Interrupções e distrações durante a preparação e administração de medicamentos de alto risco: Estudo transversal / Interruptions and distractions during the preparation and administration of high-risk medications: A cross-sectional study / Distracciones e interrupciones durante la preparación y administración de medicamentos de alto riesgo: Estudio transversal

Resumo Enquadramento: Estudos indicam que as interrupções contribuem para erros clínicos e falhas em procedimentos. Objetivo: Analisar as interrupções vivenciadas pelos enfermeiros durante a preparação e administração de medicamentos de alto risco. Metodologia: Foi realizado um estudo transversal numa unidade de cuidados intensivos e numa unidade de internamento. As interrupções vivenciadas pelos enfermeiros durante o processo de medicação foram observadas com a ajuda de duas checklists. A amostra foi selecionada por conveniência em abril e maio de 2019. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados através de estatística descritiva no programa IBM SPSS Statistics, versão 24.0, enquanto os dados qualitativos foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Observaram-se 137 interrupções em 193 processos de medicação. A maioria das interrupções foi iniciada por outros membros da equipa de cuidados de saúde por meio de conversas. Estas interrupções foram maioritariamente prejudiciais e ocorreram durante a fase de preparação. A estratégia multitarefa foi utilizada para as gerir. Conclusão: As interrupções ocorridas durante o processo de medicação eram maioritariamente associadas com comunicações profissionais e sociais. A sua relevância diferiu consoante a fase do processo.

Abstract Background: Interruptions have been reported to contribute to clinical errors and procedural failures. Objective: To analyze the interruptions experienced by nurses during the preparation and administration of high-risk medications. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in an intensive care and inpatient unit. The interruptions experienced by nurses during the medication process were observed through two checklists. The sample was selected by convenience in April-May 2019. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze quantitative data in IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 24.0, while content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data. Results: In 193 medication processes, there were 137 interruptions. Other members of the healthcare team initiated most interruptions through conversations. These interruptions were mostly negative and occurred during the preparation phase. The multitasking strategy was used to manage them. Conclusion: Interruptions during the medication process were primarily associated with professional and social communications. The impact of these interruptions varied depending on the phase of the process.

Resumen Marco contextual: Se ha reportado la participación de distracciones en errores clínicos y fallos de procedimiento. Objetivo: Analizar las distracciones del personal de enfermería durante la preparación y administración de fármacos de alto riesgo. Metodología: Estudio transversal desarrollado en una unidad de cuidados intensivos y una unidad de hospitalización. Se observaron distracciones del personal de enfermería durante el proceso de medicación a través de dos listas de control. La muestra fue seleccionada por conveniencia (abril-mayo 2019). Los datos cuantitativos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva (IBM SPSS Statistics, versión 24.0). Los datos cualitativos se analizaron mediante análisis de contenido. Resultados: Hubo 137 distracciones en 193 procesos de medicación. La mayoría de las distracciones fueron iniciadas por otros miembros del equipo sanitario a través de conversaciones. La mayoría se produjeron en la fase de preparación y fueron negativas y se gestionaron mediante la estrategia multitarea. Conclusión: Las distracciones durante el proceso de medicación se referían principalmente a las comunicaciones profesionales y sociales. La importancia de esas distracciones variaba en función de la fase del proceso.

Towards better mortality prediction in cancer patients in the ICU: a comparative analysis of prognostic scales: systematic literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive ability of mortality prediction scales in cancer patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). DESIGN: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using a search algorithm in October 2022. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library (BVS), and Medrxiv. The risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2 scale. SETTING: ICUs admitting cancer patients. PARTICIPANTS: Studies that included adult patients with an active cancer diagnosis who were admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: Integrative study without interventions. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Mortality prediction, standardized mortality, discrimination, and calibration. RESULTS: Seven mortality risk prediction models were analyzed in cancer patients in the ICU. Most models (APACHE II, APACHE IV, SOFA, SAPS-II, SAPS-III, and MPM II) underestimated mortality, while the ICMM overestimated it. The APACHE II had the SMR (Standardized Mortality Ratio) value closest to 1, suggesting a better prognostic ability compared to the other models. CONCLUSIONS: Predicting mortality in ICU cancer patients remains an intricate challenge due to the lack of a definitive superior model and the inherent limitations of available prediction tools. For evidence-based informed clinical decision-making, it is crucial to consider the healthcare team's familiarity with each tool and its inherent limitations. Developing novel instruments or conducting large-scale validation studies is essential to enhance prediction accuracy and optimize patient care in this population.

Pharmacotherapy assessment and adverse drug reactions in older patients admitted to intensive care.

INTRODUCTION: Older patients are more susceptible to medication use, and physiological changes resulting from aging and organic dysfunctions presented by critically ill patients may alter the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic behavior. Thus, critically ill older people present greater vulnerability to the occurrence of pharmacotherapeutic problems. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pharmacotherapy and the development of potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in older patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHOD: A cohort study was conducted in an ICU for adults of a Brazilian University Hospital during a 12-month period. The patients' pharmacotherapy was evaluated daily, considering the occurrence of ADRs and drug-drug interactions (DDIs), the use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for older people, and the pharmacotherapy anticholinergic burden (ACB). A trigger tool was used for active search of ADRs, with subsequent causality evaluation. PIM use was evaluated by means of the Beers criteria and the STOPP/START criteria. The ABC scale was employed to estimate ACB. The Micromedex® and Drugs.com® medication databases were employed to evaluate the DDIs. RESULTS: The sample of this study consisted of 41 patients, with a mean age of 66.8 years old (±5.2). The 22 triggers used assisted in identifying 15 potential ADRs, and 26.8% of the patients developed them. The mean estimated ACB score was 3.0 (±1.8), and the patients used 3.1 (±1.4) and 3.3 (±1.6) PIMs according to the Beers and the STOPP criteria, respectively. A total of 672 DDIs were identified, with a mean of 16.8 (±9.5) DDIs/patient during ICU hospitalization. Our findings show an association between occurrence of ADRs in the ICU and polypharmacy (p=.03) and DDIs (p=.007), corroborating efforts for rational medication use as a preventive strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Using tools to evaluate the pharmacotherapy for older people in intensive care can assist in the recognition and prevention of pharmacotherapeutic problems, with emphasis on the identification of ADRs through the observation of triggers and subsequent causality analysis.

