RESUMO
The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to prepare and deliver risk assessments for commodities listed in Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019 as 'High risk plants, plant products and other objects. This Scientific Opinion covers plant health risks posed by tubers of Ullucus tuberosus imported from Peru, taking into account the available scientific information, including the technical information provided by Peru. The relevance of an EU quarantine pest for this opinion was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru, (ii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest and (iii) the pest can be associated with the commodity. The relevance of any other pest, not regulated in the EU, was based on evidence that: (i) the pest is present in Peru (ii) the pest is absent in the EU; (iii) U. tuberosus is a host of the pest; (iv) the pest can be associated with the commodity and (v) the pest may have an impact and can pose a potential risk for the EU territory. There are five pests i.e. one insect (Amathynetoides nitidiventris), two nematodes (Atalodera andina and Nacobbus aberrans) and two viruses (the Andean potato latent virus (APLV) and the potato virus T (PVT)) that fulfilled all relevant criteria were selected for further evaluation. For the five pests, the risk mitigation measures proposed in the technical dossier from Peru were evaluated taking into account the possible limiting factors. For each of the five pests, an expert judgement is given on the likelihood of pest freedom taking into consideration the risk mitigation measures acting on the pest, including uncertainties associated with the assessment. The degree of pest freedom varies among the pests evaluated, with PVT being the pest most frequently expected on the imported commodities. The Expert Knowledge Elicitation indicated, with 95% certainty, that between 9,157 and 10,000 tubers out of 10,000 would be free of PVT.
RESUMO
RESUMEN Los tubérculos andinos formaron parte de la dieta de poblaciones originarias y son considerados como alimentos de alta calidad nutricional; sin embargo, en la actualidad, su uso ha disminuido. En este estudio, se plantea, como objetivo, evaluar características funcionales (capacidad antioxidante y antimicrobiana) de dos tubérculos consumidos tradicionalmente en Colombia, cubio (Tropaeolum tuberosum) y ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus). Para esto, se recolectaron tallos, hojas y tubérculo de cubio y de ulluco, se secaron a 38°C, por 90 horas y se realizaron extractos con etanol al 50% v/v. En los extractos obtenidos, se midió la capacidad antioxidante, por las técnicas DPPH y ABTS y el efecto inhibitorio en Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus fermentum y Cándida utilis, mediante la técnica de discos. Se encontró alto porcentaje de capacidad antioxidante en todas las partes de la planta en ambos tubérculos; las que presentaron mayor actividad son hojas y tallos. En la capacidad antimicrobiana, el cubio tuvo un efecto bacteriostático sobre C. utilis, mientras que el ulluco tuvo un efecto sobre E. coli. Debido a lo anterior, estos dos tubérculos poseen potencial para la extracción de compuestos antioxidantes y antimicrobianos permitiendo, de esta manera, establecer alternativas de uso para los tubérculos y subproductos (hojas y tallos).
ABSTRACT Andean tubers formed part of the diet of native populations and are considered as foods of high nutritional quality, however today its use has waned. This study proposes to evaluate functional characteristics (antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity) of two tubers traditionally consumed in Colombia, cubio (Tropaeolum tuberosum) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus). For this were collected stems, leaves and tuber of cubio and ulluco, were dried up to 38°C for 90 hours, and extracts were made with ethanol 50% v/v. In the extracts was measured the antioxidant capacity by DPPH and ABTS techniques and the inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus fermentum, and Candida utilis, using the technique of discs. Found higher antioxidant capacity in all parts of the plant in both tubers, however, which showed greater activity are leaves and stems. The antimicrobial capacity, the cubio had a bacteriostatic effect on C. utilis, while the ulluco had an effect on E. coli. Due to the above, these two tubers have potential for the extraction of antioxidant compounds, antibiotics, thus allowing establish alternatives of use for tubers and by products (leaves and stems).
RESUMO
The potential use of ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus) extracts to be added as natural colorant to other products has been studied. The stability of ulluco extracts at different pHs and temperatures over time has been thoroughly conducted. Our attention was focused on the tristimulus colorimetry, differential colorimetry and betalains related to color. On the basis of the results, although ulluco extract adjusted to pH4 showed a significantly lower color intensity (C*ab~40), the stability of red hue (hab) over time was higher. Betalain content showed the same trend, and lower values in highly-acidic extracts have been reported. It could be also affirmed that visually appreciable color changes (ΔE*ab>2) were induced when pH changed and different temperatures were applied. Despite of the vivid red color of the initial extracts, ulluco extracts added to low-acidic foodstuffs showed a tendency towards yellowish tonalities (values of hab from 45° to 80°), mitigated by using refrigeration storage conditions (hab values from 45° to 55°).