[Reference levels of thyroid hormones in pregnant woman from Guadalajara]. / Valores de referencia de hormonas tiroideas en la población de gestantes de Guadalajara.

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid dysfunction during gestation impacts on maternal-fetal health and may influence the neurocognitive development of the child. Thyroid physiology changes during pregnancy and requires the establishment of specific reference levels per trimester and for each population and method. The objectives of our study were to analyse thyroid function throughout pregnancy and to establish reference levels for TSH and T4L in each trimester for our population and methodology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective analytical study of 598 pregnant women from March 2018 to October 2020. TSH, T4L, T3L, ATPO and ATG were determined in all of them. A total of 151 pregnant women were excluded due to positive thyroid immunity, previous thyroid disease in treatment with levothyroxine, twin pregnancy, diagnosis of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in the request or absence of some of the parameters studied, with a reference population of 447 pregnant women. RESULTS: The reference levels for TSH were 0.07-3.14mIU/L for the first, 0.66-3.21mIU/L for the second and 0.52-2.97mIU/L for the third trimester. Reference levels for T4L were 0.81-1.19ng/dL for the first, 0.71-1.07ng/dL for the second and 0.69-1.06ng/dL for the third trimester. CONCLUSIONS: The reference levels for TSH and T4L obtained in this study differ from those used for the general population, which may have led to misclassification errors and unnecessary treatment in pregnant women.

Characteristics of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype in menopausal resistance training practitioners / Características del fenotipo metabólicamente no saludable en practicantes de entrenamiento deresistencia en la menopausia

Objective: to evaluate clinical, metabolic and body characteristics related to the metabolically unhealthy phenotype (MUH) in menopausal womenwho practice resistance training (RT).Methods: cross-sectional study with a sample of 31 women. Clinical and metabolic variables were measured. Body adiposity was assessedby body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP). Body composition analysis wasperformed by DEXA.Results: the prevalence of the MH phenotype was 74.2 %. Metabolically healthy (MH) women were younger, had more years of RT practice,higher HDL-c levels and lower VAI and android/gynoid ratio (A/G) than the MUH women. Women with inadequacy of HDL-c, TG, A/G and VAI had12.50 (95 % CI: 3.30-47.23), 4.83 (95 % CI: 2.37-9.85), 5.20 (95 % CI: 1.90-14.16) and 3.12 (95 % CI: 1.07-9.04) times greater prevalenceof the MUH phenotype, respectively, than those with adequacy of these parameters. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age isa predictor of the MUH phenotype (OR = 1.254; 95 % CI: 1.00-1.56) and this variable showed correlation with TG, VAI and A/G. There was noassociation between thyrotropin and MUH phenotype in the present sample.Conclusion: age and visceral adiposity are predictors for the MUH phenotype in RT practitioners in menopause, which may initially be characterized by alterations in serum lipid profile. (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar las características clínicas, metabólicas y corporales relacionadas con el fenotipo metabólicamente no saludable (MNS) enmujeres menopáusicas que practican entrenamiento de resistencia (ER).Métodos: estudio transversal con 31 mujeres. Se midieron variables clínicas y metabólicas. La adiposidad corporal se evaluó mediante el índicede masa corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura, el índice de adiposidad visceral (IAV) y el producto de acumulación de lípidos (PAL). El análisisde composición corporal fue realizado por DEXA.Resultados: la prevalencia del fenotipo metabólicamente saludable (MS) fue del 74,2 %. Las mujeres metabólicamente saludables (MS) eranmás jóvenes, tenían más años de práctica de ER, niveles más altos de HDL-c y menor IAV y relación androide/ginoide (A/G) que las mujeresMNS. Hubo asociación del fenotipo MNS con los niveles de HDL-c y A/G. Las mujeres con insuficiencia de HDL-c, TG, A/G y IAV tuvieron 12,50(IC 95 %: 3,30-47,23), 4,83 (IC 95 %: 2,37-9,85), 5,20 (IC 95 %: 1,90-14,16) y 3,12 (IC 95 %: 1,07-9,04) veces mayor prevalencia del fenotipoMNS, respectivamente, que aquellas con adecuación de estos parámetros. El análisis de regresión logística binaria demostró que la edad es unpredictor del fenotipo MUH (OR = 1,254; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,56) y esta variable mostró correlación con TG, VAI and A/G. No hubo asociación entrela tirotropina y el fenotipo MUH en la presente muestra.Conclusión: la edad y la adiposidad visceral son predictores del fenotipo MUH en practicantes de ER en la menopausia, que puede caracterizarseinicialmente alteraciones en el perfil plasmático de insípidos. (AU)

Characteristics of the metabolically unhealthy phenotype in menopausal resistance training practitioners.

Introduction: Objective: to evaluate clinical, metabolic and body characteristics related to the metabolically unhealthy phenotype (MUH) in menopausal women who practice resistance training (RT). Methods: cross-sectional study with a sample of 31 women. Clinical and metabolic variables were measured. Body adiposity was assessed by body mass index, waist circumference, visceral adiposity index (VAI) and lipid accumulation product (LAP). Body composition analysis was performed by DEXA. Results: the prevalence of the MH phenotype was 74.2 %. Metabolically healthy (MH) women were younger, had more years of RT practice, higher HDL-c levels and lower VAI and android/gynoid ratio (A/G) than the MUH women. Women with inadequacy of HDL-c, TG, A/G and VAI had 12.50 (95 % CI: 3.30-47.23), 4.83 (95 % CI: 2.37-9.85), 5.20 (95 % CI: 1.90-14.16) and 3.12 (95 % CI: 1.07-9.04) times greater prevalence of the MUH phenotype, respectively, than those with adequacy of these parameters. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age is a predictor of the MUH phenotype (OR = 1.254; 95 % CI: 1.00-1.56) and this variable showed correlation with TG, VAI and A/G. There was no association between thyrotropin and MUH phenotype in the present sample. Conclusion: age and visceral adiposity are predictors for the MUH phenotype in RT practitioners in menopause, which may initially be characterized by alterations in serum lipid profile.

Introducción: Objetivo: evaluar las características clínicas, metabólicas y corporales relacionadas con el fenotipo metabólicamente no saludable (MNS) en mujeres menopáusicas que practican entrenamiento de resistencia (ER). Métodos: estudio transversal con 31 mujeres. Se midieron variables clínicas y metabólicas. La adiposidad corporal se evaluó mediante el índice de masa corporal, la circunferencia de la cintura, el índice de adiposidad visceral (IAV) y el producto de acumulación de lípidos (PAL). El análisis de composición corporal fue realizado por DEXA. Resultados: la prevalencia del fenotipo metabólicamente saludable (MS) fue del 74,2 %. Las mujeres metabólicamente saludables (MS) eran más jóvenes, tenían más años de práctica de ER, niveles más altos de HDL-c y menor IAV y relación androide/ginoide (A/G) que las mujeres MNS. Hubo asociación del fenotipo MNS con los niveles de HDL-c y A/G. Las mujeres con insuficiencia de HDL-c, TG, A/G y IAV tuvieron 12,50 (IC 95 %: 3,30-47,23), 4,83 (IC 95 %: 2,37-9,85), 5,20 (IC 95 %: 1,90-14,16) y 3,12 (IC 95 %: 1,07-9,04) veces mayor prevalencia del fenotipo MNS, respectivamente, que aquellas con adecuación de estos parámetros. El análisis de regresión logística binaria demostró que la edad es un predictor del fenotipo MUH (OR = 1,254; IC 95 %: 1,00-1,56) y esta variable mostró correlación con TG, VAI and A/G. No hubo asociación entre la tirotropina y el fenotipo MUH en la presente muestra. Conclusión: la edad y la adiposidad visceral son predictores del fenotipo MUH en practicantes de ER en la menopausia, que puede caracterizarse inicialmente alteraciones en el perfil plasmático de insípidos.

