The impact of environmental regulation on renewable energy development in China from the perspective of spatial effects.

From a spatial perspective, this paper constructs a spatial Durbin model based on the adjacent weight matrix to analyze the impact of environmental regulation on the development of renewable energy in 30 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China from 2007 to 2020. The results show that (1) both environmental regulation and renewable energy development have positive spatial autocorrelation and form relatively similar spatial agglomeration areas, specifically showing the characteristics of "high-high" agglomeration in resource-rich areas and "low-low" agglomeration in resource-scarce areas. (2) Environmental regulation significantly promotes the development of local renewable energy and has a significant spatial spillover effect on the development of renewable energy in neighboring provinces. (3) The moderating effect results show that renewable energy installed capacity and electricity demand play an inverse moderating role between environmental regulation and renewable energy development. (4) From the perspective of different regions, the impact of environmental regulation on the development of renewable energy is heterogeneous. Based on the research conclusions, this paper finally provides corresponding policy suggestions from three aspects: regional cooperation, technical support, and differentiation.

[Spatio-temporal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Ozone Suppression Events Under High Temperature in China].

Temperature is a key meteorological factor affecting ozone formation. In general, a positive correlation is observed between ozone and temperature, that is, ozone concentration increases with the increase in temperature. However, this relationship may change at extremely high temperatures. When the temperature exceeds a threshold value, the ozone concentration tends to decrease, which is referred to as an ozone suppression event. Ozone suppression events lead to greater uncertainties in the prediction of future air quality under climate change. Based on the national air quality monitoring data, reanalysis data, and meteorological observation data, this study used the Z test to systematically analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of the critical temperature(Tx) and frequency of ozone suppression events in China during the warm season(April to September) from 2013 to 2020 and further analyzed the possible influencing factors for the occurrence of ozone suppression events. The results showed that approximately 18% of the sites in China experienced ozone suppression events in the warm season from 2013 to 2020. The sites with a high frequency of ozone suppression events were mainly distributed in the central and western regions of China, such as Sichuan, Xinjiang, and Shaanxi, with an average frequency of ten times per year. The critical temperature(Tx) ranged from 19.2 to 39.3℃, and the Tx of most sites showed an increasing trend from 2013 to 2020. The high values of Tx were mainly distributed in the central and western regions such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan, and Hubei, whereas the low values of Tx were concentrated in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Contrary to the interannual trend of Tx, the frequency of ozone suppression events decreased significantly in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region and exhibited a characteristic of "increase-decrease-increase" in the Fenwei Plain, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Chengdu-Chongqing regions. The most significant effect of extreme high temperature on ozone suppresion was found in the Pearl River Delta Region. In addition, ozone precursors(e.g., NO2) and meteorological conditions(wind speed and direction) were possible factors affecting the occurrence of ozone suppression events.

Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics.

BACKGROUND: Spinal manipulation (SM) is a recommended and effective treatment for musculoskeletal disorders. Biomechanical (kinetic) parameters (e.g. preload/peak force, rate of force application and thrust duration) can be measured during SM, quantifying the intervention. Understanding these force-time characteristics is the first step towards identifying possible active ingredient/s responsible for the clinical effectiveness of SM. Few studies have quantified SM force-time characteristics and with considerable heterogeneity evident, interpretation of findings is difficult. The aim of this study was to synthesise the literature describing force-time characteristics of manual SM. METHODS: This scoping literature review is reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. Databases were searched from inception to October 2022: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, ICL, PEDro and Cochrane Library. The following search terms and their derivatives were adapted for each platform: spine, spinal, manipulation, mobilization or mobilisation, musculoskeletal, chiropractic, osteopathy, physiotherapy, naprapathy, force, motor skill, biomechanics, dosage, dose-response, education, performance, psychomotor, back, neck, spine, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic, cervical and sacral. Data were extracted and reported descriptively for the following domains: general study characteristics, number of and characteristics of individuals who delivered/received SM, region treated, equipment used and force-time characteristics of SM. RESULTS: Of 7,607 records identified, 66 (0.9%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these, SM was delivered to the cervical spine in 12 (18.2%), the thoracic spine in 40 (60.6%) and the lumbopelvic spine in 19 (28.8%) studies. In 6 (9.1%) studies, the spinal region was not specified. For SM applied to all spinal regions, force-time characteristics were: preload force (range: 0-671N); peak force (17-1213N); rate of force application (202-8700N/s); time to peak thrust force (12-938ms); and thrust duration (36-2876ms). CONCLUSIONS: Considerable variability in the reported kinetic force-time characteristics of SM exists. Some of this variability is likely due to differences in SM delivery (e.g. different clinicians) and the measurement equipment used to quantify force-time characteristics. However, improved reporting in certain key areas could facilitate more sophisticated syntheses of force-time characteristics data in the future. Such syntheses could provide the foundation upon which dose-response estimates regarding the clinical effectiveness of SM are made.

