Design, Manufacture, and Characterization of a Critical-Sized Gradient Porosity Dual-Material Tibial Defect Scaffold.

This study proposed a composite tibia defect scaffold with radial gradient porosity, utilizing finite element analysis to assess stress in the tibial region with significant critical-sized defects. Simulations for scaffolds with different porosities were conducted, designing an optimal tibia defect scaffold with radial gradient porosity for repairing and replacing critical bone defects. Radial gradient porosity scaffolds resulted in a more uniform stress distribution, reducing titanium alloy stiffness and alleviating stress shielding effects. The scaffold was manufactured using selective laser melting (SLM) technology with stress relief annealing to simplify porous structure fabrication. The study used New Zealand white rabbits' tibia defect sites as simulation parameters, reconstructing the 3D model and implanting the composite scaffold. Finite element analysis in ANSYS-Workbench simulated forces under high-activity conditions, analyzing stress distribution and strain. In the simulation, the titanium alloy scaffold bore a maximum stress of 122.8626 MPa, while the centrally encapsulated HAp material delivered 27.92 MPa. The design demonstrated superior structural strength, thereby reducing stress concentration. The scaffold was manufactured using SLM, and the uniform design method was used to determine a collection of optimum annealing parameters. Nanoindentation and compression tests were used to determine the influence of annealing on the elastic modulus, hardness, and strain energy of the scaffold.

A Uniform Design Method Can Optimize the Combinatorial Parameters of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy, Including the Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Potassium Iodide, Light Dose, and Methylene Blue's Incubation Time, to Improve Fungicidal Effects on Candida Species.

The optimal combinatorial parameters of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) mediated by methylene blue (MB) with the addition of potassium iodide (KI) against Candida species have never been defined. This study aimed to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT, including the concentrations of MB (X1, 0.1-1.0 mM) and KI (X2, 100-400 mM), light dose (X3, 10-70 J/cm2), and MB's incubation time (X4, 5-35 min) for three Candida species. The best MB + KI-aPDT fungicidal effects (Y) against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 (YCa), Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 (YCp), and Candida glabrata ATCC 2950 (YCg) were investigated using a uniform design method. The regression models deduced using this method were YCa = 7.126 + 1.199X1X3 - 1.742X12 + 0.206X22 - 0.361X32; YCp = 10.724 - 0.867X1 - 1.497X2 + 0.560X3 + 1.298X22; and YCg = 0.892 - 0.956X1 + 2.296X3 + 1.299X42 - 3.316X3X4. The optimal combinatorial parameters inferred from the regression equations were MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 20 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida albicans; MB 0.1 mM, KI 400 mM, a light dose of 70 J/cm2, and a 5-minute incubation time of MB for Candida parapsilosis; MB 0.1 mM, KI 100 mM, a light dose of 10 J/cm2, and a 35-minute incubation time of MB for Candida glabrata. The uniform design method can optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT mediated by MB plus KI to obtain the best aPDT fungicidal effects on Candida species, providing a new method to optimize the combinatorial parameters of aPDT for different pathogens in the future.

Improvement of Model Predictive Current Control Sensing Strategy for a Developed Small Flux-Switching Permanent Magnet Motor.

This paper presents an improved control system for a small flux-switching permanent magnet motor (FSPM) to enhance its performance and torque sensing. The analytical magnetic circuit design was used to determine the related motor parameters, such as the air gap flux density, permeance coefficient (Pc), torque, winding turns, pole number, width, length, magnet geometry, and the current density of FSPM. The electromagnetic analysis of this motor was performed by software (ANSYS Maxwell) to optimize the motor performance. In this study, the performance of FSPM was investigated by the uniform design experimentation (UDE). For the control system, the model predictive current control (MPCC) is currently recognized as a high-performance control strategy, due to its quick response and simple principle. This model contained the nonlinear part of the system, to improve the torque ripple of FSPM. A modified MPCC strategy was proposed to improve the distortion of the current waveform and decrease the computational burden. The new modified control architecture was mainly composed of three parts, such as the estimation of electromotive force (EMF), current prediction, and optimal vector selection/vector duration. When the reference voltage vector was obtained, the three-phase duties were easily determined by the principle of space vector modulation (SVM). The results show the different strategy methods between the newly proposed modified MPCC and traditional proportional integral (PI) controller. In the control of FSPM, a modified MPCC strategy was able to achieve a better performance response and decrease the computational burden. At a low speed of 350 rpm, the proposed modified MPCC can achieve a better dynamic response. The nonlinear problem of the startup speed was also effectively resolved. The torque sensing performance of the simulation and the experimental test value were compared. The torque sensing performance of the simulation and the actual test value were also examined. In this study, the optimization focused not only on the motor design and fabrication, but also on an improved motor control strategy and torque sensing, in order to achieve the integrity of the FSPM system.

