Focal pyomyositis caused by Enterobacter in an immunocompetent patient: A case report.

Pyomyositis is a pyogenic infection of skeletal striated muscle, usually found in tropical areas, often in immunocompromised patients. We report a new observation of a nontropical Enterobacter pyomyositis occurring in an immunocompetent female in Tunisia. A 53-year-old patient presented with acute fever and intense myalgia in the right thigh. On clinical examination she had an altered general condition, a fever at 40°C and an important swelling of the lateral side of the right thigh. In biology, she had an inflammatory syndrome. Blood culture had identified Enterobacter. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging showed diffuse inflammatory involvement of the vastus lateralis muscle of the right quadriceps associated with edematous infiltration of subcutaneous fatty tissues. Diagnosis of pyomyositis was retained. Antibiotic therapy initially probabilistic and then adapted to the antibiogram was initiated with a favorable outcome. Although rare outside the tropics, the potential severity of pyomyositis encourages its better knowledge.

Pyomyositis involving the scapular muscles: A case series.

Pyomyositis or tropical pyomyositis is an uncommon infection of skeletal muscle that may be primary or secondary. Primary type has bacterial aetiology, and Staphylococcus aureus is associated in most cases. The diagnosis requires high index of suspicion and careful assessment of radiological investigations. Diagnosis often requires magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for better delineation of the disease process, associated site involvement and exclusion of related conditions. Evacuation of pus coupled with appropriate antibiotic therapy is the mainstay and curative in most cases. Caution, however, is required due to increased morbidity, protracted course of recovery and mortality in few cases. The association with comorbidities including immunocompromised status compounds the problem. We describe our experience with this condition in a series of five cases (four male and one female) with diverse involvement of scapular muscle. All cases had primary pyomyositis except one case secondary to shoulder joint tuberculosis. Right side was involved in three and left in two cases. Infraspinatus was commonly involved, and one case had extensive involvement around scapula. All cases were managed by one or multiple aspiration, except one managed with open surgical drainage. The outcome was good in all cases with no recurrence or complication noted in their respective follow-up. Primary care centres may play important role in the early diagnosis of this condition with clinical evaluation and judicious use of imaging. Cases with severe involvement or those requiring advanced procedures may be referred to higher centres as per the requirement. Most of the times, timely diagnosis, antibiotic therapy and drainage of the pus is required and may also be performed in the primary care level through a standard protocol.

Factors associated with pyomyositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Pyomyositis, an acute bacterial infection of skeletal muscle usually resulting in abscess formation, is well recognised in tropical regions where it can account for up to 4% of adult surgical admissions. It is increasingly being reported from high-income temperate countries. Pyomyositis occurs across all ages and in both sexes. Mortality ranges from 1% to 23%. Many risk factors have been suggested. We aimed to identify factors associated with pyomyositis. METHODS: We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis, using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochran Library and hand-searching published papers. The random-effects model meta-analysis was used to calculate pooled estimated odd ratios with the corresponding 95% confidence interval. RESULTS: All studies in the systematic review (n = 25) and the meta-analysis (n = 12) were hospital-based. Seven only included children. Relatively few studies have been published in the last decade, the majority of which are from high-income temperate settings. Staphylococcus aureus was the main organism isolated. Males under the age of 20 predominated, and mortality of up to 20% was reported. Factors associated with pyomyositis were HIV infection (OR = 4.82; 95% CI: 1.67-13.92) and fulfilling an AIDS surveillance definition (OR = 6.08; 95% CI: 2.79-13.23). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis indicated significant associations between pyomyositis infection and HIV/AIDS. Major gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and outcome remain, highlighting the need for further research and more systematic studies. Pyomyositis merits consideration as a neglected tropical disease.

Tropical Pyomyositis: An Unusual Cause for Sepsis and Hip Pain in Adults the United Kingdom.

Introduction: Pyomyositis is a bacterial infection, commonly due to Staphylococcus aureus infection resulting in myositis on muscle biopsy and abscess formation in skeletal muscle. . Although often prefaced with the term '"tropical' tropical" alluding to its prevalence in tropical climates this disease does present, albeit rarely, in adult patients residing in temperate climates as well. Case Presentation: A 60 year -year-old woman living in the UK with no risk factors presented apyrexial with native left hip and thigh pain and was initially diagnosed with sciatica and discharged from the Emergency Department. She subsequently re-presented days later with worsening pain and inability to weight bear; blood tests showed she had worsening inflammatory markers. Her magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan showed a collection in the musculature of her left hip adductors. She was diagnosed with Pyomyositis. The collection was drained via ultrasound and she was treated with intravenous IV antibiotics, followed by oral antibiotics, and made a full recovery. Conclusion: Our report highlights the need for thorough and complete investigation, including MRI scanning for patients with unclear causes of hip pain and raised inflammatory markers. It demonstrates how conditions such as pyomyositis can still arise outside the expected demographics and this could have been easily confused with a septic hip had she not undergone further imaging.

