Standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy for several increased protein ethanol co-products produced using back-end fractionation systems.

Precision-fed rooster trials were conducted to evaluate standardized AA digestibility and TMEn of the increased protein ethanol co-products corn fermented protein (CFP), high protein-distillers dried grains with solubles (HP-DDGS), and reduced fiber high protein-DDGS (RFHP-DDGS) produced using post-fermentation back-end fractionation systems. The TMEn was determined using conventional adult Leghorn roosters, while cecectomized roosters were used to determine standardized AA digestibility. Three to 6 roosters were fasted per treatment for 26 h prior to crop intubation with 27 g of sample and excreta were collected for 48 h post-feeding. Statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA for a completely randomized design. Eight samples of CFP were found to contain a mean of 56% CP (DM basis) compared with a mean of 32% for conventional DDGS. The mean TMEn of CFP (3,556 kcal/kg) was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS1 and 2 (2,767 kcal/kg DM); mean standardized AA digestibility for CFP was similar to conventional DDGS and ranged from 88 to 94%. The mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations for conventional DDGS were 0.79, 1.12, and 0.94%, respectively, whereas those for CFP were 1.74, 2.06, and 1.88%, respectively (DM basis). Two samples of HP-DDGS contained a mean of 51% CP (DM basis), a mean TMEn of 3,325 kcal/kg DM, a mean standardized AA digestibility of 90%, and mean concentrations of digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr, which were 1.53, 1.77, and 1.60%, respectively (DM basis). The mean CP content of 2 RFHP-DDGS was 48% and the mean TMEn was 3,711 kcal/kg DM, which was greater (P < 0.05) than conventional DDGS3 and 4 (2,920 kcal/kg DM). Mean standardized AA digestibility of RFHP-DDGS was 90% and mean digestible Lys, Met+Cys, and Thr concentrations increased from 0.82, 1.01, and 0.95% for conventional DDGS, respectively, to 1.00, 1.59, and 1.44% for RFHP-DDGS, respectively (DM basis). Results indicate these high protein corn ethanol co-products have increased nutritional value for poultry compared with conventional DDGS.

Accuracy of predicting metabolizable energy from in vitro digestible energy determined with a computer-controlled simulated digestion system in feed ingredients for ducks.

Two experiments were conducted to study the accuracy of predicting true metabolizable energy (TME) of ingredients for ducks from in vitro digestible energy (IVDE) determined with a computer-controlled simulated digestion system. Experiment 1 was to establish TME prediction models from the IVDE of 9 energy feed ingredients and 12 protein feed ingredients using regression analysis. Experiment 2 was to validate the accuracy of the predicted ME of 10 ingredients randomly selected from Exp. 1. Ten diets were formulated with 2 to 6 of 10 ingredients. Dietary in vivo TME values were compared with calculated values based on the TME predicted in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, the correlation coefficients between TME and IVDE were 0.9339 (P < 0.05) in 9 energy feed ingredients and 0.8332 (P < 0.05) in 12 protein feed ingredients. No significant difference was observed on the slope and intercept of TME regression models between 9 energy feed ingredients and 12 protein feed ingredients. Therefore, the regression model of TME on IVDE for 21 feed ingredients was TME = 0.7169 × IVDE +1,224 (R 2 = 0.7542, P < 0.01). Determined and predicted TME differed by less than 100 kcal/kg of DM in 11 ingredients, and the difference ranged from 100 to 200 kcal/kg of DM in 5 ingredients. However, the difference between determined and predicted TME varied from 410 to 625 kcal/kg of DM in rice bran, rapeseed meal, corn gluten meal, and citric acid meal. In Exp. 2, the determined and calculated TME were comparable (3,631 vs. 3,639 kcal/kg of DM) and highly correlated (r = 0.9014; P < 0.05) in 10 diets. Determined and calculated TME differed by less than 100 kcal/kg of DM in 7 diets and by 106 to 133 kcal/kg of DM in 3 diets. These results have demonstrated that TME can be accurately predicted from IVDE in most feed ingredients, but it is less accurate for rice bran, rapeseed meal, corn gluten and citric acid meal.