Optimization of Composition Proportion of Compound Ginseng Immune-enhancing Formula and Study of Its Immunomodulatory Activity and Acute Toxicity on Mice / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To optimi ze the optimal composition proportion of 4 ingredients （Panax ginseng ，Astragalus membranaceus，Polygonatum sibiricum ，Lycium chinensis ）in Compound ginseng immune-enhancing formula （CGIF），and to study immune activity and acute toxicity of the extracts with the optimal ratio. METHODS ：The cell activity test was used to screen the crude drug concentration range of 4 ingredients. After treated with different crude drug concentrations of each medicinal material，using the contents of NO ，IL-6 and TNF-α as indexes，uniform design was used to determine the optimal ratio of each ingredient in CGIF. Totally 240 mice were taken and randomly divided into 4 batches，with 60 mice in each batch. Each batch of mice was randomly divided into blank group （normal saline ），model group （normal saline ），positive drug group [levamisole ，4 mg/（kg·d）]，and optimal proportion extract of CGIF low-dose ，medium-dose and high-dose groups [ 0.952 8，1.905 6，3.811 2 g/（kg·d）]，with 10 mice in each group ；they were given medicine intragastrically ，qd，for consecutive 30 d. Except for blank group，mice in the other groups were intraperitoneally injected with cyclophosphamide [ 40 mg/（kg·d）] on the 24th day after first administration，qd，for consecutive 3 d to induce immunocompromised model. The immune activity of the optimal proportion extract was evaluated by determining visceral coefficients ，spleen lymphocyte transformation capacity ，serum contents of hemolysin，IL-2，IgM，IgG and IgA ，phagocytosis function of peritoneal macrophages. Another 20 mice were collected and given the optimal proportion extract 20 mL/kg intragastrically ，twice；acute toxicity of the formula was investigated with oral maximum tolerated dose （MTD）. RESULTS ：The optimal ratio of CGIF was that crude drug mass ratio of P. ginseng ， membranaceus，P. sibiricum ，L. chinensis was 1 ∶ 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 4. The immunological activity experiment showed that theoptimal proportion extract can significantly improve visceral indexes of mice ， spleen lymphocyte proliferation ability serum contents of hemolysin ，IL-2，IgM，IgG and IgA as well as macrophage phagocy tosis ability （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. The acute toxicity test indicated that oral MTD was over 15 g/kg，which was non-toxic. CONCLUSIONS ：The optimal proportion extract of CGIF can significantly enhance the immune function of mice and are non-toxic.

Process optimization of the extraction condition of ß-amylase from brewer's malt and its application in the maltose syrup production.

ß-Amylase is of important biotechnological aid in maltose syrup production. In this study, the extraction condition of ß-amylase from brewer's malt and the optimal dosage of ß-amylase in maltose syrup production were optimized using response surface methodology and uniform design method. The optimal extraction condition of ß-amylase from brewer's malt was composed of 1:17 (g/v) material/liquid ratio, 44°C extraction temperature, pH 6.4 buffer pH, 2.3 H extraction time, and 1.64 g L-1 NaSO3 dosage with a predicted ß-amylase activity of 1,290.99 U g-1 , which was close to the experimental ß-amylase activity of 1,230.22 U g-1 . The optimal dosages of ß-amylase used in maltose syrup production were 455.67 U g-1 starch and its application in maltose syrup production led to a 68.37% maltose content in maltose syrup, which was 11.2% and 28.9% higher than those using ß-amylases from soybean and microbe (P < 0.01). Thus, ß-amylase from brewer's malt was beneficial for production of high maltose syrup.

Study on Extraction Technology Optimization of Tibetan Medicine Cortex of Berberis dictyophylla by Ethanol / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize extraction technology of cortex of Berberis dictyophylla by ethanol. METHODS:Using the contents of magnoflorine,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride,palmatine hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride,the amount of extract as evaluation indexes,the effects of ethanol amount,volume fraction of ethanol and extraction time on extraction technology were investigated by uniform design method-comprehensive scoring method. The extraction methods of first time, second time and third time were investigated by 3 times of uniform design test. The optimal schemes of 3 times of extraction test were determined and validation test was conducted,and the transfer rates were calculated. RESULTS:The optimal technology was as follows as coarse powder of cortex of B. dictyophylla,15-fold 75% ethanol,extracting for 2 times,120 min each time. In validation test,the contents of magnoflorine,jatrorrhizine hydrochloride,palmatine hydrochloride and berberine hydrochloride were 58.96,4.82,3.07,23.29 mg/g after B. dictyophylla was extracted by optimization technology for 2 times. The transfer rates were 93.85%,95.02%,96.28%,94.88%,respectively(RSD=3.87%,2.64%,4.00%,3.91%,n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal ethanol reflux extraction technology of cortex of B.dictyophylla is reasonable and feasible with good stability.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction Technology for Polysaccharide from Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praepa-rata by Uniform Design Method / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize ultrasonic extraction technology for polysaccharide from Aconiti lateralis radix praepara-ta(ALRP). METHODS:Uniform design method was applied to investigate the effects of liquid material ratio,ultrasonic time and ultrasonic temperature on extraction rate of polysaccharide from ALRP. Verification test was conducted and compared with the re-sults of conventional decoction and boiling method. RESULTS:Optimized ultrasonic extraction technology was as follow as liquid material ratio of 10 mL/g,ultrasonic time of 34 min and ultrasonic temperature of 73 ℃. The polysaccharide extraction rate in veri-fication test was 19.05%(RSD=0.60%,n=3),relative error of the predicted value (19.44%) was 2.0%,while the extraction rate was higher than decoction and boiling method(16.42%). CONCLUSIONS:Optimized ultrasonic extraction technology is sim-ple,rapid and stable with high extraction rate,which is suitable for extracting polysaccharide from ALRP.