Purulent infectious myositis (formerly tropical pyomyositis).

Purulent infectious myositis (PIM), formerly known as tropical pyomyositis, is a pyogenic infection of skeletal muscles. Staphylococcus aureus, a normal human skin inhabitant, is the main pathogen involved, but multiple other microorganisms have been implicated. Although usually a progressive febrile disease with pain in the affected muscle(s), severe, life-threatening forms have been described, especially in immunosuppressed patients and children. PIM may elude early diagnosis given the lack of overlying skin changes. Hence, high index of suspicion followed by imaging modalities (ultrasonography when superficial and computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging with contrast when deep) help confirm the diagnosis. Treatment requires combination of percutaneous or open surgical drainage along with antimicrobial therapy guided by culture results. The rising incidence of cases due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains, makes the inclusion of vancomycin be recommended. This paper reviews PIM highlighting its global distribution, causative agents, predisposing factors, management, and potential complications.

Tropical pyomyositis: an update.

Tropical pyomyositis (TP) is a life-threatening bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle that occurs particularly among children, young adults and those with immunocompromised conditions. The appropriate diagnosis and treatment are often delayed due to its non-specific signs, leading to fatal consequences. Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, is responsible for most TP cases. However, other bacteria (i.e. streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Candida spp., Mycobacterium spp.) have been reported. This narrative review provides an update on the epidemiology and clinical course of TP. A special focus is laid on the role of toxins (i.e. Panton-Valentine Leucocidin and α-toxin) in the pathogenesis of TP and their implication for the clinical management of infection.

La pyomyosite tropicale (TP) est une infection bactérienne potentiellement mortelle du muscle squelettique qui survient particulièrement chez les enfants, les jeunes adultes et les personnes immunodéprimées. Le diagnostic et le traitement appropriés sont souvent retardés en raison de ses signes non spécifiques, entraînant des conséquences fatales. Staphylococcus aureus, en particulier S. aureus sensible à la méthicilline, est responsable de la plupart des cas de TP. Cependant, d'autres bactéries (ex: streptocoques, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Candida spp., Mycobacterium spp.) ont été rapportées. Cette revue narrative fournit une mise à jour sur l'épidémiologie et l'évolution clinique du TP. Un accent particulier est mis sur le rôle des toxines (la Leukocidine de Panton-Valentine et l'α-toxine) dans la pathogenèse du TP et leur implication pour la prise en charge clinique de l'infection.

Pyomyositis in the United States 2002-2014.

OBJECTIVES: Primary pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of skeletal muscle first recognized in tropical regions of the world but needing characterization in temperate climates. METHODS: This population-based study used the Healthcare Utilization Project/Nationwide Inpatient Sample database to characterize the trends of pyomyositis admissions in the United States from 2002-2014 using ICD-9 diagnostic codes. RESULTS: We found a concerning more than three-fold increase in the incident pyomyositis admissions over our study period. The median length of stay was over twice as long compared to other hospitalized patients. Patients with pyomyositis were younger and more likely to be male and Black. There were more cases in the West and South compared to Midwest and Northeast. Age-adjusted odds ratios revealed significant association of pyomyositis with HIV, types 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, hematologic malignancy, organ transplant, malnutrition, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and rheumatoid arthritis. The most commonly identified bacterial diagnosis was Staphylococcus aureus. Pseudomonas species were the most commonly identified gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION: This nationwide review of pyomyositis in the United States suggests a concerning increase in incidence and provides information on the trends, demographics, risk factors, and causative organisms for pyomyositis in the United States.

Concurrent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus septicemia and pyomyositis in a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Concurrent presence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), tropical pyomyositis and septicemia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a previously healthy person has never been reported. These three conditions even individually are potentially fatal. "Here we describe a case of a patient contracting dengue and developing DHF along with concurrent pyomyositis likely to be due to MRSA, leading to MRSA septicemia with abscesses formed by MRSA". CASE PRESENTATION: A 44-year old previously healthy Sinhalese man presented on day 3 of the illness with fever, headache, arthralgia and myalgia and watery loose stools. His pulse rate was 76/min, blood pressure was 110/80 mmHg, while cardiovascular, respiratory and abdomen examination findings were unremarkable. The test for the dengue NS1 antigen was positive on the same day. We have diagnosed dengue and started managing him symptomatically as per the current national guidelines. The patient developed DHF with bilateral pleural effusion and ascitis. On the day 5 he developed severe myalgia, tenderness and non pitting edema of lower limbs especially in the thighs. His creatine kinase levels were high and an ultrasound scan confirmed myositis of both thighs. We suspected myositis due to dengue but investigated for possible simultaneous sepsis as well. On day 9 his blood culture became positive for MRSA. Considering the sensitivity of the bacteria intravenous vancomycin and ciprofloxacin was administered for 21 days. He developed a small abscess at the site of the first intravenous access and a large one above the ankle on the left. On day 12 the latter was drained and the pus culture yielded MRSA sensitive to the same antibiotics. The rapid test for dengue IgM was negative initially but later a positive MAC-ELISA test entrenched dengue infection. After improvement he was sent home on day 33 of the illness. He has developed two other abscesses in the proximity of the drained one and they were drained on day 57. The patient recovered. CONCLUSIONS: When dengue patients develop symptoms and signs of myositis, prompt investigations for pyomyositis and the treatment can save lives.