Uso adecuado de las pruebas de laboratorio para la evaluación de la función tiroidea en pediatría / Appropriate use of laboratory tests for evaluation of thyroid function in pediatrics

Las pruebas de función tiroidea (PFT) son esenciales para el diagnóstico preciso y el seguimiento eficaz de la disfunción tiroidea. Existe un incremento progresivo y estable de los pedidos de PFT, incluso se han incorporado las mismas a los exámenes de salud anuales en niños sanos. Representan más del 60% de las pruebas realizadas en el laboratorio de endocrinología, tanto en adultos como en los laboratorios especializados en pediatría. Para hacer un uso eficiente de las PFT, antes de solicitarlas debemos preguntarnos… ¿Para quién? ¿Cuándo solicitarlas? ¿Qué pruebas solicitar? ¿Cómo solicitarlas? y ¿Cómo interpretar correctamente los resultados? Un resultado anormal en las PFT no siempre implica patología tiroidea asociada. Las PFT tienen importante variabilidad intra e interindividual lo que hace más compleja su correcta interpretación. La pesquisa de enfermedad tiroidea neonatal es un importante aporte a la prevención de la deficiencia mental en la infancia, su aplicación obligatoria posibilita un diagnóstico temprano, para asegurar su éxito debe considerarse en el marco de un programa integral de detección con estrategias de confirmación, tratamiento temprano y seguimiento a corto, mediano y largo plazo. No debe hacerse un uso indiscriminado de la prueba de estímulo con TRH en el diagnóstico de la patología tiroidea. En pediatría la estrategia de tamiz de enfermedad tiroidea es conveniente realizarla mediante la medición de por lo menos TSH y T4 libre e incluir la determinación de ATPO en grupos de riesgo, a diferencia de la determinación aislada de TSH como es recomendado en adultos. (AU)

Thyroid function tests (TFTs) are essential for accurate diagnosis and effective monitoring of thyroid dysfunction. There is a progressive and steady increase in requests for TFTs, and they have even been incorporated into annual health examinations in healthy children. They represent more than 60% of the tests performed in the endocrinology laboratory, both in adults and in specialized pediatric laboratories. To efficiently use TFTs, before requesting them we should ask ourselves... For whom? When to request them? Which tests to request? How to request them? and How to correctly interpret the results? An abnormal TFT result does not always imply thyroid disease. TFTs have significant intra- and inter-individual variability, which makes their correct interpretation more complex. Screening for newborn thyroid disease is an important contribution to the prevention of intellectual disability in childhood and its mandatory use enables early diagnosis; however, to ensure the test to be successful, it should be considered within the framework of a comprehensive screening program with strategies for confirmation, early treatment, and short-, medium-, and long-term follow-up. The TRH stimulation test in the diagnosis of thyroid disease should not be used indiscriminately. In children, the screening strategy for thyroid disease should be performed by measuring at least TSH and free T4 and include the measurement of TPO-ab in risk groups, as opposed to the isolated measurement of TSH as recommended in adults. (AU)

Valores de referencia para la tirotropina y hormonas tiroideas en embarazadas cubanas / Reference values for thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in pregnant women in Cuba

Introducción: Los parámetros de función tiroidea en las embarazadas se modifican durante el embarazo y son específicos para cada población. Objetivo: Establecer los valores de referencia para la tirotropina y las hormonas tiroideas en una población de embarazadas cubanas. Métodos: Estudio transversal, en el municipio Plaza de la Revolución de La Habana, Cuba, a 362 gestantes sin antecedentes personales o familiares de enfermedad tiroidea, con anticuerpos anti-tiroideos negativos y ausencia de lesiones en el ultrasonido tiroideo. Se analizaron edad materna, edad gestacional, raza, hábito de fumar, paridad, uso de suplementos yodados, índice de masa corporal, tirotropina, tiroxina total y libre, triyodotironina total y libre. Se establecieron los intervalos de referencia para cada parámetro mediante los percentiles 2,5 y 97,5 como límites inferior y superior, respectivamente. Resultados: Los valores de referencia en el primer, segundo y tercer trimestres fueron para la tirotropina 0,1-3,3 mUI/L, 0,6-3,4 mUI/L y 0,3-3,9 mUI/L; para la TT4 90,1-204,1 nmol/L, 92,2-189,2 nmol/L y 79,8-170,4 nmol/L; para la FT4 7,3-16,7 pmol/L, 6,3-17,3 pmol y 5,6-12,7 pmol/L; para la TT3 1,8-3,9 nmol/L, 1,8-3,9 nmol/L y 1,7-4,0 nmol/L y para la FT3 1,0-7,4 pmol/L, 0,7-6,3 pmol/L y 0,7-5,4 pmol/L, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se determinaron por primera vez los valores de referencia para la tirotropina y las hormonas tiroideas en una población de embarazadas cubanas; estos difieren de los establecidos por los kits diagnósticos y de los recomendados por las guías internacionales previas (AU)

Introduction: Thyroid function parameters in pregnant women are modified during pregnancy and are specific for each population. Objective: To establish reference values for thyrotropin and thyroid hormones in a population of Cuban pregnant women. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in the Plaza de la Revolución municipality, of 362 pregnant women without personal or family history of thyroid disease, with negative anti-thyroid antibodies and absence of lesions in the thyroid ultrasound. Maternal age, gestational age, race, smoking, number of pregnancies, use of iodine supplements, body mass index, thyrotropin, total (TT4) and free (FT4) thyroxine, total (TT3) and free (FT3) triiodothyronine were analyzed. Reference intervals were established for each parameter using the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles as lower and upper limits, respectively. Results: The reference values in the first, second and third trimesters were for thyrotropin 0.1-3.3 mIUI/L, 0.6-3.4 mIU/L and 0.3-3.9 mIU/L; for TT4 90.1-204.1 nmol/L, 92.2-189.2 nmol/L and 79.8-170.4 nmol/L; for FT4 7.3-16.7 pmol/L, 6.3-17.3 pmol and 5.6-12.7 pmol/L; for TT3 1.8-3.9 nmol/L, 1.8-3.9 nmol/L and 1.7-4.0 nmol/L and for FT3 1.0-7.4 pmol/L, 0.7-6.3 pmol/L and 0.7-5.4 pmol/L, respectively. Conclusions: Reference values for thyrotropin and thyroid hormones were determined for the first time in a population of Cuban pregnant women. These values differ from those established by the manufacturer of the diagnostic kits and from those recommended by previous international guidelines (AU)