Investigation of the factors influencing spinal manipulative therapy force transmission through the thorax: a cadaveric study.

BACKGROUND: Spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) clinical effects are believed to be linked to its force-time profile characteristics. Previous studies have revealed that the force measured at the patient-table interface is most commonly greater than the one applied at the clinician-patient interface. The factors explaining this force amplification remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference between the force applied to a cadaveric specimen's thoracic spine and the resulting force measured by a force-sensing table, as well as to evaluate the relationship between this difference and both the SMT force-time characteristics and the specimens' characteristics. METHODS: Twenty-five SMTs with different force-time profiles were delivered by an apparatus at the T7 vertebra of nine human cadaveric specimens lying prone on a treatment table equipped with a force plate. The difference between the force applied by the apparatus and the resulting force measured by the force plate was calculated in absolute force (Fdiff) and as the percentage of the applied force (Fdiff%). Kinematics markers were inserted into T6 to T8 spinous and transverse processes to evaluate vertebral displacements during the SMT thrusts. Mixed-effects linear models were run to evaluate the variance in Fdiff and Fdiff% explained by SMT characteristics (peak force, thrust duration and force application rate), T6 to T8 relative and total displacements, and specimens' characteristics (BMI, height, weight, kyphosis angle, thoracic thickness). RESULTS: Sixty percent of the trials showed lower force measured at the force plate than the one applied at T7. Fdiff¸ was significantly predicted (R2marginal = 0.54) by peak force, thrust duration, thoracic thickness and T6-T7 relative displacement in the z-axis (postero-anterior). Fdiff% was significantly predicted (R2marginal = 0.56) by force application rate, thoracic thickness and total T6 displacements. For both dependant variables, thoracic thickness showed the highest R2marginal out of all predictors. CONCLUSION: Difference in force between the clinician-patient and the patient-table interfaces is influenced by SMT force-time characteristics and by thoracic thickness. How these differences in force are associated with vertebral displacements remains unclear. Although further studies are needed, clinicians should consider thorax thickness as a possible modulator of forces being transmitted through it during prone SMT procedures.

Comparison between Two Different Handgrip Systems and Protocols on Force Reduction in Handgrip Assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Fatigue resistance (FR) can be assessed as the time during which grip strength (GS) drops to 50% of its maximum during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction. For the first time, we compared force-time characteristics during FR test between two different handgrip systems and investigated age- and clinical-related differences in order to verify if a briefer test protocol (i.e., until 75%) could be sufficiently informative. METHODS: A cohort of young healthy controls (Y, <30 y, 24 ± 3 y, 54% women), middle-aged (MA, 30-65 y, 47 ± 11 y, 54% women), and older (OLD, >65 y, 77 ± 7 y, 50% women) community-dwelling persons, and hospitalized geriatric patients (HOSP, 84 ± 5 y, 50% women) performed the FR test. For this purpose, an adapted vigorimeter (original rubber bulb of the Martin Vigorimeter connected to a Unik 5000 pressure gauge) here defined as "pneumatic handgrip system" (Pneu) and Dynamometer G200 system (original Jamar Dynamometer handle with an in-build strength gauge) here defined as "hydraulic handgrip system" (Hydr) were used. Force-time curves were analysed from 100% to 75% and from 75% to 50% of the initial maximal GS during the FR test. The area under the curve (GW) was calculated by integrating the actual GS at each time interval (i.e., 1/5,000 s) and corrected for body weight (GW/body weight). RESULTS: For both systems, we found fair associations between FR100-50 and FR100-75 (Pneu mean difference = 50.1 s [95% CI: 47.9-52.4], r2 = 0.48; Hydr mean difference = 28.4 s [95% CI: 27.0-29.7], r2 = 0.52, all p < 0.001) and also moderate associations between GW(100-50)/body weight and GW(100-75)/body weight (Pneu mean difference = 32.1 kPa*s/kg [95% CI: 30.6-33.6], r2 = 0.72; Hydr mean difference = 8.1 kg*s/kg [95% CI: 7.7-8.6], r2 = 0.68, all p < 0.001). Between MA and OLD, we found a significant age-related difference in the GW results in the first 25% strength decay for Pneu (10.2 ± 0.6 kPa*s/kg against 7.1 ± 1.2 kPa*s/kg, respectively). CONCLUSION: The brief test protocol is valid. Differences within the first 25% strength decay in GW between OLD and HOSP were identified when using Pneu but not when using Hydr. Therefore, a brief FR test protocol using a continuous registration of the strength decay seems to be sufficiently informative in a clinical setting to appraise muscle fatigability, however, only when using a Pneu system.

