Eight weeks of daily cottonseed oil intake attenuates postprandial angiopoietin-like proteins 3 and 4 responses compared to olive oil in adults with hypercholesterolemia: A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

Angiopoietin-like proteins (ANGPTLs) -3, -4, and -8 are regulators of lipid metabolism and have been shown to respond to changes in dietary fats. It is unknown how ANGPTLs respond to cottonseed oil (CSO) and olive oil (OO) consumption in a population with hypercholesterolemia. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of CSO vs. OO consumption on fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses in adults with hypercholesterolemia. We hypothesized that CSO would have lower fasting and postprandial ANGPTL responses compared with OO. Forty-two adults with high cholesterol completed a single-blind, randomized trial comparing CSO (n = 21) vs. OO (n = 21) diet enrichment. An 8-week partial outpatient feeding intervention provided ∼60% of the volunteers' total energy expenditure (∼30% of total energy expenditure as CSO or OO). The remaining 40% was not controlled. Fasting blood draws were taken at pre-, mid-, and postintervention visits. Volunteers consumed a high saturated fat meal followed by 5 hours of blood draws pre- and postvisits. Fasting ANGPTL3 had a marginally significant treatment by visit interaction (P = .06) showing an increase from pre- to postintervention in CSO vs. OO (CSO: 385.1 ± 27.7 to 440.3 ± 33.9 ng/mL; OO: 468.2 ± 38.3 to 449.2 ± 49.5 ng/mL). Both postprandial ANGPTL3 (P = .02) and ANGPTL4 (P < .01) had treatment by visit interactions suggesting increases from pre- to postintervention in OO vs. CSO with no differences between groups in ANGPTL8. These data show a worsening (increase) of postprandial ANGPTLs after the OO, but not CSO, intervention. This aligns with previously reported data in which postprandial triglycerides were protected from increases compared with OO. ANGPTLs may mediate protective effects of CSO consumption on lipid control. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04397055).

Dietary fat intakes, lipid profiles, adiposity, inflammation, and glucose in women and men in the Framingham Offspring Cohort.

Introduction: The role of dietary fat in the evolution of cardiometabolic disorders is highly controversial. As both dietary intake and the development of cardiometabolic risk differ by sex, we evaluated sex-specific differences in the associations between dietary fats (saturated and unsaturated) and four key cardiometabolic risk factors-lipid profiles, body fat, inflammation, and glucose regulation. Methods: We included 2391 women and men aged ≥30 years in the prospective Framingham Offspring Cohort. Weight-adjusted dietary fats (saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, including omega-3 and omega-6) were derived from 3-day dietary records. Analysis of covariance was used to derive adjusted mean levels of all outcomes. Results: In both men and women, intakes of saturated and monounsaturated fats were inversely associated with TG:HDL ratio (p < 0.02 for both types of fat). In women, higher omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs were also inversely associated with TG:HDL (p < 0.05 for both), but for men, only omega-3 PUFAs were associated (p = 0.026). All types of dietary fat were beneficially associated with larger HDL particle sizes in both men and women, while only saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with larger LDL particles in men. In addition, saturated and monounsaturated fats were associated with statistically significantly higher concentrations of HDL and lower concentrations of LDL and VLDL particles in both sexes, while polyunsaturated fat had favorable associations in women only. Saturated fat also had beneficial associations with three measures of body fat. For example, women with the highest (vs. lowest) saturated fat intake had a lower BMI (27.7 ± 0.25 vs. 26.2 ± 0.36 kg/m2, p = 0.001); findings were similar in men (28.2 ± 0.25 vs. 27.1 ± 0.20, p = 0.002). Unsaturated fats had beneficial associations with body fat primarily in women. Finally, omega-3 PUFAs among women were inversely associated with interleukin-6 levels. There was no association between dietary fat intake and fasting glucose levels in either women or men. Discussion: In sum, we found no evidence of an adverse association between dietary fats and several surrogate markers of cardiometabolic health. This study suggests that different dietary fats may have divergent associations with cardiometabolic risk in women and men, perhaps owing to differences in food sources of the same dietary fats.

Aspectos de calidad de un chocolate oscuro elaborado con formulación óptima / Quality aspects of a dark chocolate made with optimal formulation

Introducción: Los chocolates son procesados en fábricasde alta, mediana y pequeña escala, donde el cacao pasa pordiferentes operaciones unitarias que brindan el valor agregado esperado; sin embargo, es importante controlar los ingredientes de la formulación: azucares totales y grasa saturada, que afecta el sobrepeso del consumidor de chocolates. Objetivo: Evaluar aspectos de calidad de un chocolate oscuro al 70% de cacao a partir de una fórmula optimizada (CO-70) en cuanto a aspectos energéticos, componentes antioxidantes, de inocuidad y sensoriales. Materiales y métodos: Se analizó valores nutricionales, componentes antioxidantes y alcaloides, valores microbiológicos y toxicológicos, así como la aceptabilidad sensorial conconsumidores de 20 a 40 años, utilizando métodos analíticos. Resultados y discusiones: Los resultados muestran aun CO-70 reducido en calorías con 555,9 ± 0,1 kcal; un nivel de azúcar de 35,45 g; un nivel de grasa de 35,12 g; contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados de 13,05 ± 0,03 g; uncontenido de proteínas de 11,88 g; una cantidad importantede polifenoles de 2,20 ± 0,15 g EAG en 100 g chocolate; libre de microorganismos patógenos y compuestos tóxicos;con una aceptabilidad sensorial de 70,80 % en consumidores peruanos. Conclusiones: Con el adecuado diseño y desarrollo deproductos se pueden obtener chocolates con calidad sensoria nutricional cada vez mejores, en beneficio de la salud del consumidor.(AU)