Thyroid function in < 32 weeks gestation preterm infants.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm newborns (PN) have a higher risk of thyroid dysfunction than term newborns (TN). This condition may go unnoticed in neonatal screening due to a late elevation of thyrotropin (TSH) in these patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate thyroid function in the second week of life in PN of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), and to identify factors associated to its alteration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in neonates of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), in whom thyroid function was determined. An analysis was performed on thyroxine (T4L) and TSH levels, as well as their association with perinatal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: The study included a total of 358 patients with mean gestational age (GA) of 29.3 weeks, and mean birth weight (BW) 1127 grams. A linear correlation was found between T4L and BW (correlation coefficient (R) 0.356; p < 0.001) and GA (R = 0.442; p < 0.001). TSH values were associated with small for gestational age (SGA 5.3 mU/L [1.5-37]; non-SGA 2.89 mU/L [0.2-19.5]; p < 0.001), inotropic support (Yes 3.98 mU/L [0.6-22.9]; No 3.16 mU/L [0.2-37]; p = 0.019) and BW (R = -0.249; p < 0.001). Nine (2.5%) patients were treated with levothyroxine, of whom six were SGA. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid function analysis in the second week of life helps to identify asymptomatic newborns with risk of thyroid dysfunction. SGA newborns are at higher risk of thyroid function alterations.

Función tiroidea en el recién nacido prematuro con edad gestacional igual o menor a 32 semanas / Thyroid function in < 32 weeks gestation preterm infants

Introducción: El recién nacido (RN) prematuro (RNPT) tiene mayor riesgo de disfunción tiroidea que el recién nacido a término (RNAT). Esta alteración puede pasar desapercibida en el cribado neonatal por una elevación tardía de tirotropina (TSH) en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la función tiroidea en la segunda semana de vida en RNPT menores a 32 semanas de gestación (SG) e identificar factores asociados con la alteración de esta. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio restrospectivo que incluye RNPT de igual o menos de 32 SG, a los que se realizó función tiroidea. Se analizaron los valores de tiroxina (T4L) y TSH y su relación con variables perinatales y de evolución neonatal. Resultados: Se presentaron 358 pacientes con edad gestacional (EG) mediana de 29,3 semanas y peso al nacimiento (PN) de 1.127 gramos. Se encontró correlación lineal entre T4L y el PN (coeficiente de correlación (R) 0,356; p < 0,001) y la EG (R = 0,442; p < 0,001). Los valores de TSH se asociaron con ser pequeño para la edad gestacional (PEG 5,3 mU/L [1,5 a 37]; no PEG 2,89 mU/L [0,2 a 19,5]; p < 0,001), al soporte inotrópico (Sí 3,98 mU/L [0,6 a 22,9]; No 3,16 mU/L [0,2 a 37]; p = 0,019) y al PN (R = -0,249; p < 0,001). Recibieron tratamiento sustitutivo con levotiroxina nueve pacientes (2,5%), seis de los cuales fueron PEG. Conclusiones: El análisis de la función tiroidea en la segunda semana de vida permite identificar RNPT asintomáticos con riesgo de presentar alteración de la función tiroidea. Los RN PEG tienen un riesgo más elevado de disfunción tiroidea. (AU)

Introduction: Preterm newborns (PN) have a higher risk of thyroid dysfunction than term newborns (TN). This condition may go unnoticed in neonatal screening due to a late elevation of thyrotropin (TSH) in these patients. Objective: Evaluate thyroid function in the second week of life in PN of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), and to identify factors associated to its alteration. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was performed in neonates of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), in whom thyroid function was determined. An analysis was performed on thyroxine (T4L) and TSH levels, as well as their association with perinatal and neonatal outcomes. Results: The study included a total of 358 patients with mean gestational age (GA) of 29.3 weeks, and mean birth weight (BW) 1127 grams. A linear correlation was found between T4L and BW (correlation coefficient (R) 0.356; p < 0.001) and GA (R = 0.442; p < 0.001). TSH values were associated with small for gestational age (SGA 5.3 mU/L [1.5-37]; non-SGA 2.89 mU/L [0.2-19.5]; p < 0.001), inotropic support (Yes 3.98 mU/L [0.6-22.9]; No 3.16 mU/L [0.2-37]; p = 0.019) and BW (R = -0.249; p < 0.001). Nine (2.5%) patients were treated with levothyroxine, of whom six were SGA. Conclusions: Thyroid function analysis in the second week of life helps to identify asymptomatic newborns with risk of thyroid dysfunction. SGA newborns are at higher risk of thyroid function alterations. (AU)

A suggested screening method for hypothyroidism in very preterm and/or very low birth weight neonates / Método de triagem para hipotireoidismo sugerido em recém-nascidos muito prematuros ou de muito baixo peso

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess thyroid function in very preterm or very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates by measuring combination levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH and free T4 (FT4) Methods: Inclusion criteria were defined as all very preterm (gestational age <32 weeks) or VLBW (birth weight ≤1500g) neonates with initial Thyroid Function Test (TFT) who were admitted to the Neonatal Intense Care Unit (NICU) of Taleghani Hospital, Tabriz, Iran, from March 2015 to March 2016. Exclusion criteria were the absence of initial TFT with any major congenital anomaly. The primary value of TSH was evaluated at 3-5 days, and mean levels of TSH with FT4 were measured at 2, 4, and 8-weeks. Results: Ninety-five neonates with a mean gestational age of 29.5 weeks were included, and the mean levels of thyrotropin and FT4 at postnatal week two were 4.4mIU/L and 1.4ng/dL, respectively. Two of the patients had serum TSH concentration >25mIU/L that was considered as permanent primary hypothyroidism. Among nine hypothyroxinemia cases, two had elevated TSH levels (10.8±0.4mIU/L at the end of 8 weeks) and normal FT4 concentration, and were considered transient hypothyroidism. Seven cases had normal TSH levels (1.6±1.0mIU/L at 2 weeks, 3.5±2.8mIU/L at 8 weeks) and low FT4 concentrations. Conclusions: Combined venous TSH and FT4 concentration at the end of the first postnatal month can be an efficient approach for detecting neonatal hypothyroidism.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a função da tireoide em recém-nascidos muito prematuros ou de muito baixo peso por meio dos níveis de combinação de TSH e T4 livre (FT4). Métodos: Os critérios de inclusão foram: todos os recém-nascidos muito prematuros (idade gestacional <32 semanas) ou de muito baixo peso (peso ao nascer ≤500g) com teste de função tireoidiana inicial e que foram admitidos na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal do Hospital de Taleghani, Tabriz, Irã, de março de 2015 a março de 2016. Os critérios de exclusão foram: ausência de TFT inicial com qualquer anomalia congênita importante. Resultados: 95 neonatos com idade gestacional média de 29.5 semanas foram incluídos, e os níveis médios de tireotropina e FT4 na 2ª semana pós-natal foram 4.4mIU/L e 1.4ng/dL, respectivamente. Dois dos pacientes apresentavam concentração sérica de TSH >25mIU/L, considerada hipotireoidismo primário permanente. Entre nove casos de hipotiroxinemia, dois tinham níveis elevados de TSH (10.8±0.4mIU/L ao final de 8 semanas) e concentração normal de FT4 e foram considerados hipotireoidismo transitório. Sete casos tinham níveis normais de TSH (1,6±1,0mIU/L em 2 semanas, 3,5±2,8mIU/L em 8 semanas) e baixas concentrações de FT4. Conclusões: A concentração combinada de TSH e FT4 venoso no final do primeiro mês pós-natal pode ser uma abordagem eficiente para detectar hipotireoidismo neonatal.

