to the population area.

Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Urine Cultures

Objective: Determine the evolution of antibiotic resistance of symptomatic bacteriuria caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) in Granada. Material and Method: A descriptive retrospective study was carried out, including antibiograms of urine cultures in which microorganisms identified as E. coli and K. pneumoniae, were isolated in the Microbiology laboratory of the Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (Granada, Spain) between January 2016 and June 2021. Results: E. coli was the most frequent isolate (10,048) and its resistance to ampicillin (59.45%) and ticarcillin (59.59%), and the increase to cefepime (15.07%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (17.67%) is noteworthy. K. pneumoniae (2222) is notable for resistance to Fosfomycin (27.91%) and an increase to ciprofloxacin (37.79%) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (36.63%). Resistance is generally higher in hospitalized patients, males, and adults. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance to the studied Enterobacteriaceae is on the rise, requiring empirical treatment targeted to the population area (AU)

Virulence gene mutations as a differentiator of clinical phenotypes: insights from community-acquired uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) remains an important cause of urinary tract infection during pregnancy. Multiple molecular virulence determinants and antibiotic resistant genes facilitate its pathogenesis and virulence phenotype. Hence it is hypothesized that there will be considerable variation in genes among the isolates from symptomatic as well as asymptomatic bacteriuria (ABU) during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to decipher the genetic variation among the two phenotypes. Six different UPEC isolates collected from urine specimens of consecutive pregnant females (five, symptomatic bacteriuria and one, ABU) were tested for their growth kinetics, and biofilm formation. A total of 87 virulence determinants and 56 antibiotic resistance genes were investigated using whole-genome sequencing, to identify putative drives of virulence phenotype. In this analysis, we identified eight different types of fully functional toxin antitoxin (TA) systems [HipAB, YefM-YoeB, YeeU-YeeV (CbtA), YhaV-PrlF, ChpBS, HigAB, YgiUT and HicAB] in the isolates from symptomatic bacteriuria; whereas partially functional TA system with mutations were observed in the asymptomatic one. Isolates of both the groups showed equivalent growth characteristics and biofilm-formation ability. Genes for an iron transport system (Efe UOB system, Fhu system except FhuA) were observed functional among all symptomatic and asymptomatic isolates, however functional mutations were observed in the latter group. Gene YidE was observed predominantly associated with the biofilm formation along with few other genes (BssR, BssS, YjgK, etc.). This study outlines putative critical relevance of specific variations in the genes for the TA system, biofilm formation, cell adhesion and colonization among UPEC isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria among pregnant women. Further functional genomic study in the same cohort is warranted to establish the pathogenic role of these genes.

Alternative to antibiotics for managing asymptomatic and non-symptomatic bacteriuria in older persons: a review.

Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common reasons for long-term antibiotic use in frail older people, and these individuals often have non-symptomatic bacteriuria. This article reviews the literature and recommendations for the treatment of UTIs particularly in the older population (>65 years). It considers the question: is there an alternative for antibiotics for asymptomatic and non-symptomatic bacteriuria in older adults? D-mannose powder has been recommended for the treatment of UTIs, as when applied locally, it reduces the adherence of Escherichia coli. In one study, D-mannose was reviewed for the prophylaxis of recurrent UTIs in women, and the findings indicated that it may be useful for UTI prevention instead of prophylactic antibiotics. There is a lack of information about the efficacy of cranberry products combined with D-mannose in this regard, and this is an area for further research.

The prevalence, etiologic agents and risk factors for urinary tract infection among spinal cord injury patients.