Fatal work accidents in Ecuador from 2014 to 2020: How the age of the deceased worker relates to the accidents' temporal and geographical characteristics.

This article analyzes the relationship between the age of male workers deceased in work accidents and temporal (year, month, day of the week, working shifts), geographic (provinces), and economic sector characteristics in which the accidents occurred in Ecuador between 2014 and 2020. Available data on fatal accidents from the Ecuadorian Social Security Institute (IESS) were collected. The results, which report both frequencies and proportions (rates), indicate that fatal accidents have decreased in the period, although the average age of deceased workers has increased. No significant differences were found regarding the month, day of the week, and work shift, nor in the frequency of accidents or the age of the deceased workers. However, differences were found in terms of geographical areas and sectors of economic activity. This study contributes to the literature as it is the first to analyze the temporal and geographical characteristics of fatal accidents about the age of the deceased worker.

Devices Used to Measure Force-Time Characteristics of Spinal Manipulations and Mobilizations: A Mixed-Methods Scoping Review on Metrologic Properties and Factors Influencing Use.

Background: Spinal manipulations (SMT) and mobilizations (MOB) are interventions commonly performed by many health care providers to manage musculoskeletal conditions. The clinical effects of these interventions are believed to be, at least in part, associated with their force-time characteristics. Numerous devices have been developed to measure the force-time characteristics of these modalities. The use of a device may be facilitated or limited by different factors such as its metrologic properties. Objectives: This mixed-method scoping review aimed to characterize the metrologic properties of devices used to measure SMT/MOB force-time characteristics and to determine which factors may facilitate or limit the use of such devices within the context of research, education and clinical practice. Methods: This study followed the Joanna Briggs Institute's framework. The literature search strategy included four concepts: (1) devices, (2) measurement of SMT or MOB force-time characteristics on humans, (3) factors facilitating or limiting the use of devices, and (4) metrologic properties. Two reviewers independently reviewed titles, abstracts and full articles to determine inclusion. To be included, studies had to report on a device metrologic property (e.g., reliability, accuracy) and/or discuss factors that may facilitate or limit the use of the device within the context of research, education or clinical practice. Metrologic properties were extracted per device. Limiting and facilitating factors were extracted and themes were identified. Results: From the 8,998 studies initially retrieved, 46 studies were finally included. Ten devices measuring SMT/MOB force-time characteristics at the clinician-patient interface and six measuring them at patient-table interfaces were identified. Between zero and eight metrologic properties were reported per device: measurement error (defined as validity, accuracy, fidelity, or calibration), reliability/repeatability, coupling/crosstalk effect, linearity/correlation, sensitivity, variability, drift, and calibration. From the results, five themes related to the facilitating and limiting factors were developed: user-friendliness and versatility, metrologic/intrinsic properties, cost and durability, technique application, and feedback. Conclusion: Various devices are available to measure SMT/MOB force-time characteristics. Metrologic properties were reported for most devices, but terminology standardization is lacking. The usefulness of a device in a particular context should be determined considering the metrologic properties as well as other potential facilitating and limiting factors.

Mapping disruption and resilience mechanisms in food systems.