The roles and responsibilities of advanced practice nurses in intensive care units: A scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Since the intensive care units are one of the most sensitive hospital settings and critically ill patients undergo various stressful factors that put their lives in danger, a more advanced level of nursing practice is imperative to accommodate these issues and provide optimal care of patients. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature describing the roles and activities performed by advanced practice nurses in intensive care units. REVIEW METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to search published articles using Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), Science Direct, MEDLINE (EBSCOhost) and Cochrane Library during a 10-year period from 2013 to 2023. RESULTS: We identified 729 records, from which eleven articles were included in the review. We included six reviews and five original articles or research papers. With regard to the target area of our review, we used the information provided by these studies and categorized the contents related to the roles of advanced practice nurses in intensive care units into five sections, including direct practice, education and counseling, research, collaboration, and leadership. CONCLUSION: Advanced practice nurses are essential members of critical care team by playing various roles in practice, education, research, collaboration, and leadership, and therefore, they can increase patients' access to critical care and improve healthcare outcomes. The advancement of technology and complexity of care in intensive care units have led to the role expansion of these nurses which results in task-shifting between doctors and nurses. Therefore, it is considered essential for nursing and medical professionals to reach an agreement to establish standardized roles for advanced practice nurses.

Adverse events with arterial catheters in intensive care units: a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: The installation of an arterial line is one of the invasive procedures performed for hemodynamic monitoring and, even with its clear importance in intensive care, it is still an invasive procedure and liable to cause harms to the patients. OBJECTIVE: To identify the adverse events associated with the use of arterial catheters in critically-ill patients in the world scientific production. METHODOLOGY: The present scoping review was conducted according to the JBI methodology for scoping reviews. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used for reporting. The research question was "Which adverse events related to the use of arterial catheters in patients admitted to intensive care are more evident in the literature?". Data collection took place in the following databases: LILACS; MEDLINE; EMBASE; CINAHL, EBSCOhost; and WEB OF SCIENCE. RESULTS: Through the search strategies, 491 articles were found in the databases. After exclusion of duplicates, peer analysis of titles and abstracts, full reading and screening of lists of references, the final sample of studies included was 38 articles. The main harms cited by the publications were as follows: limb ischemia, thrombosis, hemorrhage, accidental removal, inadvertent connection of inadequate infusion solution, pseudoaneurysm and bloodstream infection. CONCLUSIONS: It was evidenced that patients are subjected to risks of adverse events from the insertion moment to removal of the arterial catheter, focusing on the infusion solution used to fill the circuit, the type of securement and dressings chosen, as well as the Nursing care measures for the prevention of bloodstream infection.

Prediction of adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients admitted to intensive care units. / [Artículo traducido] Predicción de reacciones adversas a medicamentos en pacientes geriátricos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive Care Units (ICUs) pose challenges in managing critically-ill patients with polypharmacy, potentially leading to Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), particularly in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs correlate with the prediction of ADRs in aged patients admitted to an ICU. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in a Brazilian University Hospital ICU. APACHE II and SAPS 3 assessed clinical prognosis, while GerontoNet ADR Risk Score and BADRI evaluated ADR risk at ICU admission. Severity of the patients' clinical conditions was evaluated daily based on the SOFA score. Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) screening was performed daily through the identification of ADR triggers. RESULTS: 1295 triggers were identified (median 30 per patient, IQR = 28), with 15 suspected ADRs. No correlation was observed between patient severity and ADRs at admission (p=0.26), during hospitalization (p=0.91), or at follow-up (p=0.77). There was also no association between death and ADRs (p=0.28) or worse prognosis and ADRs (p>0.05). Higher BADRI scores correlated with more ADRs (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that employing the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in Intensive Care Units is not sufficient to direct active pharmacovigilance efforts, which are therefore indicated for critically ill patients.

Dysphagia management by nurses in Spanish intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE: Dysphagia is a disorder that presents with specific signs and symptoms in critically ill patients. Intensive care unit (ICU) nurses are responsible for monitoring and detecting abnormalities in critically ill patients, so they must be trained to assess swallowing and the complications that may arise. The aim of this research is to analyse the dynamics of the detection and assessment of dysphagia by ICU nurses. METHOD: Cross-sectional descriptive study using an electronic questionnaire to nurses from different Spanish ICUs. The survey was adapted from previous research and consisted of 6 sections with 30 items of qualitative questions. The collection period was between December 2022 and March 2023. Statistical analysis was performed using frequencies and percentages, and the Chi-Square test was used for bivariate analysis. OUTCOMES: 43 nurses were recruited. Dysphagia is considered an important problem (90,7%) but in 50,3% of the units there is no standard or care protocol for this disorder. The most common technique is the swallowing test (32,6%). There is a consensus in our sample that aspiration pneumonia is the main problem; however, nurses in the busiest care units consider sepsis to be a frequent complication (p = ,029). The most common treatment is modification of food consistency (86,0%). CONCLUSION: The findings of this research show a low systematisation of dysphagia screening in the units included. There is a need for greater implementation of interventions and clinical protocols for monitoring complications as well as for compensatory and rehabilitative management.