BACKGROUND: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are important causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with spinal cord injury and 22% of patients with acute spinal cord injury develop UTI during the first 50 days. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, etiologic agents and risk factors for asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in patients with spinal cord injury. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a prospective investigation of spinal cord injury patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infections in Baskent University Medical Faculty Ayas Rehabilitation Center and Ankara Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Center between January 2008 and December 2010. The demographic status, clinical and laboratory findings of 93 patients with spinal cord injury were analyzed in order to determine the risk factors for asymptomatic or symptomatic bacteriuria. RESULTS: Sixty three (67.7%) of 93 patients had asymptomatic bacteriuria and 21 (22.6%) had symptomatic urinary tract infection. Assessment of the frequency of urinary bladder emptying methods revealed that 57 (61.3%) of 93 patients employed permanent catheters and 24 (25.8%) employed clean intermittent catheterization. One hundred and thirty-five (48.0%) of 281 strains isolated form asymptomatic bacteriuria attacks and 16 (66.6%) of 24 strains isolated from symptomatic urinary tract infection attacks, totaling 151 strains, had multidrug resistance (P > 0.05). One hundred (70.4%) of 142 Escherichia coli strains and 19 (34.5%) of 55 Klebsiella spp strains proliferated in patients with asymptomatic bacteriuria; 8 (80%) of 10 E. coli strains and 4 (80%) of 5 Klebsiella spp. strains were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS: The most common infectious episode among spinal cord injury patients was found to be urinary tract infection. E. coli was the most common microorganism isolated from urine samples. Antibiotic use in the previous 2 weeks or 3 months, hospitalization during the last one-year and previous diagnosis of urinary tract infection were the risk factors identified for the development of infections with multi-drug resistant isolates. Urinary catheterization was found to be the only independent risk factor contributing to symptomatic urinary tract infection.

Infección de las vías urinarias: prevalencia, sensibilidad antimicrobiana y factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Urinary tract infection: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Objetivos: determinar la prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias, la sensibilidad antimicrobiana y los factores de riesgo asociados en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, transversal y prospectivo, a 300 pacientes con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus tipo 2, seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se aplicó ficha de identificación, y se realizó diagnóstico clínico y microbiológico de infección de vías urinarias. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de razón de momios, intervalos de confianza y chi cuadrado, con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 17. Resultados: el porcentaje total de infección de vías urinarias fue de 17 por ciento, y se presentó 12,5 por ciento de bacteriuria asintomática y 38,4 por ciento de bacteriuria sintomática (p= 0,000; OR= 4,38; IC 95 por ciento 2,09-8,99). Se obtuvo una prevalencia de infección de vías urinarias de 6,5 por ciento para hombres y 22,8 por ciento para mujeres (p= 0,000; OR= 4,22; IC 95 por ciento 1,78-11,51). Escherichia coli se aisló en 68,6 por ciento, seguido de Klebsiella spp. en 13,7 por ciento. En relación con la sensibilidad a los antibióticos, E. coli presentó 74,3 por ciento de resistencia a la ciprofloxacina y 68,6 por ciento a la ampicilina. Conclusiones: E. coli y Klebsiella spp. fueron las bacterias de mayor prevalencia, con porcentajes altos de resistencia a la ampicilina y la cefalosporina, 2 de los antimicrobianos mayormente utilizados en estos procesos. De los factores de riesgo analizados, solo el sexo se asoció a infección de vías urinarias en el paciente diabético(AU)

Objectives: to determine the prevalence of urinary tract infection, antimicrobial resistance and associated risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: prospective, descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted in 300 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and selected by non-probabilistic sampling. The identification card was used and the clinical and microbiological diagnosis of urinary tract infection was performed. The statistical analysis used the SPSS statistical program version 17 through the odds ratio, the confidence intervals and the chi square test. Results: total percentage of urinary tract infection was 17 percent, asymptomatic bacteriuria reached 12.5 percent and symptomatic 38.4 percent (p= 0.000; OR= 4.38; IC 95 percent 2.09-8.99). The prevalence of urinary tract infection was 6.5 percent for men and 22.8 percent for women (p= 0.000; OR= 4.22; IC 95 percent 1.78-11.51). Escherichia coli was isolated in 68.6 percent of cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. in 13.7 percent. Regarding the antimicrobial resistance, E. coli exhibited 74.3 percent resistance to ciprofloxacin and 68.6 percent to ampicillin. Conclusions: E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were the preponderant bacteria with high percentages of resistance to ampicillin and to cephalosporin, two of the mostly used antimicrobials to control these processes. Sex was the only risk factor associated to urinary tract infection in the diabetic patient(AU)