Diferencias en la función tiroidea de los pequeños para la edad gestacional y los de peso adecuado. ¿Es normal la función tiroidea de los recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional? / Differences in thyroid function between small for gestational age and those with appropriate weight for gestational age. Is thyroid function normal in small for gestational age newborns?

Introducción: Múltiples estudios concluyen que los niños pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) tienen un número mayor de comorbilidades, así como un perfil hormonal diferente respecto a los niños con un peso adecuado para la edad gestacional (PAEG). Las hormonas tiroideas juegan un papel importante en el crecimiento y en el desarrollo neurocognitivo. La función tiroidea en los niños PEG es, hoy en día, incierta.Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la función tiroidea de los niños PEG durante los 2 primeros años de vida con publicaciones sobre función tiroidea en otros grupos de lactantes (PAEG y prematuros) que utilicen la misma metodología.Métodos: Se obtuvo una cohorte de 38 niños PEG, en los cuales se midieron los valores de TSH en sangre en distintos momentos del desarrollo del niño PEG. Los resultados se compararon con una población de niños PAEG de Zaragoza y una población de niños prematuros de Barcelona mediante pruebas de comparación de medias de contraste bilateral.Resultados: Se ha observado una diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre los niños PEG de nuestro estudio y los niños PAEG mayores de 6 meses, no así entre los PEG del estudio y la población de prematuros.Conclusiones: Los niños PEG tienen valores de TSH superiores respecto a los niños PAEG mayores de 6 meses. Por lo tanto, parece razonable establecer un cribado y un protocolo de seguimiento en los PEG de mayor riesgo. (AU)

Introduction: Several studies conclude that small for gestational age (SGA) children have a higher number of comorbidities, as well as a different hormonal profile compared to those with appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA). Thyroid hormones play an important role in growth and neurocognitive development. Thyroid function in SGA children is still not completely known.Objectives: To compare the thyroid function of SGA children during the first 2 years of life with that in publications on thyroid function in other groups of infants, such as AGA and premature children, using the same methodology.Methods: A cohort of 38 SGA children was obtained, in which the TSH values in blood were measured at different points in the development of the SGA child. The results were compared with a population of AGA children from Zaragoza and a population of premature children from Barcelona by comparing the means using a 2-tailed test.Results: A statistically significant difference (P<.05) was observed between the SGA children in our study and the AGA children older than 6 months, but not between the SGA children of the study and the population of premature infants.Conclusions: SGA children have higher TSH values compared to AGA children older than 6 months. Therefore, it seems reasonable to establish a screening and a follow-up protocol in those SGA with high risk to develop thyroid dysfunction. (AU)

Differences in thyroid function between small for gestational age and those with appropriate weight for gestational age. Is thyroid function normal in small for gestational age newborns?

INTRODUCTION: Several studies conclude that small for gestational age (SGA) children have a higher number of comorbidities, as well as a different hormonal profile compared to those with appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA). Thyroid hormones play an important role in growth and neurocognitive development. Thyroid function in SGA children is still not completely known. OBJECTIVES: To compare the thyroid function of SGA children during the first 2 years of life with that in publications on thyroid function in other groups of infants, such as AGA and premature children, using the same methodology. METHODS: A cohort of 38 SGA children was obtained, in which the thyrotropin (TSH) values in blood were measured at different points in the development of the SGA child. The results were compared with a population of AGA children from Zaragoza and a population of premature children from Barcelona by comparing the means using a 2-tailed test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the SGA children in our study and the AGA children older than 6 months, but not between the SGA children of the study and the population of premature infants. CONCLUSIONS: SGA children have higher TSH values compared to AGA children older than 6 months. Therefore, it seems reasonable to establish a screening and a follow-up protocol in those SGA with high risk to develop thyroid dysfunction.

[Thyroid function in < 32 weeks gestation preterm infants]. / Función tiroidea en el recién nacido prematuro con edad gestacional igual o menor a 32 semanas.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm newborns (PN) have a higher risk of thyroid dysfunction than term newborns (TN). This condition may go unnoticed in neonatal screening due to a late elevation of thyrotropin (TSH) in these patients. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate thyroid function in the second week of life in PN of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), and to identify factors associated to its alteration. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was performed in neonates of < 32 weeks gestation (WG), in whom thyroid function was determined. An analysis was performed on thyroxine (T4L) and TSH levels, as well as their association with perinatal and neonatal outcomes. RESULTS: The study included a total of 358 patients with mean gestational age (GA) of 29.3 weeks, and mean birth weight (BW) 1127 grams. A linear correlation was found between T4L and BW (correlation coefficient (R) 0.356; p < 0.001) and GA (R = 0.442; p < 0.001). TSH values were associated with small for gestational age (SGA 5.3 mU/L [1.5-37]; non-SGA 2.89 mU/L [0.2-19.5]; p < 0.001), inotropic support (Yes 3.98 mU/L [0.6-22.9]; No 3.16 mU/L [0.2-37]; p = 0.019) and BW (R = -0.249; p < 0.001). Nine (2.5%) patients were treated with levothyroxine, of whom six were SGA. CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid function analysis in the second week of life helps to identify asymptomatic newborns with risk of thyroid dysfunction. SGA newborns are at higher risk of thyroid function alterations.

[Differences in thyroid function between small for gestational age and those with appropriate weight for gestational age. Is thyroid function normal in small for gestational age newborns?] / Diferencias en la función tiroidea de los pequeños para la edad gestacional y los de peso adecuado. ¿Es normal la función tiroidea de los recién nacidos pequeños para la edad gestacional?

INTRODUCTION: Several studies conclude that small for gestational age (SGA) children have a higher number of comorbidities, as well as a different hormonal profile compared to those with appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA). Thyroid hormones play an important role in growth and neurocognitive development. Thyroid function in SGA children is still not completely known. OBJECTIVES: To compare the thyroid function of SGA children during the first 2 years of life with that in publications on thyroid function in other groups of infants, such as AGA and premature children, using the same methodology. METHODS: A cohort of 38 SGA children was obtained, in which the TSH values in blood were measured at different points in the development of the SGA child. The results were compared with a population of AGA children from Zaragoza and a population of premature children from Barcelona by comparing the means using a 2-tailed test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (P<.05) was observed between the SGA children in our study and the AGA children older than 6 months, but not between the SGA children of the study and the population of premature infants. CONCLUSIONS: SGA children have higher TSH values compared to AGA children older than 6 months. Therefore, it seems reasonable to establish a screening and a follow-up protocol in those SGA with high risk to develop thyroid dysfunction.