Asociación entre Glucemia inestable, tiempo de estancia y mortalidad de pacientes en estado críticos: Estudio de cohorte / Associação Entre Glicemia Instável, Tempo de Permanência e Mortalidade de Pacientes Críticos: Estudo de Coorte / Relationships between unstable Glycemia, Hospital Length Of Stay, and mortality In Critically Ill patients: A cohort study

Resumen Introducción: El control y la evaluación de los niveles glucémicos de pacientes en estado críticos es un desafío y una competencia del equipo de enfermería. Por lo que, determinar las consecuencias de esta durante la hospitalización es clave para evidenciar la importancia del oportuno manejo. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre la glucemia inestable (hiperglucemia e hipoglucemia), el resultado de la hospitalización y la duración de la estancia de los pacientes en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Metodología: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado con 62 pacientes a conveniencia en estado crítico entre marzo y julio de 2017. Se recogieron muestras diarias de sangre para medir la glucemia. Se evaluó la asociación de la glucemia inestable con la duración de la estancia y el resultado de la hospitalización mediante ji al cuadrado de Pearson. El valor de p<0.05 fue considerado significativo. Resultados: De las 62 personas participantes, 50 % eran hombres y 50 % mujeres. La edad media fue de 63.3 años (±21.4 años). La incidencia de glucemia inestable fue del 45.2 % y se asoció con una mayor duración de la estancia en la UCI (p<0.001) y una progresión a la muerte como resultado de la hospitalización (p=0.03). Conclusión: Entre quienes participaron, la glucemia inestable se asoció con una mayor duración de la estancia más prolongada y con progresión hacia la muerte, lo que refuerza la importancia de la actuación de enfermería para prevenir su aparición.

Resumo Introdução: O controle e avaliação dos níveis glicêmicos em pacientes críticos é um desafio e uma competência da equipe de enfermagem. Portanto, determinar as consequências da glicemia instável durante a hospitalização é chave para evidenciar a importância da gestão oportuna. Objetivo: Determinar a associação entre glicemia instável (hiperglicemia e hipoglicemia), os desfechos hospitalares e o tempo de permanência dos pacientes em uma unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Um estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado com 62 pacientes a conveniência em estado crítico entre março e julho de 2017. Foram coletadas amostras diariamente de sangue para medir a glicemia. A associação entre a glicemia instável com o tempo de permanência e o desfecho da hospitalização foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Pearson. O valor de p <0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Das 62 pessoas participantes, 50% eram homens e 50% mulheres. A idade média foi de 63,3 anos (±21,4 anos). A incidência de glicemia instável foi de 45,2% e se associou a um tempo de permanência mais prolongado na UTI (p <0,001) e uma progressão para óbito como desfecho da hospitalização (p = 0,03). Conclusão: Entre os participantes, a glicemia instável se associou a um tempo mais longo de permanência e com progressão para óbito, enfatizando a importância da actuação da equipe de enfermagem para prevenir sua ocorrência.

Abstract Introduction: The control and evaluation of glycemic levels in critically ill patients is a challenge and a responsibility of the nursing team; therefore, determining the consequences of this during hospitalization is key to demonstrate the importance of timely management. Objective: To determine the relationship between unstable glycemia (hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia), hospital length of stay, and the hospitalization outcome of patients in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Methods: A prospective cohort study conducted with 62 critically ill patients by convenience sampling between March and July 2017. Daily blood samples were collected to measure glycemia. The correlation of unstable glycemia with the hospital length of stay and the hospitalization outcome was assessed using Pearson's chi-square. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 62 patients, 50% were male and 50% were female. The mean age was 63.3 years (±21.4 years). The incidence of unstable glycemia was 45.2% and was associated with a longer ICU stay (p<0.001) and a progression to death as a hospitalization outcome (p=0.03). Conclusion: Among critically ill patients, unstable glycemia was associated with an extended hospital length of stay and a progression to death, emphasizing the importance of nursing intervention to prevent its occurrence.

Cultura de segurança em unidades de terapia intensiva na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional: Estudo multicêntrico / Cultura de seguridad en unidades de terapia intensiva en la perspectiva del equipo multiprofesional: Estudio multicéntrico / Safety Culture in intensive care units from multiprofessional team perspective: A multicenter study

Resumo Introdução: A Cultura de Segurança do Paciente é considerada um importante componente estrutural dos serviços, que favorece a implantação de práticas seguras e a diminuição da ocorrência de eventos adversos. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à cultura de segurança do paciente nas unidades de terapia intensiva adulto em hospitais de grande porte da região Sudeste do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal do tipo survey e multicêntrico. Participaram 168 profissionais de saúde de quatro unidades (A, B, C e D) de terapia intensiva adulto. Foi utilizado o questionário "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture". Considerou-se como variável dependente o nível de cultura de segurança do paciente e variáveis independentes aspectos sociodemográficos e laborais. Foram usadas estatísticas descritivas e para a análise dos fatores associados foi elaborado um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Identificou-se associação entre tipo de hospital com onze dimensões da cultura de segurança, quanto à função a categoria profissional médico, técnico de enfermagem e enfermeiro foram relacionadas com três dimensões; o gênero com duas dimensões e tempo de atuação no setor com uma dimensão. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que o tipo de hospital, categoria profissional, tempo de atuação no setor e gênero foram associados às dimensões de cultura de segurança do paciente.

Resumen Introducción: La cultura de seguridad del paciente se considera un componente estructural importante de los servicios, que favorece la aplicación de prácticas seguras y la reducción de la aparición de acontecimientos adversos. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la cultura de seguridad del paciente en unidades de terapia intensiva adulto en hospitales de la región Sudeste del Brasil. Metodología: Estudio transversal de tipo encuesta y multicéntrico. Participaron 168 profesionales de salud de cuatro unidades (A, B, C y D) de terapia intensiva adulto. Se utilizó el cuestionario "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture". Se consideró como variable dependiente el nivel de cultura de seguridad del paciente y variables independientes los aspectos sociodemográficos y laborales. Fueron usadas estadísticas descriptivas y, para analizar los factores asociados, fue elaborado un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: Se identificó asociación entre tipo de hospital con once dimensiones de cultura de seguridad del paciente. En relación a la función, personal médico, técnicos de enfermería y personal de enfermería fueron asociados con tres dimensiones, el género con dos dimensiones y tiempo de actuación con una dimensión en el modelo de regresión. Conclusión: Se evidenció que el tipo de hospital, función, tiempo de actuación en el sector y género fueron asociados a las dimensiones de la cultura de seguridad del paciente.