Tropical pyomyositis of erector spinae complicated with spinal epidural abscess.

STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective case series. OBJECTIVE: Tropical pyomyositis of erector spinae muscle (ESPM) is a rare muscular infection which may extend into the intraspinal canal to become spinal epidural abscess (ESPM-SEA). If left untreated, it may cause catatrophic spinal cord dysfunction and lead to irreversible paralysis. A series of eight such cases is presented, in order to provide proper surgical options and clarify the prognostic factors of the disease. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Merely six sporadic case reports had been found in the literature. Surgical debridement and laminectomy to drain the intraspinal abscess combined with systemic antibiotics were the choice of treatment to treat the disease with good therapeutic effect. METHODS: Inpatient charts of the patients were reviewed. The therapeutic effect and functional neurological recovery are correlated with the demographic characteristics of the patients, neurological deficits before drainage, and the different procedures of drainage. RESULTS: Old age, long ESPM-SEA (>6.5 vertebral segments), spinal cord dysfunction as well as complete paralysis before the interventional procedures are significantly correlated with poor functional neurological recovery (Sperman's coefficient correlation, all p<0.05). Pig-tail drainage of ESPM combined with adequate systemic antibiotics could cure if infection presents with lumbar radiculopathy only, but it failed to rescue the spinal cord dysfunction in two patients present with complete paralysis. Surgical drainage of ESPM with mini-laminotomy to drain ESPM-SEA combined with systemic antibiotics provided good functional recovery of patients, despite of prolonged pre-operative complete paralysis. CONCLUSION: Early drainage of the ESPM and related epidural abscess combined with systemic antibiotics can provide excellent therapeutic effect of ESPM-SEA. Open drainage with mini-laminotomy is superior to pig-tail drainage when spinal cord dysfunction occurred associated with ESPM-SEA.

Tropical pyomyositis.

BACKGROUND: Tropical pyomyositis is characterized by suppuration within skeletal muscles, manifesting as single or multiple abscesses. Though primarily a disease of tropics, it is increasingly being reported from temperate regions in immunosuppressed patients. However, India has only few sporadic case reports. AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate the causative organisms, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, treatment protocols and outcome data in tropical pyomyositis patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study was carried out in Nilratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata over 3 years (July 2010 to June 2013). A total of 12 patients were diagnosed with tropical pyomyositis (confirmed with aspiration and culture of pus from muscle). All the investigation and treatment data were recorded systematically. RESULTS: The presenting feature was high fever and myalgia in all 12 patients. Quadriceps femoris was the most commonly involved muscle (50%); followed by iliopsoas (25%). Culture of the aspirate showed Staphylococcus aureus in nine patients (75%), Klebsiella pneumonia in one patient (8.33%) and no growth in two patients (16.67%) even after tubercular and fungal culture. CONCLUSIONS: Tropical pyomyositis can affect immune-competent individuals. S. aureus is the most commonly cultured organism. Immediate initiation of appropriate antibiotics and surgical debridement are required to avoid complications. The prognosis remains excellent if promptly treated.

Piomiositis tropical como complicación de un tatuaje / Tropical pyomyositis as a complication of a tattoo

La piomiositis tropical es una infección bacteriana, del músculo esquelético, endémica de áreas tropicales. Se caracteriza por la formación de un absceso piógeno que, del 75 al 90 por ciento de los casos, contiene Staphylococcus aureus como agente etiológico. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 19 años de edad, con piomiositis del músculo cuadrado lumbar izquierdo, cuya puerta de entrada fue un tatuaje realizado en el dorso de la mano homolateral. El diagnóstico fue corroborado por ultrasonido y el cultivo de la secreción purulenta. Se le realizó punción y aspiración de la colección, en dos ocasiones, además de tratamiento antibiótico específico; se logró la resolución total del cuadro. Se concluye que se debe sospechar la presencia de la piomiositis tropical, como complicación de los tatuajes, en aquellos pacientes que tras su realización, se presenten con un cuadro febril prolongado, sobre todo en los practicados por personal no profesional(AU)