Hipotiroidismo en mujeres en la posmenopausia, prevalencia en el Eje Cafetero, Colombia, 2016-2019 / Hypothyroidism in postmenopausal women, prevalence in the Coffee Region, Colombia, 2016-2019 / Hipotiroidismo em mulheres na pós-menopausa, prevalência no Eje Cafetero, Colômbia, 2016-2019

Resumen: El objetivo es determinar la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en mujeres en la posmenopausia, en el Eje Cafetero. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 469 participantes. Se ingresaron mujeres mayores de 40 años, en la posmenopausia, que asistieron a la consulta externa para atención por patología ginecológica; entre julio de 2016 y junio de 2019, en tres clínicas privadas de carácter universitario, en el Eje Cafetero, Colombia. Se excluyeron mujeres con diagnóstico previo de hipotiroidismo o que se negaron a participar. Muestreo aleatorio simple. Variables medidas: sociodemográficas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: La edad media fue de 56,47 ± 7,14 años. La media de los valores de la TSH en la población global fue de 3,71 ± 1,94 μUI/mL, con tendencia al incremento a medida del aumento de la edad. La prevalencia de hipotiroidismo en mujeres en la posmenopausia fue del 48,61 % (n = 228/469) (IC95 %: 37,83-54,15), en el Eje Cafetero; siendo más elevada en las obesas (54,41 %; IC95 %, 43,29-49,41 %) y en las mayores de 60 (52,35 %; IC95 %: 20,64-31,77). Se detectaron anticuerpos antitiroideos antiperoxidasa (AC-TPO) en el 46,05 % (n = 105/228) y los antitiroglobulina (TgAb) en el 21,05 % (n = 48/228) de las mujeres hipotiroideas, evidenciándose un fenómeno autoinmune en el 3,26 % (n = 153/469) de la población total estudiada. El sobrepeso, el incremento de la edad y la presencia de anticuerpos antitiroideos aumentan significativamente la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: El 48,61 % de las mujeres del Eje Cafetero en la posmenopausia presentan hipotiroidismo.

Abstract: The aim is to determine the prevalence of hypothyroidism in postmenopausal women in the Coffee Region. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in 469 participants. Postmenopausal women over 40 years of age who sought outpatient care due to gynecological pathologies between July 2016 and June 2019 in three private university clinics in the Coffee Region, Colombia, were admitted. Women with a previous diagnosis of hypothyroidism or who refused to participate were excluded. Simple random sampling. Measured variables: sociodemographic, clinical, and surgical. Descriptive statistics were applied. Results: The mean age was 56.47 ± 7.14 years. The mean TSH values in the global population were 3.71 ± 1.94 μIU/mL, increasing with age. The prevalence of hypothyroidism in postmenopausal women was 48.61 % (n = 228/469) (95 % CI: 37.83-54.15) in the Coffee Region, being higher in obese women (54.41 %; 95 % CI, 43.29-49.41 %) and those over 60 (52.35 %; 95 % CI: 20.64-31.77). Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPoAb) were detected in 46.05% (n = 105/228) and thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) in 21.05% (n = 48/228) of hypothyroid women, showing an autoimmune phenomenon in 3.26% (n = 153/469) of the total population studied. Overweight, older age and antithyroid antibodies increase the prevalence of hypothyroidism (p < 0.05). Conclusions: 48.61 % of postmenopausal women from the Coffee Region have hypothyroidism.

Resumo: O objetivo é determinar a prevalência de hipotiroidismo em mulheres na pós-menopausa, no Eje Cafetero (Eixo Cafeeiro). Materiais e métodos: Estudo de corte transversal em 469 participantes. Foram incluídas mulheres maiores de 40 anos, na pós-menopausa, que foram à consulta externa para o atendimento por patologia ginecológica; entre julho de 2016 e junho de 2019, em três hospitais particulares de caráter universitário, no Eje Cafetero, Colômbia. Foram excluídas mulheres com diagnóstico prévio de hipotiroidismo ou que negaram a participar. Amostragem aleatória simples. Variáveis medidas: sociodemográficas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Foi aplicada estatística descritiva. Resultados: A idade média foi de 56,47 ± 7,14 anos. A média dos valores da TSH na população global foi de 3,71 ± 1,94 μUI/mL, com tendência à elevação à medida que a idade aumentasse. A prevalência de hipotiroidismo em mulheres na pós-menopausa foi de 48,61 % (n = 228/469) (IC95 %: 37,83-54,15), no Eje Cafetero; sendo mais elevada nas obesas (54,41 %; IC95 %, 43,29-49,41 %) e nas maiores de 60 (52,35 %; IC95 %: 20,64-31,77). Foram detectados anticorpos antitiroideus antiperoxidase (AC-TPO) em 46,05 % (n = 105/228) e os antitiroglobulina (TgAb) em 21,05 % (n = 48/228) das mulheres com hipotiroidismo, evidenciando-se um fenómeno autoimune em 3,26 % (n = 153/469) da população total estudada. O sobrepeso, o aumento da idade e a presença de anticorpos antitiroideus aumentam significativamente a prevalência de hipotiroidismo (p < 0,05). Conclusões: 48,61 % das mulheres do Eje Cafetero na pós-menopausa apresentam hipotiroidismo.

Factores clínicos y bioquímicos asociados con la tirotropina en embarazadas aparentemente sanas / Clinical and biochemical factors associated with thyrotropin in seemingly healthy pregnant women

Introducción: Los valores de tirotropina (TSH) pueden modificarse marcadamente durante el embarazo, en relación con diversos factores clínicos y bioquímicos. Objetivo: Identificar los factores clínicos y bioquímicos asociados con la tirotropina en embarazadas aparentemente sanas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con 247 gestantes aparentemente sanas del municipio Plaza de la Revolución., en el periodo comprendido de septiembre de 2015 a enero de 2019. Variables analizadas: edad materna y gestacional, trimestre del embarazo, color de la piel, paridad, hábito de fumar, antecedentes familiares de enfermedad tiroidea (APF), consumo de suplementos con yodo, índice de masa corporal (IMC), presencia de bocio al examen físico, TSH, tiroxina total (T4t) y libre (T4l), triyodotironina total (T3t) y libre (T3l), gonadotropina coriónica (hCG), anticuerpos contra la peroxidasa tiroidea (AcTPO) y la tiroglobulina (AcTg) y yoduria. Resultados: La TSH (1,66 ± 0,91mUI/L) tuvo una asociación negativa con la edad materna (r = -0,17; p = 0,008), la paridad (nulíparas 1,80 ± 0,90 mUI/L, multíparas 1,45 ± 0,89 mUI/L; p = 0,003), los APF (positivos 1,56 ± 0,91 mUI/L, negativos 1,81 ± 0,89 mUI/L; p = 0,03), la T4t (r = -0,15; p = 0,02), la T4l (r = -0,23; p = 0,000) y la hCG (r = -0,52; p = 0,001). Mostraron una relación directa la edad gestacional (r = 0,25; p = 0,000) y el uso de suplementos yodados (consumo 1,96 ± 0,72mUI/L, no consumo 1,62 ± 0,93 mUI/L; p = 0,03). Conclusiones: La tirotropina presenta una relación inversa con la edad materna, la paridad, los antecedentes familiares de enfermedad tiroidea, la T4 total y libre, y la gonadotropina coriónica, y una relación directa con la edad gestacional y el consumo de suplementos con yodo(AU)