Abstract Introduction: Patient safety culture is considered an important structural component of the services, which promotes the implementation of safe practices and the reduction of adverse events. Objective: To identify the factors associated with patient safety culture in adult intensive care units in large hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Method: Cross-sectional survey and multicenter study. A total of 168 health professionals from four units (A, B, C and D) of adult intensive care participated. The questionnaire "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture" was used. The patient's level of safety culture was considered as a dependent variable, and sociodemographic and labor aspects were the independent variables. Descriptive statistics were used and a multiple logistic regression model was developed to analyze the associated factors. Results: An association was identified between the type of hospital and eleven dimensions of the safety culture. In terms of function, the doctors, nursing technicians, and nurse were related to three dimensions; gender with two dimensions, and time working in the sector with one dimension. Conclusion: It was evidenced that the type of hospital, function, time working in the sector, and gender were associated with the dimensions of patient safety culture.

Cuidados respiratorios en pacientes con atrofia muscular espinal para evitar el fallo ventilatorio agudo y la traqueostomía: revisión literaria y recomendaciones consensuadas / Respiratory care in patients with spinal muscular atrophy to avoid acute ventilatory failure and tracheostomy: literature review and consensus recommendations

La atrofia muscular espinal (AME) 5q es una de las enfermedades neuromusculares de mayor incidencia en la infancia. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de AME tipo 1, su forma más severa de presentación, es menor debido a muertes prematuras evitables antes de los dos años por insuficiencia ventilatoria subtratada. La irrupción de nuevos tratamientos modificadores de la enfermedad pueden cambiar dramáticamente este pronóstico y es una oportunidad para actualizar el manejo respiratorio, a través de cuidados estandarizados básicos, preferentemente no invasivos, abordando la debilidad de los músculos respiratorios, la insuficiencia tusígena y ventilatoria, con un enfoque preventivo. La siguiente revisión literaria entrega estrategias para evitar la intubación y la traqueostomía usando soporte ventilatorio no invasivo (SVN), reclutamiento de volumen pulmonar (RVP) y facilitación de la tos. Se analizan en detalle los protocolos de extubación en niños con AME tipo 1.

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) 5q is one of the neuromuscular diseases with the highest incidence in childhood. Nevertheless, the prevalence of its most severe form SMA1 is lower due to premature preventable deaths before two years of age related to ventilatory insufficiency undertreated. The emergence of new disease-modifying treatments can dramatically change this prognosis and is an opportunity to update respiratory management, through basic standardized care, mostly non-invasive, addressing respiratory muscles pump weakness, cough and ventilatory insufficiency with a preventive approach. This literature review provides consensus recommendations for strategies to avoid intubation and tracheostomy using noninvasive ventilatory support (NVS), lung volume recruitment (LVR), and cough facilitation. Extubation protocols in children with SMA type 1 are analyzed in detail.

Clinical utility of rapid shallow breathing index in predicting successful weaning: secondary analysis of the COBRE-US trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the predictive capacity of the Rapid Shallow Breathing Index (RSBI) for success in spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) and extubation in critically ill patients. We evaluated the association between RSBI, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days. DESIGN: Prospective multicenter observational study. Secondary analysis of the COBRE-US study. SETTING: Intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: 367 patients in the ICU receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. INTERVENTIONS: Assessment of RSBI at the end of SBT. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: RSBI, SBT, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ventilator-free time at 28 days were evaluated. RESULTS: 367 patients in the ICU under invasive mechanical ventilation were evaluated, of whom 59.7% were male with a median age of 61 years (IQR: 49-72). A total of 456 SBT were conducted with a success rate of 76.5%. RSBI had a ROC-curve of 0.53 for SBT success and a ROC-curve of 0.48 for extubation. The Spearman correlation coefficient between RSBI and duration of ventilation was 0.117 (p = 0.026), while for ventilator-free time at 28 days, it was -0.116 (p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: RSBI was not associated with success in SBT or extubation, regardless of the cutoff point used. Correlation analyses showed weak associations between RSBI and both the duration of ventilation and ventilator-free time at 28 days.

Interprofessional interventions and factors that improve end-of-life care in intensive care units: An integratory review.

INTRODUCTION: The changes in health dynamics, caused by the SARS-COVD-2 pandemic and its consequences, generated a greater need to integrate palliative care in the ICU to promote a dignified death. OBJECTIVE: Identify interprofessional interventions and factors that improve the care of patients at the end of life. METHODOLOGY: Integrative review, including experimental, quasi-experimental, observational, analytical, and descriptive studies with correlation of variables, published from 2010 to 2021, identified in COCHRANE, CINAHL, CUIDEN, LILACS, SCIELO, Dialnet, PsychInfo, PubMed, PROQUES, PSYCHOLOGY, JOURNALS, SCIENCEDIRECT, with MeSH/DECS terms: "Critical Care", "IntensiveCare" "Life support care", "Palliative care", "Life Quality", "Right to die". 36,271 were identified, after excluding duplicate title, abstract, year of publication, design, theme, methodological quality, objectives, and content, 31 studies were found. RESULTS: It included 31 articles, 16.7% experimental, 3.3% quasi-experimental, 80% observational, analytical, and descriptive with correlation of variables, 38% published in the United States, 38%, and 19% in Brazil. The pooled sample was 24,779 participants. 32.2% of the studies had level of evidence 1 recommendation (c), and 25.8% level of evidence 2 recommendation (c). This paper synthesises evidence to promote Interprofessional Collaborative Practice in the ICU, improve end-of-life care, and interventions to achieve established therapeutic goals, implement effective care policies, plans, and programmes for critically ill patients and their families; factors that affect palliative care and improve with training and continuing education for health personnel. CONCLUSION: There are interventions to manage physical and emotional symptoms, training strategies and emotional support aimed at health personnel and family members to improve the quality of death and reduce stays in the ICU. The interdisciplinary team requires training on palliative and end-of-life care to improve care.