Nutritional evaluation of 3 types of novel ethanol coproducts.

Five 48-h precision-fed rooster assays were conducted with the objective to determine true metabolizable energy (TMEn) using conventional roosters and/or standardized amino acid digestibility using cecectomized roosters for distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced from human food waste at high solids content (FWDDGS), DDGS produced from 4 corn hybrids with increases in grain protein concentration or the concentrations of several dietary indispensable amino acids, and a coproduct that is produced by a process which separates a high protein and yeast fraction from ethanol stillage (Still Pro, Fluid Quip Process Technologies, Cedar Rapids, IA). These results from the first cecectomized rooster assay indicated that the standardized digestibility values for Lys, Met, Cys, Thr, and Val were 61, 75, 70, 70, and 72%, respectively. Using conventional roosters, the TMEn for the FWDDGS was 3,890 kcal/kg DM. The DDGS produced from the high protein mutant corn hybrid had a higher protein content of 34% compared with 28% protein for DDGS from the control corn hybrid. Using Lys as an example, there was a large difference between the 2 samples; the high protein mutant DDGS contained 1.60% Lys vs 1.05% for the control DDGS. Standardized digestibility of amino acids was generally not different for the mutant DDGS and the control DDGS. Similar results were observed for Lys, Arg, and Trp for the DDGS produced from the second mutant corn hybrid. The Still Pro sample was analyzed to contain 53% protein (DM basis) with 2.22% Lys, 1.05% Met, 0.90% Cys, 2.06% Thr, and 3.08% Val. The standardized digestibility values for these amino acids were 84, 92, 87, 86, and 87%, respectively. The TMEn of the Still Pro sample was determined to be 3,372 kcal/kg DM. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the nutritional value of the 3 types of novel ethanol coproducts is equal to or superior to the nutritional values generally reported for conventional DDGS.

Effects of dietary ß-mannanase supplementation on the additivity of true metabolizable energy values for broiler diets.

OBJECTIVE: This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary ß-mannanase on the additivity of true metabolizable energy (TME) and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) for broiler diets. METHODS: A total of 144 21-day-old broilers were randomly allotted to 12 dietary treatments with 6 replicates. Five treatments consisted of 5 ingredients of corn, wheat, soybean meal, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, or corn gluten meal. One mixed diet containing 200 g/kg of those 5 ingredients also was prepared. Additional 6 treatments were prepared by mixing 0.5 g/kg dietary ß-mannanase with those 5 ingredients and the mixed diet. Based on a precision-fed chicken assay, TME and TMEn values for 5 ingredients and the mixed diet as affected by dietary ß-mannanase were determined. RESULTS: Results indicated that when ß-mannanase was not added to the diet, measured TME and TMEn values for the diet did not differ from the predicted values for the diet, which validated the additivity. However, for the diet containing ß-mannanase, measured TMEn value was greater (p<0.05) than predicted TMEn value, indicating that the additivity was not validated. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the additivity of energy values for the mixed diet may not be guaranteed if the diet contains ß-mannanase.

Silencing of Soybean Raffinose Synthase Gene Reduced Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides and Increased True Metabolizable Energy of Poultry Feed.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is the number one oil and protein crop in the United States, but the seed contains several anti-nutritional factors that are toxic to both humans and livestock. RNA interference technology has become an increasingly popular technique in gene silencing because it allows for both temporal and spatial targeting of specific genes. The objective of this research is to use RNA-mediated gene silencing to down-regulate the soybean gene raffinose synthase 2 (RS2), to reduce total raffinose content in mature seed. Raffinose is a trisaccharide that is indigestible to humans and monogastric animals, and as monogastric animals are the largest consumers of soy products, reducing raffinose would improve the nutritional quality of soybean. An RNAi construct targeting RS2 was designed, cloned, and transformed to the soybean genome via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Resulting plants were analyzed for the presence and number of copies of the transgene by PCR and Southern blot. The efficiency of mRNA silencing was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. Total raffinose content was determined by HPLC analysis. Transgenic plant lines were recovered that exhibited dramatically reduced levels of raffinose in mature seed, and these lines were further analyzed for other phenotypes such as development and yield. Additionally, a precision-fed rooster assay was conducted to measure the true metabolizable energy (TME) in full-fat soybean meal made from the wild-type or transgenic low-raffinose soybean lines. Transgenic low-raffinose soy had a measured TME of 2,703 kcal/kg, an increase as compared with 2,411 kcal/kg for wild-type. As low digestible energy is a major limiting factor in the percent of soybean meal that can be used in poultry diets, these results may substantiate the use of higher concentrations of low-raffinose, full-fat soy in formulated livestock diets.