Introduction: Thyrotropin (TSH) values can be sharply modified during pregnancy, in relation to various clinical and biochemical factors. Objective: Identify clinical and biochemical factors associated with thyrotropin in seemingly healthy pregnant women. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study with 247 seemingly healthy pregnant women from Plaza de la Revolution municipality in the period from September 2015 to January 2019. Variables analyzed: maternal and gestational age, trimester of pregnancy, skin color, pregnancies, smoking habit, family history of thyroid disease (APF), consumption of iodine supplements, body mass index (BMI), presence of goiter to physical examination, TSH, total and free (T4l) thyroxine (T4t), total (T3t) and free (T3l) triiodothyronine, chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (AcTPO) and thyroglobulin (AcTg) and urinary iodine. Results: TSH (1.66 ± 0.91mUI/L) had a negative association with maternal age (r = -0.17; p x 0.008), pregnancy (nulliparas 1.80 ± 0.90 mUI/L, 1.45 ± 0.89 mUI/L; p x 0.003), APF (positive 1.56 ± 0.91 mUI/L, negative 1.81 ± 0.89 mUI/L; p x 0.03), the T4t (r = -0.15; p s 0.02), the T4l (r = -0.23; p x 0.000) and the hCG (r = -0.52; p x 0.001). They showed a direct relationship with gestational age (r x 0.25; p x 0.000) and the use of iodine supplements (consumption 1.96 ± 0.72mUI/L, not consumption 1.62 ± 0.93 mUI/L; p x 0.03). Conclusions: Thyrotropin has an inverse relationship with maternal age, pregnancies, family history of thyroid disease, total and free T4, and chorionic gonadotropin, and a direct relationship with gestational age and consumption of iodine supplements(AU)

Caracterización de pacientes con hipotiroidismo congénito en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio entre 2001 y 2017 / Characterization of patients diagnosed with congenital hypothyroidism at the Hospital Universitario San Ignacio between 2001 and 2017

Introducción. El hipotiroidismo congénito es una causa prevenible de discapacidad cognitiva. Dada la ausencia de signos y síntomas al nacer, es necesario hacer pruebas de tamización para detectarlo. Su incidencia oscila entre uno de cada 2.500 y uno de cada 6.000 nacidos vivos. Objetivo. Describir las características antropométricas y demográficas de los participantes, así como medir la concentración de tirotropina (TSH) en sangre de cordón umbilical y de TSH y tiroxina libre (T4 libre) en el suero de los recién nacidos positivos en la prueba de tamización y de aquellos con hipotiroidismo congénito confirmado. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional retrospectivo de un periodo de 17 años mediante la revisión de los registros de laboratorio clínico y las historias para establecer las características demográficas y antropométricas en el momento del nacimiento. Resultados. Se analizaron 41.494 recién nacidos. Se encontraron 217 (0,52 %) recién nacidos con prueba positiva de tamización, 19 (8,76 %) de ellos con diagnóstico confirmado mediante pruebas séricas (TSH y T4 libre), para una incidencia de uno por cada 2.183 nacidos vivos. El 78,95 % de los casos de hipotiroidismo congénito correspondió a nacidos a término, el promedio de la edad gestacional fue de 37,3 semanas, similar al de quienes no lo presentaban. No hubo diferencia en el promedio de peso ni en la talla al nacer entre los afectados y los no afectados. La concentración de TSH en sangre de cordón umbilical fue significativamente mayor en los casos de hipotiroidismo congénito que en los recién nacidos sanos. Conclusiones. La incidencia de hipotiroidismo congénito fue similar a la encontrada en los estudios consultados. No hubo diferencias clínicas relevantes entre los casos confirmados y los descartados, lo que resalta la pertinencia de la tamización neonatal para el diagnóstico temprano y el tratamiento oportuno.

Introduction: Congenital hypothyroidism is a preventable cause of cognitive disability. Due to the absence of symptoms and signs in the newborn, it is necessary to perform screening tests. Its incidence ranges between 1:2,500 and 1:6,000. Objective: To describe the anthropometric and demographic characteristics, as well as the cord TSH levels, serum TSH, and serum T4L levels of the positive patients during screening and patients with confirmed congenital hypothyroidism. Materials and methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study for 17 years based on the review of clinical laboratory and medical records to describe the demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the patients at the time of diagnosis. Results: We analyzed 41,494 newborns in the 17 years of follow-up; 217 (0.52%) were positive in the screening test and the diagnosis was confirmed by serum tests (TSH and free T4) in 19 cases (8.76%) for an incidence of one for every 2,183 live births; 78.95% of the children with congenital hypothyroidism were born full-term and the average gestational age was 37.3 weeks, similar to that of those with no congenital hypothyroidism. There was no difference in the average weight and height at birth between the children with the condition and those who did not have it. TSH in the cord in the cases of congenital hypothyroidism was significantly higher than in the discarded cases. Conclusions: The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism was similar to that found in the literature. There were no relevant clinical differences between confirmed and ruled out cases reflecting the relevance of neonatal screening.

TRH stimulation test in patients with repeatedly elevated TSH and normal FT4 / Teste de estímulo com TRH em pacientes com TSH repetidamente elevado e T4L normal

ABSTRACT Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is defined by elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine (FT4). We aimed to evaluate the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test in patients with repeatedly elevated TSH (up to 10 mIU/l) and normal FT4, but without apparent thyroid disease. Women with TSH > 4.5 and ≤ 10 mIU/l (in two measurements) and normal FT4 were selected. Women with a known non-thyroid cause of TSH elevation, those treated with anti-thyroid drugs, amiodarone, lithium, and those with a history of thyroidectomy, neck radiotherapy and 131I treatment were excluded. Seventy women had negative antithyroperoxidase antibodies. Ultrasonography revealed a eutopic thyroid, usual echogenicity, and a volume ≤ 15 ml, and they underwent the TRH stimulation test during initial evaluation. After stimulation with TRH, TSH > 30 mIU/l was observed in 38 women (expected response), while 32 women had TSH < 20 mIU/l (inadequate response). Age, basal TSH or thyroid volume did not differ between both groups, but FT4 concentrations were significantly lower in the first group. Follow-up was available for 66/70 women. Seven women developed a need for levothyroxine, all of them in the group with an adequate response to TRH [7/36 (19.4%) versus 0/30]. The results suggest that some cases of TSH elevation (even persistent) do not represent the early stage of thyroid insufficiency.