Estrategias de destete y desmonte de cánula nasal de alto flujo en adultos / Adult High-Flow Nasal Cannula Weaning and Disassembly Strategies

Introducción: La cánula nasal de alto flujo es un sistema que utiliza una mezcla de aire-oxígeno humidificado y calentado con un caudal de hasta 70 litros por minuto. Es utilizada mayoritariamente en la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda de origen hipoxémico, donde ha demostrado brindar mayor comodidad y poder resolutivo de la hipoxemia, en comparación con la oxigenoterapia convencional. Aunque se conocen sus indicaciones y estrategia de seguimiento, en la práctica clínica no es claro su proceso de destete/desmonte. Objetivo: Identificar en la bibliografía la literatura existente acerca de estrategias de destete/desmonte de la cánula nasal de alto flujo en adultos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las bases de datos del portal regional de la BVS, PubMed, Web Of Science, Scopus y Google scholar, sin límite de tiempo y es- tructurando una ecuación PIO con palabras clave y operadores booleanos. Se asumieron artículos publicados en inglés y español, texto completo. Resultados: En la bibliografía, aún se reporta discrepancia en el proceso de destete y desmonte de la cánula nasal de alto flujo, pero en la mayoría de los estudios encontrados en esta revisión se propone disminuir la FiO2 primero de forma gradual (5-10%) hasta valores de 30-50% y, posteriormente, el flujo. Para desmontarla, se podría considerar tener una FiO2 entre 30-50%, flujo entre 20-30 litros por minuto, SaO2 >92%, con adecuada mecánica respiratoria y estado de conciencia. Conclusión: Aún no existe unanimidad en el proceso de destete/desmonte en la cánula nasal de alto flujo en el paciente adulto.

Introduction: The high-flow nasal cannula is a system that uses a humidified and heated air-oxygen mixture with a flow rate of up to 70 liters per minute. It is mostly used in acute respiratory failure of hypoxemic origin, where it has been shown to provide greater comfort and resolving power of hypoxemia, compared to conventional oxygen therapy. Although its indications and follow-up strategy are known, in clinical practice the weaning/weaning process is not clear. Objective: To identify in the bibliography the existing literature on weaning/ weaning strategies of high-flow nasal cannula in adults. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out in the databases of the regional portal of the BVS, PubMed, Web Of Science, Scopus and Google scholar, without time limit and structuring a PIO equation with keywords and boléan connectors. Articles published in English and Spanish, full text, were assumed. Results: The literature still reports discrepancy in the process of weaning and disassembling the high-flow nasal cannula, but most of the studies found in this review propose to decrease the FiO2 first gradually (5-10%) to values of 30-50% and then the flow. To dismantle it, one could consider having a FiO2 between 30-50%, flow between 20-30 liters per minute, SaO2 >92%, with adequate respiratory mechanics and state of consciousness. Conclusion: There is still no unanimity on the weaning/weaning process in the high- flow nasal cannula in the adult patient.

Prediction of adverse drug reactions in geriatric patients admitted to intensive care units.

INTRODUCTION: Intensive care units (ICUs) pose challenges in managing critically ill patients with polypharmacy, potentially leading to adverse drug reactions (ADRs), particularly in the elderly. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs correlate with the prediction of ADRs in aged patients admitted to an ICU. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted in a Brazilian University Hospital ICU. APACHE II and SAPS 3 assessed clinical prognosis, while GerontoNet ADR Risk Score and BADRI evaluated ADR risk at ICU admission. Severity of the patients' clinical conditions was evaluated daily based on the SOFA score. ADR screening was performed daily through the identification of ADR triggers. RESULTS: 1295 triggers were identified (median 30 per patient, IQR=28), with 15 suspected ADRs. No correlation was observed between patient severity and ADRs at admission (p=0.26), during hospitalization (p=0.91), or at follow-up (p=0.77). There was also no association between death and ADRs (p=0.28) or worse prognosis and ADRs (p>0.05). Higher BADRI scores correlated with more ADRs (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that employing the severity and clinical prognosis scores used in ICUs is not sufficient to direct active pharmacovigilance efforts, which are therefore indicated for critically ill patients.

Absenteísmo por covid-19 em profissionais de enfermagem de unidade de terapia intensiva / Absenteeism due to covid-19 in nursing professionals in the intensive care unit / Ausentismo debido al covid-19 em profesionales de enfermería en la unidad de cuidados intensivos

Objetivo: Identificar as variáveis associadas ao absenteísmo por covid-19 avaliando a Qualidade de Vida no Trabalho dos profissionais de enfermagem da Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital público. Métodos: Estudo de abordagem quantitativa, observacional e retrospectivo, realizada na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital público estadual em Manaus, aplicado dois questionários para a coleta de dados. Resultados: O absenteísmo teve influência das seguintes variáveis: técnicos de enfermagem (100%); dois vínculos empregatícios (64%); especialização nível médio ou pós-técnico (50%); renda até dois salários-mínimos (73,9%). Conclusão: Este estudo visa contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento científico por meio das relações entre o absenteísmo e a Covid-19 e, através do índice de Qualidade de Vida busca ajudar na criação de melhorias para a classe da enfermagem e de aspectos organizacionais. (AU)