A slope-ratio precision-fed rooster assay for determination of relative metabolizable energy values for fats and oils.

The precision-fed rooster assay (PFRA) frequently yields TMEn values for fats and oils in excess of their gross energies. Six experiments were conducted to determine if the PFRA could be combined with a slope-ratio type assay to yield more useful lipid TMEn values. In experiment (EXP) 1, refined corn oil (RCO) was fed to conventional and cecectomized roosters at zero, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of a ground corn diet. In EXP 2 through 6, lipids were fed to conventional roosters at zero, 5, and 10% in a ground corn diet. Palomys (a novel lipid), high stearidonic acid soybean oil (SDASO), 2 animal-vegetable blends (AV1, AV2), a vegetable-based oil blend (VB), and corn oil from an ethanol plant (DDGSCO) were evaluated and compared to refined soybean oil (RSO) or RCO as the reference lipid. Multiple linear regression of diet TMEn on supplemental lipid level generated regression coefficients that were used to calculate relative bioavailability values (RBV). In EXP 1, RCO was a suitable reference material as TMEn linearly increased up to 20% RCO inclusion. There were some minor differences in TMEn of RCO between conventional and cecetomized bird types. In EXP 2, Palomys was found to have a lower (P < 0.05) RBV (87%) than RCO. In EXP 3, there were no significant differences between SDASO and RSO. In EXP 4, the RBV of AV2 (79%) was lower (P < 0.05) than RCO, while the RBV of AV1 was not different from RCO. The RBV of DDGSCO (116%) was higher (P < 0.05) than RCO in EXP 5. The RBV of VB (84%) was lower (P < 0.001) than RCO in EXP 6; however, this may be an underestimation for low levels of VB, as there was an interaction (P < 0.01) between lipid type and lipid supplementation level. These results indicate that the precision-fed slope-ratio rooster assay can detect differences among lipids and yields practically useful lipid TMEn values.

In vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic response in dogs, and true metabolizable energy content of soluble corn fibers.

The objective of this research was to measure in vitro hydrolytic digestion, glycemic and insulinemic responses in dogs, and true ME (TMEn) content of select soluble corn fibers (SCF) in roosters. The first generation (G1) SCF included hydrochloric acid-treated corn syrup (G1-CS-HCl), an SCF with an increased total dietary fiber (TDF) content (G1-SCF-HCl), an SCF that was spray-dried (G1-SCF-SD), and a hydrogenated SCF (G1-SCF-hydrog). The second generation (G2) SCF included those prepared using phosphoric acid catalyzation in both a liquid [G2-SCF-phos (Lq)] and powder [G2-SCF-phos (Pw)] form, and SCF that were prepared using hydrochloric acid catalyzation in both a liquid [G2-SCF-HCl (Lq)] and powder [G2-SCF-HCl (Pw)] form. Also, in the G2 set of samples were SCF prepared using the same method, but in 3 separate batches, all of which contained 70% TDF and 15% sugars. Two were in liquid form [G2-SCF-phos+HCl (Lq1)] and [G2-SCF-phos+HCl (Lq2)], and one in powder form ([G2-SCF-phos+HCl (Pw)]. A lower sugar form (80% TDF and 5% sugar) of SCF was also evaluated (G2-SCF-low sugar). Glucose was the major free sugar and bound monosaccharide in all SCF except for G1-SCF-hydrog that had greater concentrations of sorbitol. All SCF had intermediate to low amounts of monosaccharides released as a result of in vitro hydrolytic digestion, with glucose being the primary sugar component released. The G1-SCF were more digestible in vitro (approximately 50%) compared to G2-SCF (approximately 32%). All SCF had attenuated glycemic responses in adult dogs compared to a maltodextrin control (P < 0.05). The G2-SCF, on average, had lower glycemic responses and TMEn values in roosters than G1-SCF. All SCF had low free sugar concentrations with varying degrees of resistance to digestion, reduced caloric content, and attenuated glycemic and insulinemic responses in adult dogs. These ingredients are potential candidates for inclusion in reduced calorie and low glycemic canine diets.