This opinion article results from a collective analysis by the Editorial Board of Food Security. It is motivated by the ongoing covid-19 global epidemic, but expands to a broader view on the crises that disrupt food systems and threaten food security, locally to globally. Beyond the public health crisis it is causing, the current global pandemic is impacting food systems, locally and globally. Crises such as the present one can, and do, affect the stability of food production. One of the worst fears is the impacts that crises could have on the potential to produce food, that is, on the primary production of food itself, for example, if material and non-material infrastructure on which agriculture depends were to be damaged, weakened, or fall in disarray. Looking beyond the present, and not minimising its importance, the covid-19 crisis may turn out to be the trigger for overdue fundamental transformations of agriculture and the global food system. This is because the global food system does not work well today: the number of hungry people in the world has increased substantially, with the World Food Programme warning of the possibility of a "hunger pandemic". Food also must be nutritious, yet unhealthy diets are a leading cause of death. Deepening crises impoverish the poorest, disrupt food systems, and expand "food deserts". A focus on healthy diets for all is all the more relevant when everyone's immune system must react to infection during a global pandemic. There is also accumulating and compelling evidence that the global food system is pushing the Earth system beyond the boundaries of sustainability. In the past twenty years, the growing demand for food has increasingly been met through the destruction of Earth's natural environment, and much less through progress in agricultural productivity generated by scientific research, as was the case during the two previous decades. There is an urgent need to reduce the environmental footprint of the global food system: if its performances are not improved rapidly, the food system could itself be one main cause for food crises in the near future. The article concludes with a series of recommendations intended for policy makers and science leaders to improve the resilience of the food system, global to local, and in the short, medium and long term.

A EEG-based emotion recognition model with rhythm and time characteristics.

As an advanced function of the human brain, emotion has a significant influence on human studies, works, and other aspects of life. Artificial Intelligence has played an important role in recognizing human emotion correctly. EEG-based emotion recognition (ER), one application of Brain Computer Interface (BCI), is becoming more popular in recent years. However, due to the ambiguity of human emotions and the complexity of EEG signals, the EEG-ER system which can recognize emotions with high accuracy is not easy to achieve. Based on the time scale, this paper chooses the recurrent neural network as the breakthrough point of the screening model. According to the rhythmic characteristics and temporal memory characteristics of EEG, this research proposes a Rhythmic Time EEG Emotion Recognition Model (RT-ERM) based on the valence and arousal of Long-Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM). By applying this model, the classification results of different rhythms and time scales are different. The optimal rhythm and time scale of the RT-ERM model are obtained through the results of the classification accuracy of different rhythms and different time scales. Then, the classification of emotional EEG is carried out by the best time scales corresponding to different rhythms. Finally, by comparing with other existing emotional EEG classification methods, it is found that the rhythm and time scale of the model can contribute to the accuracy of RT-ERM.

Components and time characteristics of attentional bias in type 2 diabetic patients with different levels of self-management / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the components and time characteristics of attentional bias in type 2 diabetic patients with different levels of self-management.Methods:The patients were first divided into higher,medium and lower self-management levels based on the Summary of Diabetes Self-care Activities Questionnaire (SDSCA),63 subjects in each group.A probe detection task was used to examine the impact of the different emotional pictures and stimulus presenting time on attentional bias.Results:When the stimuli were displayed for 500 ms,patients with higher self-management levels showed shorter reaction time to positive pictures than to negative pictures [(597.8 ± 185.5) ms vs.(626.0 ± 186.6) ms,P ＜ 0.01],and their scores of negative attentional bias [(-22.5 ± 79.0) ms,P ＜0.05] and negative orienting index were lower than 0[(-26.6 ±74.5) ms,P ＜0.01].The scores of negative disengaging index were significant higher than 0 in patients with medium self-management levels [(17.2 ± 60.3) ms,P ＜0.05],the scores of positive disengaging index were significant lower than 0 in patients with lower selfmanagement levels [(-22.6 ±74.8) ms,P ＜0.05]].When the stimuli were displayed for 1250 ms,the scores of positive orienting index were higher than 0 in patients with medium self-management levels [(14.9 ± 54.4) ms,P ＜ 0.05].Conclusion:It suggests that there are different characteristics of implicit cognitive processing in patients with different levels of self-management.