Objective: To identify the variables associated with absenteeism by covid-19 evaluating the Quality of Life at Work of nursing professionals in the Intensive Care Unit of a public hospital. Methods: A quantitative, observational and retrospective study. The research was carried out in the Intensive Care Unit of a public hospital in Manaus, where two questionnaires were applied for data collection. Results: The absenteeism was influenced by the following variables: nursing technicians (100%); two jobs (64%); medium or post-technical specialization (50%); income up to two minimum wages (73.9%). Conclusion: This study aims to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge through the relationship between absenteeism and Covid-19 and, through the Quality of Life index, seeks to help create improvements for the nursing class and organizational aspects. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar las variables asociadas al absentismo por covid-19 evaluando la Calidad de Vida Laboral de los profesionales de enfermería de la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital público. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, observacional y retrospectivo. La investigación se realizó en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital público de Manaus, donde se aplicaron dos cuestionarios para la recogida de datos. Resultados: En el absentismo influyeron las siguientes variables: técnicos de enfermería (100%); dos empleos (64%); especialización media o postécnica (50%); ingresos de hasta dos salarios mínimos (73,9%). Conclusión: Este estudio pretende contribuir al avance del conocimiento científico a través de la relación entre el absentismo y el Covid-19 y, a través del índice de Calidad de Vida, busca ayudar en la creación de mejoras para la clase de enfermería y los aspectos organizativos. (AU)

Bronchodilator administration by pressurized inhaler during invasive mechanical ventilation in adults: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the administration characteristics and connection methods of bronchodilators by pressurized inhalers to the ventilatory circuit of patients under invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS: A scope review was conducted following the PRISMA for Scoping Review, using the PubMed, Embase Elsevier, Cochrane Library, and Lilacs databases without language restrictions, up to July 2023. Eligible sources included reviews and consensuses (based on clinical studies), experimental and observational studies involving adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit and undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation, regardless of the underlying condition, who used bronchodilator drugs contained in pressurized inhalers. Information regarding inhalation technique, pressurized inhalers connection mode to the circuit, and patient care were collected by 2 researchers independently, with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Studies involving bronchodilators combined with other pharmacological classes in the same device, as well as reviews containing preclinical studies, were excluded. RESULTS: In total, 23 publications were included, comprising 19 clinical trials and 4 non-randomized experimental studies. Salbutamol (albuterol) was the bronchodilator of study in the majority of the articles (n=18), and the spacer device was the most commonly used to connect the pressurized inhaler to the circuit (n=15), followed by an in-line adapter (n=3), and a direct-acting device without chamber (n=3). Concerning the pressurized inhaler placement in the circuit, 18 studies positioned it in the inspiratory limb, and 19 studies synchronized the jet actuation with the start of the inspiratory phase. Agitation of the pressurized inhaler before each actuation, waiting time between actuations, airway suction before administration, and semi-recumbent patient positioning were the most commonly described measures across the studies. CONCLUSIONS: This review provided insights into the aspects related to inhalation technique in mechanically ventilated patients, as well as the most prevalent findings and the existing gaps in knowledge regarding bronchodilator administration in this context. The evidence indicates the need for further research on this subject.

Prediction and simulation of PEEP setting effects with machine learning models / Predicción y simulación de los efectos de la configuración de la PEEP con modelos de aprendizaje automático

Objective To establish a new machine learning-based method to adjust positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) using only already routinely measured data. Design Retrospective observational study. Setting Intensive care unit (ICU). Patients or participants 51811 mechanically ventilated patients in multiple ICUs in the USA (data from MIMIC-III and eICU databases). Interventions No interventions. Main variables of interest Success parameters of ventilation (arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and respiratory system compliance). Results The multi-tasking neural network model performed significantly best for all target tasks in the primary test set. The model predicts arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide and respiratory system compliance about 45 min into the future with mean absolute percentage errors of about 21.7%, 10.0% and 15.8%, respectively. The proposed use of the model was demonstrated in case scenarios, where we simulated possible effects of PEEP adjustments for individual cases. Conclusions Our study implies that machine learning approach to PEEP titration is a promising new method which comes with no extra cost once the infrastructure is in place. Availability of databases with most recent ICU patient data is crucial for the refinement of prediction performance. (AU)

Objetivo Establecer un nuevo método basado en el aprendizaje automático para ajustar la presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP según sus siglas en inglés) utilizando únicamente datos ya obtenidos de forma rutinaria. Diseño Estudio retrospectivo de observación. Ámbito Unidad de cuidados intesivos (UCI) Pacientes o participantes 51811 pacientes ventilados mecánicamente en múltiples UCIs de EE.UU. (tomados de las bases de datos MIMIC-III y eICU). Intervenciones Sin intervenciones. Variables de interés principales Parametros de éxito de la ventilación (presiones parciales arteriales de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono y distensibilidad del sistema respiratorio). Resultados El modelo de red neuronal multitarea obtuvo los mejores resultados en todos los objetivos del conjunto de pruebas primario. El modelo predice las presiones parciales arteriales de oxígeno y dióxido de carbono así como la distensibilidad del sistema respiratorio con aproximadamente 45 minutos de anticipación, mostrando errores porcentuales absolutos medios de aproximadamente 21.7%, 10.0% y 15.8%, respectivamente. El uso propuesto del modelo se demostró en situaciones hipotéticas en las que se simularon los posibles efectos de los ajustes de PEEP para casos individuales. Conclusiones Nuestro estudio implica que el enfoque de aprendizaje automático para el ajuste de la PEEP es un método nuevo y prometedor que no supone ningún coste adicional una vez que se dispone de la infraestructura necesaria. La disponibilidad de bases de datos con información de pacientes de UCI más recientes es crucial para perfeccionar el rendimiento de la predicción. (AU)

Síndrome de burnout y factores asociados en enfermeras de cuidados intensivos: un estudio transversal / Síndrome de burnout e fatores associados em enfermeiros de terapia intensiva: um estudo transversal / Burnout syndrome and associated factors in intensive care nurses: a cross-sectional study