Effects of enzyme treated palm kernel expeller on metabolizable energy, growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens.

This study examined whether pre-treating palm kernel expeller (PKE) with exogenous enzyme would degrade its fiber content; thus improving its metabolizable energy (ME), growth performance, villus height and digesta viscosity in broiler chickens fed diets containing PKE. Our results showed that enzyme treatment decreased (p<0.05) hemicellulose and cellulose contents of PKE by 26.26 and 32.62%, respectively; and improved true ME (TME) and its nitrogen corrected value (TMEn) by 38% and 33%, respectively, compared to the raw sample. Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of chickens fed on different dietary treatments in the grower period were not significantly different. Although there was no difference in feed intake (p>0.05) among treatment groups in the finisher period, ADG of chickens in the control (PKE-free diet) was higher (p<0.05) than in all treatment groups fed either 20 or 30% PKE, irrespective of with or without enzyme treatment. However, ADG of birds fed with 20% PKE was higher than those fed with 30% PKE. The FCR of chickens in the control was the lowest (2.20) but not significantly different from those fed 20% PKE diets while birds in the 30% PKE diets recorded higher (p>0.05) FCR. The intestinal villus height and crypt depth (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) were not different (p>0.05) among treatments except for duodenal crypt depth. The villus height and crypt depth of birds in enzyme treated PKE diets were higher (p<0.05) than those in the raw PKE groups. Viscosity of the intestinal digesta was not different (p>0.05) among treatments. Results of this study suggest that exogenous enzyme is effective in hydrolyzing the fiber (hemicellulose and cellulose) component and improved the ME values of PKE, however, the above positive effects were not reflected in the growth performance in broiler chickens fed the enzyme treated PKE compared to those received raw PKE. The results suggest that PKE can be included up to 5% in the grower diet and 20% in the finisher diet without any significant negative effect on FCR in broiler chickens.

Nitrogen-corrected True Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Digestibility of Chinese Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles in Adult Cecectomized Roosters.

This study was conducted to evaluate chemical composition, nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) and true amino acids digestibility of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) produced in China. Twenty five sources of corn DDGS was collected from 8 provinces of China. A precision-fed rooster assay was used to determine TMEn and amino acids digestibility with 35 adult cecectomized roosters, in which each DDGS sample was tube fed (30 g). The average content of ash, crude protein, total amino acid, ether extract, crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber were 4.81, 27.91, 22.51, 15.22, 6.35 and 37.58%, respectively. TMEn of DDGS ranged from 1,779 to 3,071 kcal/kg and averaged 2,517 kcal/kg. Coefficient of variation for non-amino acid crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and TMEn were 55.0, 15.7, 15.9 and 17.1%, respectively. The average true amino acid digestibility was 77.32%. Stepwise regression analysis obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = -2,995.6+0.88×gross energy+49.63×a* (BIC = 248.8; RMSE = 190.8; p<0.01). Removing gross energy from the model obtained the following equation: TMEn, kcal/kg = 57.88×ether extracts+87.62×a* (BIC = 254.3, RMSE = 223.5; p<0.01). No correlation was found between color scores and lysine true digestibility (p>0.05). These results suggest that corn DDGS produced in China has a large variation in chemical composition, and gross energy and a* value can be used to generate TMEn predict equation.

