Red osier dogwood extract vs. trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (Part 2). Pharmacodynamic effects on ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged orally with Salmonella Enteritidis.

With the subsisting restrictions on the use of antibiotics in poultry production, the use of plant extracts has shown some promising antimicrobial capacity similar to antibiotics; however, such capacity is largely dependent on their total polyphenol concentration and profile. Given the emerging antimicrobial potential of red osier dogwood (ROD) extract, the study aimed to investigate the pharmacodynamic effect of ROD extract on the ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens challenged orally with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE). A 21 d 4 × 2 factorial experiment was conducted based on 2 main factors, including diets and SE challenge. A total of 384 one-day-old mixed-sex Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments; Negative control (NC), NC + 0.075 mg trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (TMP/SDZ)/kg of diet, and NC containing either 0.3 or 0.5% ROD extract. On d 1, half of the birds were orally challenged with 0.5 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (Noninfected group) and the remaining half with 0.5 mL of 3.1 × 105 CFU/mL SE (Infected group). Dietary treatments were randomly assigned to 8 replicate cages at 6 birds/cage. On d 21, 10 birds/treatment were euthanized and eviscerated to collect ileal and cecal digesta for gut microbiota analysis. The ileal and cecal microbiota was dominated by phyla Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota. The SE infection decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota in the ileum and ceca, respectively, however, it increased (P < 0.05) Proteobacteria in the ceca. Both 0.3 and 0.5% ROD extracts (P < 0.05) depressed the relative abundance of Actinobacteriota in the ileum but marginally improved (P < 0.05) it in the ceca compared to the TMP/SDZ treatment. Dietary TMP/SDZ increased (P < 0.05) genus Bifidobacterium at the ileal and cecal segments compared to other treatments. Dietary 0.3 and 0.5% marginally improved (P < 0.05) Bifidobacterium in the ceca and depressed (P < 0.05) Weissella and was comparably similar to TMP/SDZ in the ileum. Regardless of the dietary treatments and SE infection, alpha diversity differed (P < 0.05) between ileal and cecal microbiota. Beta diversity was distinct (P < 0.05) in both ileal and cecal digesta along the SE infection model. Conclusively, both ROD extract levels yielded a pharmacodynamic effect similar to antibiotics on ileal and cecal microbiota.

Farmacodermia associada a reações sistêmicas em um cão Pinscher Miniatura medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina / Pharmacodermia Associated with Systemic Reactions in a Pinscher Dog Treated with Sulfadiazine-trimethoprim / Farmacodermía Asociada a Reacciones Sistémicas en un Perro Pinscher Miniatura Medicado con Asociación de Trimetoprin y Sulfadiazina

Este artigo visa relatar um caso de farmacodermia em um cão da raça Pinscher Miniatura, fêmea de cinco meses de idade. O animal apresentou apatia, anorexia, ceratoconjuntivite seca, hipertermia, desidratação e uma extensa e dolorosa dermatite ulcerativa desde a região cervical até a região lombar. Verificou-se que o animal havia sido medicado com a associação de trimetoprim e sulfadiazina. A dose utilizada do antibiótico era maior que a dose recomendada. Dentre as alterações laboratoriais encontradas observou-se necrose em toda a espessura da epiderme e derme. Apesar da terapia preconizada houve uma rápida deterioração do estado geral do animal, evoluindo para óbito. Para optar-se por uma antibioticoterapia mais segura, deve-se considerar os relatos prévios de reações a fármacos associadas a algumas raças e, além disso, estar atentos à dose terapêutica e à pesagem correta do animal.

ABSTRACT: This article aims in presenting a pharmacodermia case in a fi ve-month-old female Pinscher dog. The animal has shown apathy, anorexia, dry keratoconjunctivitis, and dehydration, extensive and very painful ulcerating dermatitis since the cervical region until the lumbar region. It has been verifi ed that the animal had been treated with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine association. The antibiotic dose used was bigger than the recommended one. Histopathology analysis showed epidermis and dermis necrosis. Despite of the previous therapy, there was a fast deterioration of the general state of the animal ending up to death. To determine a safer antibiotic therapy the veterinarians might consider the previous resumes of the reactions of drugs associated to some races, besides, they have to be aware of the correct dose and the animal's correct weight.

RESUMEN: Este artículo visa relatar un caso de farmacodermía en un perro de la raza Pinscher miniatura, hembra de cinco meses de edad. El animal presentó apatía, anorexia, queratoconjuntivitis seca, hipertermia, desidratación y una extensa y dolorosa dermatitis ulcerativa desde la región cervical hasta la región del espinazo. Se verifi có que el animal había sido medicado con la asociación de trimetoprin y sulfadiazina. La dosis utilizada del antibiótico era mayor que la dosis recomendada. Dentre las alteraciones laboratoriales encontradas se observó necrosis en todo el espesor de la epiderme y derme. A pesar de la terapia preconizada hubo una rápida deterioración de la condición general del animal progresando para óbito. Para optarse por terapia antibiótica con más seguridad, se debe considerar relatos previos de reacciones a fármacos asociados en algunas razas y además, estar atentos a las dosis terapéuticas y al pesaje correcta del animal.