Assessing temperature-based adaptation limits to climate change of temperate perennial fruit crops.

Temperate perennial fruit and nut trees play varying roles in world food diversity-providing edible oils and micronutrient, energy, and protein dense foods. In addition, perennials reuse significant amounts of biomass each year providing a unique resilience. But they also have a unique sensitivity to seasonal temperatures, requiring a period of dormancy for successful growing season production. This paper takes a global view of five temperate tree fruit crops-apples, cherries, almonds, olives, and grapes-and assesses the effects of future temperature changes on thermal suitability. It uses climate data from five earth system models for two CMIP6 climate scenarios and temperature-related indices of stress to indicate potential future areas where crops cannot be grown and highlight potential new suitable regions. The loss of currently suitable areas and new additions in new locations varies by scenario. In the southern hemisphere (SH), end-century (2081-2100) suitable areas under the SSP 5-8.5 scenario decline by more than 40% compared to a recent historical period (1991-2010). In the northern hemisphere (NH) suitability increases by 20% to almost 60%. With SSP1-2.6, however, the changes are much smaller with SH area declining by about 25% and NH increasing by about 10%. The results suggest substantial restructuring of global production for these crops. Essentially, climate change shifts temperature-suitable locations toward higher latitudes. In the SH, most of the historically suitable areas were already at the southern end of the landmass limiting opportunities for adaptation. If breeding efforts can bring chilling requirements for the major cultivars closer to that currently seen in some cultivars, suitable areas at the end of the century are greater, but higher summer temperatures offset the extent. The high value of fruit crops provides adaptation opportunities such as cultivar selection, canopy cooling using sprinklers, shade netting, and precision irrigation.

Pesticide selectivity to the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum: A pattern 10-year database and its implications for Integrated Pest Management.

Trichogramma pretiosum is one of the main egg parasitoids used in the control of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. This natural enemy can be negatively affected by the use of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. The present work used a systematic review and meta-analysis to group information from multiple studies on the selectivity of pesticides (279 commercial products) in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops for immature stages (egg-larva, pre-pupa, and pupa) and adult parasitoids. The selected studies used the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC) methodology with the same adaptations for T. pretiosum. The meta-analysis found that corn crops had the highest frequency of tests (2 0 7). The most frequently tested active ingredients (a.i.) were glyphosate, glyphosate isopropylamine salt, and sulfur at frequencies of 41, 32 and 24 tests, respectively. The pesticides registered for rice crops showed the greatest sublethal effects on T. pretiosum, with an approximately 47% reduction in parasitism (RP) or emergence (RE). The adult stage of the parasitoid showed greater sensitivity to the tested pesticides (65% RP), in comparison to the immature stages. In general, insecticides showed superior toxicity for all development stages of T. pretiosum, compared to herbicides and fungicides, regardless of the recommended dosage for the crop. The present study aggregates information related to selectivity for the four life stages of T. pretiosum, contributing significantly to the integration of biological control and chemical control in rice, corn, soybean, apple and peach crops in Brazil.

Break of dormancy of "Fuji Kiku" apple trees with garlic extract / Quebra de dormência em macieiras "Fuji Kiku" com uso de extrato de alho

The use of chemicals that promote and standardize the sprouting and flowering on temperate fruit trees is causing great concern due to its toxicity to humans and the dependence on few products for that purpose. In order to seek a solution to this problem, An experiment was installed in a commercial orchard of Fuji Kiku apple trees in the county of Guarapuava-PR, using the following treatments: control (untreated), OM (Mineral Oil-Assist ®) 30ml L-1, BA (Bioalho ®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN (Natural Garlic) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, CH (Cyanamide Hydrogen-Dormex ) 5mL L-1 + OM 20ml L-1. The following variables were evaluated: percentage of sprouting, number of fruits per plant, weight, total soluble solids, total acidity and yield. The treatments with garlic extract took effect on break dormancy, not interfering in the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit. In general the shooting was low due to low amount of accumulated chilling units and dry period after the break dormancy.

A utilização de produtos químicos, que promovam e uniformizem a brotação e a floração, em frutíferas de clima temperado vem trazendo grande preocupação devido ao seu efeito tóxico para o homem e pela dependência de poucos produtos para essa finalidade. No intuito de buscar uma solução para esse problema, o experimento foi instalado em pomar comercial de macieiras Fuji kiku no município de Guarapuava-PR, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: Testemunha (sem tratamento), OM (Óleo Mineral- Assist®) 30mL L-1, BA (Bioalho®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN (Alho Natural) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1,CH (Cianamida hidrogenada- Dormex) 5mL L-1 + OM 20mL L-1. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de brotação, número de frutos por planta, massa do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e produtividade. Os tratamentos com extrato de alho tiveram efeito na superação da dormência, não interferindo nas características físico-quimicas dos frutos. De maneira geral a brotação foi baixa devido a baixa quantidade de frio acumulado e o período de seca após quebra da dormência.

Break of dormancy of "Fuji Kiku" apple trees with garlic extract / Quebra de dormência em macieiras "Fuji Kiku" com uso de extrato de alho

The use of chemicals that promote and standardize the sprouting and flowering on temperate fruit trees is causing great concern due to its toxicity to humans and the dependence on few products for that purpose. In order to seek a solution to this problem, An experiment was installed in a commercial orchard of Fuji Kiku apple trees in the county of Guarapuava-PR, using the following treatments: control (untreated), OM (Mineral Oil-Assist ®) 30ml L-1, BA (Bioalho ®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN (Natural Garlic) 5mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, GN 10mL L-1 + OM 30ml L-1, CH (Cyanamide Hydrogen-Dormex ) 5mL L-1 + OM 20ml L-1. The following variables were evaluated: percentage of sprouting, number of fruits per plant, weight, total soluble solids, total acidity and yield. The treatments with garlic extract took effect on break dormancy, not interfering in the physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit. In general the shooting was low due to low amount of accumulated chilling units and dry period after the break dormancy.

A utilização de produtos químicos, que promovam e uniformizem a brotação e a floração, em frutíferas de clima temperado vem trazendo grande preocupação devido ao seu efeito tóxico para o homem e pela dependência de poucos produtos para essa finalidade. No intuito de buscar uma solução para esse problema, o experimento foi instalado em pomar comercial de macieiras Fuji kiku no município de Guarapuava-PR, utilizando os seguintes tratamentos: Testemunha (sem tratamento), OM (Óleo Mineral- Assist®) 30mL L-1, BA (Bioalho®) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, BA 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN (Alho Natural) 5mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1, AN 10mL L-1 + OM 30mL L-1,CH (Cianamida hidrogenada- Dormex) 5mL L-1 + OM 20mL L-1. Foram avaliadas as seguintes variáveis: porcentagem de brotação, número de frutos por planta, massa do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e produtividade. Os tratamentos com extrato de alho tiveram efeito na superação da dormência, não interferindo nas características físico-quimicas dos frutos. De maneira geral a brotação foi baixa devido a baixa quantidade de frio acumulado e o período de seca após quebra da dormência.