Energia metabolizável de alimentos utilizados na formulação de rações para papagaios-verdadeiros (Amazona aestiva) / Metabolizable energy of raw feeds utilized in commercial rations for blue-fronted parrot (Amazona aestiva)

Para avaliar a energia metabolizável de 16 alimentos comumente utilizados em rações para psitacídeos, foram utilizados 34 papagaios-verdadeiros alojados em gaiolas metabólicas e distribuídos em blocos ao acaso em 17 tratamentos (T1 - ração referência, T2 - semente de girassol, T3 - aveia, T4 - gema de ovo, T5 - ovo integral, T6 - clara de ovo, T7 - germe de trigo, T8 - farelo de trigo, T9 - milho moído, T10 - milho gelatinizado, T11- farelo de girassol, T12 - levedura, T13 - polpa cítrica, T14 - mamão, T15 - banana, T16 - farelo de soja, T17 - soja micronizada), durante três períodos de colheita, totalizando seis repetições (102 unidades experimentais). Para avaliação dos alimentos utilizou-se o método de substituição. Foram avaliados os coeficientes de metabolização da energia bruta (aparente CMA E, verdadeiro - CMV E, aparente corrigido pelo N - CMAnE e verdadeiro corrigido pelo N - CMVnE) e os valores de energia metabolizável (energia metabolizável aparente - EMA, verdadeira - EMV, aparente corrigida pelo nitrogênio - EMAn e verdadeira corrigida pelo nitrogênio - EMVn) dos alimentos testados. Foram comparados os tratamentos dois a 17. O tratamento um (ração referência) foi utilizado apenas para os cálculos de substituição, não fazendo parte das análises estatísticas. Os coeficientes de metabolização da EB foram comparados pelo teste Scott-Knott, enquanto que para os valores de energia a análise estatística foi descritiva (média e desvio padrão). Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: 1- o valor de energia metabolizável aparente da semente de girassol foi alto e a utilização deste alimento como única fonte de alimento pode, em médio prazo, provocar o surgimento de obesidade nas aves em manutenção; 2- os valores energéticos de alimentos como o milho moído, farelo de trigo, germe de trigo, farelo de soja e soja micronizada para papagaios foram semelhantes àqueles encontrados na literatura para galiformes domésticos, principalmente...

A total of 34 blue fronted parrot were allotted in blocks with 17 treatments (T1 - reference diet, T2 - sunflower seed, T3 - oat, T4 - egg yolk, T5 - integral egg, T6 - egg white, T7 - wheat germen, T8 - wheat bran, T9 triturated corn, T10 - jellied corn, T11 - sunflower bran, T12 - yeast, T13 - citric pulp, T14 - papaya, T15 - banana, T16 - soy bran, T17 extruded soy) during three periods, totaling six repetitions (102 experimental units). For feedstuffs evaluation by using a substitution methodology. Were determined the metabolizable coefficients of crude energy (apparent - CMAE, true - CMVE, apparent corrected by N - CMAnE and true corrected by N - CMVnE) and the values of metabolizable energy (apparent - EMA, true - EMV, apparent nitrogen corrected - EMAn and true nitrogen corrected - EMVn) of the tested feedstuffs. All feedstuffs were statistically analyzed. The metabolizable coefficients of EB were compared by the Scott-Knott test , while for the energetics feedstuffs values were analyzed as a descriptive analysis (means and standard deviation). The obtained results allowed to conclude that: 1 - the apparent metabolizable energy of the sunflower seed shown high value and the use of this feed as a only feed source should be used in medium period to avoid the obesity in the birds in maintenance state ; 2 - the energetic feeds as the triturated corn, wheat bran, wheat germen, soybean meal and extruded soy for parrots were similar the those found in the literature for domestic birds, mainly broiler chickens, suggesting that the extrapolation the digestibility energy data of domestic birds mainly broilers should be used for parrots ratios calculations , until that a feedstuffs table for psittacines is set up definitively.