Introducción: El Síndrome de Burnout (SB) surge en el contexto de condiciones laborales precarias, y se manifiesta a través de un conjunto de signos y síntomas que afectan la psicología del trabajador debido a la exposición a factores estresantes en el ambiente laboral.Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout (SB) en enfermeras de cuidados intensivos. Método: Estudio transversal y analítico, realizado con 94 enfermeros asistenciales en unidades de cuidados intensivos de un hospital público en el estado de Bahía. Se utilizó el Inventario de Burnout de Maslach (MBI) y un cuestionario que contenía aspectos sociodemográficos, culturales y ocupacionales. Resultados: El 62,8% mostró alto agotamiento emocional; 64,9% alta despersonalización y 77,7% alta reducción de la realización profesional. Los factores asociados al SB fueron: edad hasta 38 años (RP: 2,38; IC 95%: 1,44-3,94), no tener pareja (RP: 1,97; IC 95%: 1,17-3,32), insatisfacción laboral (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,15 -2,75), tener dolor de espalda (RP: 3,33; IC 95%: 1,72 -6,42), ansiedad (RP: 2,33; IC 95%: 1,22-4,46) y patrón de sueño hasta 5 horas (RP: 1,67; IC 95%: 1,08-2,59). Se encontró que tener hijos es un índice protector (RP: 0,55; IC 95%: 0,33-0,90). Enfermería GlobalNº 74 Abril 2024Página 224Conclusión: Se considera alto el porcentaje de enfermeros con diagnóstico sugestivo del síndrome (43,6%), así como la existencia de factores asociados. Es fundamental que la institución ofrezca un ambiente de trabajo sano, en el que la prevención sea la mejor vía para que estos profesionales no se conviertan en blancos del síndrome. (AU)

Introdução: A Síndrome de Burnout (SB) emerge no contexto das condições laborais precárias, e se manifesta por meio de um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que afetam o psicológico do trabalhador devido à exposição a estressores no ambiente de trabalho.Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores a Síndrome de Burnout em enfermeiros de terapia intensiva. Método: Estudo transversal e analítico, realizado com 94 enfermeiros assistenciais de unidades de terapia intensiva de um hospital público do estado da Bahia, Brasil. Utilizou-se o Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) e um questionário contendo questões sociodemográficos, culturais e ocupacionais. Resultados: 62,8% apresentaram alta exaustão emocional; 64,9%, alta despersonalização; e 77,7%, alta redução da realização profissional. Os fatores associados à SB foram: idade até 38 anos (RP: 2,38; IC 95%: 1,44-3,94), não ter companheiro (RP: 1,97; IC 95%: 1,17-3,32), insatisfação com o trabalho (RP: 1,78; IC 95%: 1,15 -2,75), apresentar dores dorsais (RP: 3,33; IC 95%: 1,72 -6,42), ansiedade (RP: 2,33; IC 95%: 1,22-4,46) e padrão de sono até 05 horas (RP: 1,67; IC 95%: 1,08-2,59). Verificou-se que ter filhos é um índice protetor (RP: 0,55; IC 95%: 0,33-0,90). Conclusão: Existe um percentual considerado elevado de enfermeiros com diagnóstico sugestivo da síndrome (43,6%), assim como a existência de fatores associados. É imprescindível que a instituição ofereça um ambiente de trabalho sadio, no qual, a prevenção é a melhor maneira para que os profissionais não se tornem alvos da síndrome. (AU)

Introduction: Burnout Syndrome (BS) emerges in the context of precarious working conditions, and manifests itself through a set of signs and symptoms that affect the worker's psychology due to exposure to stressors in the work environment. Objective: to analyze the prevalence and factors associated with Burnout Syndrome (BS) in intensive care nurses. Method: cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out with 94 nurses in intensive care units of a public hospital in the state of Bahia. The Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) and a questionnaire containing sociodemographic, cultural and occupational issues were used. Results: 62.8% showed high emotional exhaustion; 64.9% high depersonalization and 77.7% high reduction in professional achievement. The factors associated with BS were: age up to 38 years (PR: 2.38; 95% CI: 1.44-3.94), not having a partner (PR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.17-3.32), job dissatisfaction (PR: 1.78; 95% CI: 1.15 -2.75), having back pain (PR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.72 -6.42), anxiety (PR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.22-4.46) and sleep pattern up to 5 hours (PR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.08-2.59). It was found that having children is a protective index (PR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.33-0.90). Conclusion: there is a considered high percentage of nurses with a diagnosis suggestive of the syndrome (43.6%), as well as the existence of associated factors. It is essential that the institution offers a healthy work environment, in which prevention is the best way for these professionals not to become targets of the syndrome. (AU)

Development and Validation of the Companion's Satisfaction Questionnaire of Patient's Hospitalized in Intensive Care Units / Desarrollo y Validación del Cuestionario de Satisfacción del Acompañante de Pacientes Hospitalizados en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos / Desenvolvimento e Validação do Questionário de Satisfação do Acompanhante para Pacientes Hospitalizados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva

Objective. The current study aimed to develop and validate of companions' satisfaction questionnaire of patients hospitalized in ICUs. Methods. This is a methodological study that was performed in three phases: In the first phase, the concept of companion's satisfaction of patients hospitalized in ICUs was defined through qualitative content analysis method. In the second phase, early items of questionnaire were generated based on findings of the first phase. In the third and final phase, validation of the questionnaire was evaluated using face, content and construct validity as well as reliability. Results. In exploratory factor analysis, three subscales including: satisfaction with nursing staff communication (5 items), satisfaction with nursing care (12 items), and satisfaction with decision making (5 items) were extracted by Eigen value above one and factor load above 0.5. Internal consistency and stability of the developed questionnaire confirmed with 0.94 and 0.95 respectively that indicated acceptable reliability. Conclusion. The 22-item developed questionnaire is valid and reliable for measurement of levels of companion's satisfaction of Iranian patients hospitalized in ICUs.