Preparation of ophthalmic thermosensitive in situ gel of moxifloxacin hydrochloride and its release be¬havior in vitro / 中国药学杂志

CONCLUSION: Uniform design method should be used to optimize the formulation of MH loaded ophthalmic thermosensitive gel. The optimized formulation containing 230 mg·mL-1 P407 and 80 mg·mL-1 PI88 covered the ophthalmic temperature, which can serve as a potential candidate for ophthalmic application.

Optimization on Extraction Process of Brassicae Radix Cream by Uniform Design / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This study was aimed to find out the optimum parameters to decoction extraction process of Brassicae Radix cream . With methods of integrated score and uniform design , contents of the total extract and the total polysaccharide were set as the target to investigate the optimization process of extraction. The experiment showed that the optimum extraction condition was as follows: ten folds of water, four times decoction at boiling tempera-ture , one hour for each time . It was concluded that the optimum parameters to decoction extraction of Brassicae Radix were stable and feasible, which can be used for the preparation and reference for Brassicae Radix cream in Tibetan clinics .

Experimental Study of Optimized Compatibility Component of Water Extractives of Liqi Huoxue Medicinals by Uniform Designed Method / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This experiment was designed to search and identify the active principle as well as the optimal proportion of water-soluble extractives of traditional Chinese medicine (water-soluble extractives) Liqi Huoxue medicinals com-patibility (Qixue Bingzhi Fang-CWQB) in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis (As) by optimal uniform design method. The water-soluble extractives of CWQB were divided into 6 sections (A, B, C, D, E, F) through macroporous resin. The effect intensity and step of every component were compared through its effect on blood fat level, platelet aggregation, inflammatory factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and so on among hyper-lipoidemia rat models. The pharmacological experimental results and statistical analysis showed that CWQB water-soluble extractives of component D (mainly is paeoniflorin, accounted for 49.12%), component E (mainly is total flavonoids, accounted for 30.0%) compatibility had better effects on decreasing blood fat and triglyceride (TG). Com-pared with the model group, there was significant difference (P < 0.01). It also had inhibiting effect on endothelin (ET) and maximum platelet aggregation rate (P < 0.01). The component F (mainly is total acids, accounted for 32.7%) had inhibiting effect on serum IL-6 and IL-8 (P< 0.01). It was concluded that different compatibility of wa-ter-soluble extractives of CWQB can be applied to different targets or steps of the body. The active principle extrac-tives include main component of paeoniflorin, flavonoids and total acids. The best proportion is about 1:1:1.

Application of uniform-design method used to select best proportion of ingredients in Danxintong / 中草药

Object To define the optimal proportion of four ingredients in Danxintong (DXT). Methods Uniform design method combined with pharmacodynamics (Rat acute myocardial ischemia model was used in this study) was used. Results The optimal proportion and components of DXT (Composed of Rhizoma Chuanxiong, Rhizoma Cyperi, Borneolum Syntheticum, and paeonol) were 5∶ 1.7∶ 1.4∶ 4.4; DXT 138 mg/kg could obviously inhibit acute myocardial ischemia of rats induced by iso prenaline (Iso) and pituiturin (Pit). DXT has antimyocardial ischemia effects in preliminary experimental studies. Conclusion Uniform design method is an effective method to define the optimal proportion of ingredients in DXT;

Extraction of total-saponins from Patrinia Villosa Juss based on uniform design method / 中成药

AIM: To confirm the optimum extraction of the total-saponins from Patrinia Villosa Juss. METHODS: Optimum conditions(ethanol concentration,extraction hours,ethanol solution quantity) were determined by the uniform design test,the extract was refined with macropore resin AB-8,and samples were measured colorimetrically at ?=560 nm compared with oleanolic acid as reference substance. RESULTS: The result was 95% ethanol as solvent, extraction time for 1 h adding 8 times amount of ethanol solution at 100 ℃ water bath for two times.under this condition,the total-saponins content was 0.668%,in accordance with the design forecast. CONCLUSION: The optimum extraction technique and purified methods could extract the total-saponins efficiently from Patrinia Villosa Juss.The technique is simple and adapts for production.