RESUMEN El hipotiroidismo subclínico (HSC) es definido por la elevación de los niveles de hormona tiroestimulante (TSH) con los niveles de tiroxina libre (T4L) dentro de rangos de normalidad. El objetivo de este reporte fue evaluar la prueba de estímulo con hormona liberadora de tirotropina (TRH) en pacientes con TSH persistentemente elevado (hasta 10 mUI/l) y T4L normal, pero sin enfermedad tiroidea aparente. Se eligieron mujeres con TSH > 4,5 y ≤ 10 mUI/l (en dos medidas) y T4L normal. Se excluyeron aquellas con causa no tiroidea conocida de alza de TSH además de las tratadas con medicamentos antitiroideos, amiodarona, litio y con historia de tiroidectomía, radioterapia cervical y tratamiento con 131I. Setenta mujeres presentaron anticuerpos antitiroperoxidasa negativos. La ecografía mostró tiroides eutópica, ecogenicidad usual y volumen ≤ 15 ml; todas se sometieron a la prueba de estímulo con TRH en la evaluación inicial. Tras estímulo con TRH, TSH > 30 mUI/l se observó en 38 mujeres (respuesta esperada), mientras 32 mujeres presentaron TSH < 20 mUI/l (respuesta inadecuada). El seguimiento estuvo disponible para 66/70 mujeres. Siete pacientes evolucionaron con necesidad de levotiroxina, todas ellas en el grupo con respuesta adecuada al TRH [7/36 (19,4%) versus 0/30]. Los resultados sugieren que algunos casos de alza de TSH (aunque persistente) no representan la fase inicial de una insuficiencia tiroidea.

RESUMO O hipotireoidismo subclínico (HSC) é definido pela elevação dos níveis de hormônio tireoestimulante (TSH) com os níveis de tiroxina livre dentro da normalidade (T4L). O objetivo deste relato foi avaliar o teste de estímulo com hormônio liberador de tirotrofina (TRH) em pacientes com TSH repetidamente elevado (até 10 mUI/l) e T4L normal, mas sem doença tireoidiana aparente. Mulheres com TSH > 4,5 e ≤ 10 mUI/l (em duas medidas) e T4L normal foram selecionadas. Foram excluídas aquelas com causa não tireoidiana conhecida de elevação do TSH, além das tratadas com medicamentos antitireoidianos, amiodarona, lítio e com histórico de tireoidectomia, radioterapia cervical e tratamento com 131I. Setenta mulheres apresentaram anticorpos antitireoperoxidase negativos. A ultrassonografia revelou tireoide eutópica, ecogenicidade usual e volume ≤ 15 ml; todas foram submetidas ao teste de estímulo com TRH na avaliação inicial. Após estímulo com TRH, TSH > 30 mUI/l foi observado em 38 mulheres (resposta esperada), enquanto 32 mulheres apresentaram TSH < 20 mUI/l (resposta inadequada). Idade, TSH basal ou volume da tireoide não diferiram entre os dois grupos, mas as concentrações de T4L foram significativamente menores no primeiro grupo. O acompanhamento foi disponível para 66/70 mulheres. Sete pacientes evoluíram com necessidade de levotiroxina, todas elas no grupo com resposta adequada ao TRH [7/36 (19,4%) versus 0/30]. Os resultados sugerem que alguns casos de elevação do TSH (mesmo persistente) não representam a fase inicial de uma insuficiência tireoidiana.

Optimization of the follow-up of pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease. / Optimización del seguimiento de gestantes con enfermedad tiroidea autoinmune.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of hypothyroidism in pregnant women with autoimmune thyroid disease and thyrotropin (TSH) < 2,5 mIU/l at the beginning of pregnancy. METHODS: Prospective longitudinal study of pregnant women with no personal history of thyroid disease, and with TSH < 2.5 mIU/l in the first trimester. TSH, free thyroxine (FT4), anti peroxidase (TPO) and anti thyroglobulin antibodies were measured in the 3 trimesters of pregnancy. We compared thyroid function throughout pregnancy, and the development of gestational hypothyroidism (TSH >4 mIU/l) among pregnant women with positive thyroid autoimmunity and those with negative autoimmunity. RESULTS: We included 300 pregnant women with mean baseline TSH 1.3 ± 0.6 mIU/l (9th gestational week). Positive thyroid autoinmunity was detected in 17.7% of women (n = 53) at the first trimester. Between the first and the third trimesters, TPO and anti thyroglobulin antibodies titers decreased 76.8% and 80.7% respectively. Thyroid function during pregnancy was similar among the group with positive autoimmunity and the group with negative autoimmunity, and the development of hypothyroidism was 1.9% (1/53) and 2% (5/247) respectively. Pregnant women in whom TSH increased above 4 mIU/l (n = 6), had higher baseline TSH levels compared to those who maintained TSH ≤4 mIU/l during pregnancy (1.8 vs. 1.3 mIU/l; p=.047). CONCLUSION: In our population, women with TSH levels <2.5 mIU/l at the beginning of pregnancy have a minimal risk of developing gestational hypothyroidism regardless of thyroid autoimmunity.

Prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in a population of pregnant women in Santa Marta, Magdalena (Colombia) / Prevalencia de autoinmunidad tiroidea en una población de gestantes de Santa Marta, Magdalena (Colombia)