Objetivo. Desarrollar y validar un cuestionario de satisfacción de acompañantes de pacientes hospitalizados en UCIs. Métodos. Estudio de validación que se realizó en tres fases: en la primera se definió el concepto de satisfacción de los acompañantes de pacientes hospitalizados en UCI mediante el método de análisis de contenido cualitativo; en la segunda fase se generaron los primeros ítems del cuestionario a partir de los resultados de la primera fase; y en la tercera fase se evaluó la validación del cuestionario mediante la validez facial, de contenido y de constructo, así como la fiabilidad. Resultados. En el análisis factorial exploratorio, se extrajeron tres subescalas que incluían: satisfacción con la comunicación del personal de enfermería (5 ítems), satisfacción con los cuidados de enfermería (12 ítems) y satisfacción con la toma de decisiones (5 ítems) con un valor Eigen superior a uno y una carga factorial superior a 0.5. La consistencia interna y la estabilidad del cuestionario desarrollado se confirmaron con 0.94 y 0.95 respectivamente, lo que indicaba una fiabilidad aceptable. Conclusión. El cuestionario desarrollado de 22 ítems es válido y fiable para medir los niveles de satisfacción de los acompañantes de pacientes iraníes hospitalizados en UCI.

Objetivo. Desenvolver e validar um questionário sobre a satisfação dos acompanhantes de pacientes hospitalizados em UTIs. Métodos. Estudo de validação realizado em três fases: na primeira fase, o conceito de satisfação de acompanhantes de pacientes internados em UTIs foi definido por meio do método de análise qualitativa de conteúdo; na segunda fase, os primeiros itens do questionário foram gerados a partir dos resultados da primeira fase; e na terceira fase, a validação do questionário foi avaliada por meio da validade de face, de conteúdo e de construto, bem como da confiabilidade. Resultados. Na análise fatorial exploratória, três subescalas foram extraídas, incluindo: satisfação com a comunicação da equipe de enfermagem (5 itens), satisfação com a assistência de enfermagem (12 itens) e satisfação com a tomada de decisões (5 itens) com um valor Eigen maior que um e uma carga fatorial maior que 0.5. A consistência interna e a estabilidade do questionário desenvolvido foram confirmadas com 0.94 e 0.95, respectivamente, indicando confiabilidade aceitável. Conclusão. O questionário de 22 itens desenvolvido é válido e confiável para medir os níveis de satisfação dos acompanhantes de pacientes iranianos hospitalizados em UTI.

Eficacia y seguridad de un compuesto de ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados en la mejora de la microcirculación de la púrpura fulminante en pacientes pediátricos con sepsis: estudio piloto / Efficacy and safety of a hyperoxygenated fatty acid compound in improving the microcirculation of purpura fulminans in paediatric patients with sepsis: a pilot study

Introducción La púrpura fulminante (PF) es una complicación grave de la sepsis resultado de un conjunto de alteraciones caracterizadas por el desarrollo de lesiones hemorrágicas equimóticas y necrosis de la piel. Objetivo Analizar la eficacia y la seguridad de la aplicación tópica de un compuesto de ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados (AGHO) en la microcirculación de la PF en pacientes pediátricos afectados de sepsis. Material y métodos Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo cuasiexperimental pretest-posttest de un solo grupo en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátrica (UCIP). Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes con PF de 0 a 18 años. Para evaluar la efectividad del producto objeto de evaluación en la microcirculación de las lesiones por PF se determinaron los valores de oximetría somática antes y después de la aplicación de AGHO cada 4h durante los 3 primeros días de ingreso de los pacientes. Resultados Se reclutaron 4 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 98 meses. Las lesiones purpúricas que se midieron estaban ubicadas, sobre todo, en ambos pies y manos y, en 2 pacientes, también en los maléolos laterales y gemelos de ambas extremidades inferiores. Se obtuvieron un total de 225 mediciones, observando unas puntuaciones medias preintervención de 71,17±15,65% versus los 73,68±14,83% postintervención. Se objetivó significación estadística (p<0,001) al comparar las mediciones pre- y postintervención. Conclusiones La aplicación precoz y continuada de AGHO en el manejo de la PF por sepsis es una práctica eficaz y segura en los casos de población pediátrica analizada. En más de la mitad de los episodios analizados se objetivó un aumento de microcirculación tisular tras la aplicación de los AGHO, sin eventos adversos. (AU)

Introduction Purpura fulminans (PF) is a serious complication of sepsis resulting from a set of alterations characterised by the development of ecchymotic haemorrhagic lesions and skin necrosis. Aim To analyse the efficacy and safety of the topical application of HOFA compound, in the cutaneous microcirculation of PF lesions in paediatric patients affected by sepsis. Material and methods A prospective quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test single-group conducted in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of a third level hospital was performed. Paediatric patients aged 0-18 years with sepsis were included. Somatic oximetry values were measured before and after application of HOFAs every 4hours over the first three days of the patients’ hospitalisation. Patient's socio-demographic and clinical variables and somatic oximetry by placing a sensor for measuring tissue perfusion on the area with PF were determined. Results Four patients were recruited, with a median age of 98 months. The purpuric lesions measured were mainly located on both feet and hands and, in two patients, also on the lateral malleoli and calves of both lower extremities. A total of 225 measurements were obtained, with mean pre-intervention scores of 71.17±15.65% versus 73.68±14.83% post-intervention. Statistical significance (p<0.001) was observed upon comparison of the pre- and post-intervention measurements. Conclusions Early and continued application of HOFAs in the management of sepsis-induced PF is an effective and safe practice in the cases analysed. In more than half of the episodes analysed, an increase in tissue microcirculation was observed after the application of HOFAs, with no adverse events. (AU)