Tropical pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle endemic in tropical areas. It is characterized by the formation of a pyogenic abscess whose etiological agent contains Staphylococcus aureus in 75-90 percent of cases. A case is presented of a 19-year-old female patient with pyomyositis of the left quadratus lumborum muscle, whose entrance door was a tattoo performed on the back of her homolateral hand. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography and culture of the purulent secretion. Puncture and collection aspiration were performed on two occasions, alongside specific antibiotic treatment. Total resolution was achieved. It is concluded that the presence of tropical pyomyositis as a complication of tattoos should be suspected in patients with prolonged fever after being performed a tattoo, especially if it was not performed by professional personnel(AU)

Piomiositis tropical como complicación de un tatuaje / Tropical pyomyositis as a complication of a tattoo

La piomiositis tropical es una infección bacteriana, del músculo esquelético, endémica de áreas tropicales. Se caracteriza por la formación de un absceso piógeno que, del 75 al 90 % de los casos, contiene Staphylococcus aureus como agente etiológico. Se describe el caso de una paciente de 19 años de edad, con piomiositis del músculo cuadrado lumbar izquierdo, cuya puerta de entrada fue un tatuaje realizado en el dorso de la mano homolateral. El diagnóstico fue corroborado por ultrasonido y el cultivo de la secreción purulenta. Se le realizó punción y aspiración de la colección, en dos ocasiones, además de tratamiento antibiótico específico; se logró la resolución total del cuadro. Se concluye que se debe sospechar la presencia de la piomiositis tropical, como complicación de los tatuajes, en aquellos pacientes que tras su realización, se presenten con un cuadro febril prolongado, sobre todo en los practicados por personal no profesional.

Tropical pyomyositis is a bacterial infection of the skeletal muscle endemic in tropical areas. It is characterized by the formation of a pyogenic abscess whose etiological agent contains Staphylococcus aureus in 75-90 % of cases. A case is presented of a 19-year-old female patient with pyomyositis of the left quadratus lumborum muscle, whose entrance door was a tattoo performed on the back of her homolateral hand. The diagnosis was confirmed by ultrasonography and culture of the purulent secretion. Puncture and collection aspiration were performed on two occasions, alongside specific antibiotic treatment. Total resolution was achieved. It is concluded that the presence of tropical pyomyositis as a complication of tattoos should be suspected in patients with prolonged fever after being performed a tattoo, especially if it was not performed by professional personnel.

Piomiosite tropical: correlação anatomoclínica: relato de caso / Tropical pyomyositis: an anatomoclinical correlation: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A piomiosite tropical é uma infecção bacteriana, supurativa, típica de países tropicais que acomete um ou mais grupos musculares ricamente vascularizados, ocorrendo principalmente em indivíduos com comprometimento imunológico. Os objetivos deste estudo foram correlacionar os achados anatomopatológicos de um paciente submetido à necropsia com alterações encontradas na síndrome metabólica e insuficiência cardíaca por cardiomiopatia hipertrófica, e discutir os aspectos histopatológicos significativos.RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo masculino, 50 anos, hipertenso,diabético, cardiopata, desenvolveu mialgia em região cervical direita associada à febre, hemoptise e dispneia. A necropsia evidenciou miosite purulenta associada a cocos Gram-positivos,corroborando o diagnóstico de piomiosite tropical. CONCLUSÃO: Assim, é importante atentar para quadros de dor e rigidez muscular, acompanhados de febre em pacientes com comorbidades que levem à imunossupressão. O diagnóstico precoce da piomiosite tropical é fundamental para a instituição do tratamento adequado e o controle das complicações.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Tropical pyomiositis is a suppurative bacterial infection, which is typical of tropical countries and affects one or more richly vascularized muscle groups, occurring mainly in immunocompromised individuals. In this article, we make an anatomoclinical correlation of a necropsied patient with alterations seen in metabolic syndrome and heart failure due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, showing the importance of these two entities in the predisposition of the muscle infectious process. A histopathological aspect is discussed, which has relation with tropical pyomyositis.CASE REPORT: Male, 50 year-old, hypertensive, diabetic and cardiac patient who developed myalgia in the right cervical region associated with fever, dyspnea and hemoptysis. The autopsy showed purulent myositis, and Gram stain showed Gram-positive cocci, suggesting the diagnosis of tropical pyomyositis.CONCLUSION: It is important to pay attention to pictures of muscular pain and stiffness, accompanied by fever in patients with comorbidities that lead to immunosuppression. Early diagnosis of tropical pyomyositis is essential for appropriate treatment and control of complications.