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in a hospital-based population of pregnant women, and to explore its frequency in euthyroid and hypothyroid women, as well as the association between autoimmunity and the presence of obstetric complications. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Accesible population: pregnant women seen at Centros Hospitalarios del Caribe (CEHOCA) in the city of Santa Marta, Magdalena (Colombia), between August 1 and October 31, 2017. Convenience sampling. Sample size: 120 subjects. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4), free triiodothyronine (T3), thyroglobulin (TG) and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies were determined. Descriptive statistics were used. Prevalence was calculated as the number of women with positive TG or TPO antibodies/number of women surveyed. Categorization by type of positive antibody and thyroid function (normal or hypothyroidism) was also done. Results: In women with uncomplicated pregnancies, the frequency of thyroid autoimmunity was 14.29%. Five patients (4.5%) had positive TPO antibodies, 14 patients (12.61%) had positive TG antibodies, while 3 of the women were positive for the two types of antibodies. Antithyroglobulin antibodies were the most frequent. Autoimmunity was found in 13.5% of euthyroid women, and in 18.2% of the women with subclinical hypothyroidism. No association was found between the presence of antibodies and miscarriage, pregnancy-associated hypertension or preterm delivery. Conclusions: The presence of antithyroid antibodies was found in 1 out of every 7 pregnant women as a sign of autoimmunity. Further observations are required in order to determine frequencies and normality ranges in the local population, as well as the clinical significance of this thyroid autoimmunity.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de autoinmunidad tiroidea en una población de gestantes de base hospitalaria, y hacer una exploración a la frecuencia en pacientes eutiroideas o hipotiroideas, y de la asociación entre autoinmunidad y la presencia de complicaciones obstétricas. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal, descriptivo. Población accesible: gestantes atendidas en Centros Hospitalarios del Caribe (CEHOCA), de la ciudad de Santa Marta, Magdalena (Colombia), entre el 1 de agosto y el 31 de octubre de 2017. Muestreo por conveniencia. Tamaño muestral: 120 sujetos. Se determinó hormona tiroestimulante (TSH), T4 libre, T3 libre, anticuerpos antitiroglobulina (ATG) y antiperoxidasa (ATPO). Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. La prevalencia se calculó como número de mujeres con anticuerpos ATG o ATPO positivos/número de mujeres encuestadas, además se categorizó por tipo de anticuerpo positivo y función tiroidea (normal o hipotiroidismo). Resultados: en las gestantes con embarazo sin mención de complicación la frecuencia de autoinmunidad tiroidea fue del 14,29 %. Cinco pacientes (4,5 %) presentaron anticuerpos ATPO positivos, 14 pacientes (12,61 %) anticuerpos ATG positivos, en tanto que 3 embarazadas mostraron positividad para ambos tipos de anticuerpos. Los anticuerpos antitiroglobulina fueron los más frecuentes. Se halló autoinmunidad en el 13,5 % de las gestantes eutiroideas, y en el 18,2 % de las pacientes con hipotiroidismo subclínico. No se encontró asociación entre la presencia de anticuerpos y la presencia de aborto, hipertensión asociada al embarazo o parto pretérmino. Conclusiones: una de cada 7 gestantes mostró presencia de anticuerpos antitiroideos como signo de autoinmunidad. Son necesarias más observaciones a fin de poder establecer frecuencias y rangos de normalidad en la población local y el significado clínico de esta autoinmunidad tiroidea.

Caracterización de la disfunción tiroidea en adultos con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis / Characterization of thyroid dysfunction in adults with chronic renal disease in dialysis

Resumen Introducción: existe una clara relación entre la disfunción tiroidea y la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) que se evidencia por el aumento de la prevalencia de hipotiroidismo primario a medida que disminuye la tasa de filtración glomerular. Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes adultos con disfunción tiroidea y enfermedad renal crónica en terapia dialítica. Métodos: e realizó un estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo, transversal, que caracterizó y recolectó datos de laboratorio en pacientes mayores de 18 años con ERC. Estos pacientes se encontraban en terapia dialítica en una unidad renal de la ciudad de Cartagena (Colombia) y se les practicó un control de TSH en el año 2016. Resultados: se incluyeron 350 pacientes con registro de TSH. La mediana de edad fue de 59 años y el 49.1% eran mujeres. La principal causa de la ERC fue la hipertensión (36.3%) y la principal comorbilidad fue el hiperpatioidismo (56%). En relación con la disfunción tiroidea, se evidenció que el 25.4% de la población presentó niveles de TSH mayores a 4.5 uIU/mL. Dentro de este segmento, un 5.7% se encontraba en rango de hipotiroidismo (TSH>10 uIU/mL). Conclusiones: la prevalencia de la disfunción tiroidea fue mayor en la muestra, en comparación con la población general. No obstante, se requieren estudios adicionales con medición de T4L para realizar una adecuada categorización.

Abstract Background: There is a clear relationship between thyroid dysfunction and chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is evidenced by the increase in the prevalence of primary hypothyroidism when the glomerular filtration rate decreases. Objectives: Characterize adult patients with thyroid dysfunction and chronic kidney disease on dialysis therapy. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out that characterized and collected laboratory reports of patients >18 years of age with CKD in dialysis therapy of a renal unit of the city of Cartagena/Bolívar with TSH control in 2016. Results: 350 patients with TSH registry were included, with a median age of 59 years and 49.1% were women. The main cause and comorbidity of CKD was hypertension in 36.3% and hyperpatioidism in 56% respectively. In relation to thyroid dysfunction, 25.4% of the population had TSH levels> 4.5 uIU/mL, of which 5.7% had TSH levels> 10 uIU/mL (hypothyroidism). Conclusions: The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was higher than in the general population, however additional studies with measurement of FT4 are necessary to achieve an adequate categorization.

Prevalencia de la disfunción tiroidea en la población adulta mayor de consulta externa / Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in the elderly population of an outpatient clinic

Resumen Introducción: el metabolismo y función de la hormona tiroidea se modifica con el envejecimiento. Los rangos de referencia para las hormonas tiroideas, derivan de poblaciones más jóvenes. Con estos rangos la prevalencia de la disfunción tiroidea subclínica es mayor en los ancianos. Existe controversia en el tratamiento de pacientes con enfermedad subclínica. Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de disfunción tiroidea en adultos mayores de la consulta externa de medicina interna en un periodo de tres meses. Material y métodos: estudio de corte transversal realizado en un hospital universitario. Participaron los pacientes de 60 años o más que asistieron a la consulta externa de medicina interna. A todos se les diligenció un cuestionario que incluye el índice de Wayne y el puntaje de Zulewski. Se solicitaron los niveles de TSH y T4 libre. Posteriormente, se contactó telefónicamente a cada paciente para registrar los resultados. Resultados: ingresaron 93 personas al estudio, 57% eran mujeres. El 32% de los pacientes recibían suplencia hormonal con levotiroxina, 73% eran mujeres. El 66% de los pacientes que recibían suplencia no tenían niveles de TSH en metas de tratamiento. Se encontraron dos casos de hipertiroidismo subclínico, ninguno de hipertiroidismo manifiesto. El acuerdo más allá del azar entre las escalas clínicas y el diagnóstico a partir de laboratorios fue nulo. Conclusiones: es alta la prevalencia de disfunción tiroidea en nuestro país, se requieren más estudios con estandarización en las herramientas diagnósticas, para definir puntos de corte de diagnóstico y tratamiento en estos pacientes. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 24-30).

Abstract Introduction: the metabolism and function of thyroid hormone is modified with aging. The reference ranges for thyroid hormones are derived from younger populations. With these ranges, the prevalence of subclinical thyroid dysfunction is higher in the elderly. There is controversy in the treatment of patients with subclinical disease. Objective: to describe the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in older adults of the internal medicine outpatient clinic in a period of three months. Material and Methods: cross-sectional study carried out in a university hospital. Participants were those patients 60 years old or older who attended the internal medicine outpatient clinic. They all filled out a questionnaire that included Wayne's index and Zulewski's score. TSH and free T4 levels were requested. Subsequently, each patient was contacted by telephone to record the results. Results: 93 people entered the study; 57% were women. 32% of patients received hormone replacement with levothyroxine; 73% were women. 66% of the patients receiving substitution did not have TSH levels in treatment goals.Two cases of subclinical hyperthyroidism were found and none of overt hyperthyroidism. The agreement beyond chance between the clinical scales and the diagnosis from laboratories was null. Conclusions: the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in our country is high. More studies with standardization in diagnostic tools are required to define diagnostic and treatment cut-off points in these patients. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 24-30).