Introduction: The chocolates are processed in factoriesof high, medium, and small scale, where the cacao beansgo through different unit operations that provide the exected added value; however, it is important to control theingredients of the formulation: total sugars and saturatedfatty acids, which affects the overweight of the chocolateconsumer. Aim: To evaluate quality aspects of a dark chocolate 70 %cacao made from an optimized formula (CO-70) in terms ofenergy aspects, antioxidants components, safety and sensory. Materials and methods: The following were analyses nutritional values, antioxidant, and alkaloid components, microiological and toxicological, as well as sensory acceptabilitywith 20–40-year-old consumers, using analytical methods. Results and discussions: The CO-70 reduced in calorieswith 555.9 ± 0.1 kcal; a sugar level of 35.45 g; a fat level of35.12 g; unsaturated fatty acid content of 13.05 ± 0.03 g; aprotein content of 11.88 g; a significant number of polyphenols of 2.20 ± 0.15 g GAE in 100 g chocolate; free of pathogenic microorganisms and toxic compounds; with a sensoryacceptability of 70.80% in peruvian eaters. Conclusions: With the adequate design and developmentof products, chocolates with sensory and nutritional quality that are increasingly better for the health of the consumer canbe obtained.(AU)

Walnut inclusion in a palm oil-based atherogenic diet promotes traits predicting stable atheroma plaque in Apoe-deficient mice.

Introduction: The lower rates of cardiovascular disease in Southern Europe could be partially explained by the low prevalence of lipid-rich atheroma plaques. Consumption of certain foods affects the progression and severity of atherosclerosis. We investigated whether the isocaloric inclusion of walnuts within an atherogenic diet prevents phenotypes predicting unstable atheroma plaque in a mouse model of accelerated atherosclerosis. Methods: Apolipoprotein E-deficient male mice (10-week-old) were randomized to receive a control diet (9.6% of energy as fat, n = 14), a palm oil-based high-fat diet (43% of energy as fat, n = 15), or an isocaloric diet in which part of palm oil was replaced by walnuts in a dose equivalent to 30 g/day in humans (n = 14). All diets contained 0.2% cholesterol. Results: After 15 weeks of intervention, there were no differences in size and extension in aortic atherosclerosis among groups. Compared to control diet, palm oil-diet induced features predicting unstable atheroma plaque (higher lipid content, necrosis, and calcification), and more advanced lesions (Stary score). Walnut inclusion attenuated these features. Palm oil-based diet also boosted inflammatory aortic storm (increased expression of chemokines, cytokines, inflammasome components, and M1 macrophage phenotype markers) and promoted defective efferocytosis. Such response was not observed in the walnut group. The walnut group's differential activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB; downregulated) and Nrf2 (upregulated) in the atherosclerotic lesion could explain these findings. Conclusion: The isocaloric inclusion of walnuts in an unhealthy high-fat diet promotes traits predicting stable advanced atheroma plaque in mid-life mice. This contributes novel evidence for the benefits of walnuts, even in an unhealthy dietary environment.

Linseed oil supplementation and DGAT1 K232A polymorphism affect the triacylglycerol composition and crystallization of milk fat.

We studied the effect of dietary linseed oil (LSO) supplementation and DGAT1 K232A (DGAT1) polymorphism on the triacylglycerol composition and crystallization of bovine milk fat. LSO supplementation increased unsaturated triacylglycerols, notably in the C52-C54 carbon range, while reducing the saturated C29-C49 triacylglycerols. These changes were associated with an increase in the low-melting fraction and the crystal lamellar thickness, as well as a reduction in the medium and high-melting fractions and the formation of the most abundant crystal type at 20 °C (ß'-2 polymorph). Furthermore, DGAT1 KK was associated with higher levels of odd-chain saturated triacylglycerols than DGAT1 AA, and it was also associated with an increase in the high-melting fraction and the endset melting temperature. An interaction between diet and DGAT1 for the unsaturated C54 triacylglycerols accentuated the effects of LSO supplementation with DGAT1 AA. These findings show that genetic polymorphism and cows' diet can have considerable effects on milk fat properties.

Saturated and unsaturated triglyceride-enriched diets modify amino acid content in the mice hippocampus.

Elevated intake of fat modulates l-glutamate (l-Glu) turnover within the hippocampus (HIP). Our aim has been to investigate the effect of saturated vs unsaturated fat on the content of l-Glu and other amino acids involved in synaptic transmission within the HIP. The study was carried out in male mice fed (2 h or 8 weeks) with standard chow or with diets enriched either with saturated (SOLF) or unsaturated triglycerides (UOLF). An in vitro assay was performed in HIP slices incubated with palmitic (PA), oleic (OA), or lauric acid (LA). Amino acids were quantified by capillary electrophoresis. While both diets increased the amount of l-Glu and l-aspartate and decreased l-glutamine levels, only UOLF affected d-serine and taurine levels. γ-Aminobutyric acid was specifically decreased by SOLF. In vitro assays revealed that PA and OA modified l-Glu, glycine, l-serine and d-serine concentration. Our results suggest that fatty acids contained in SOLF and UOLF have an impact on HIP amino acid turnover that may account, at least partially, for the functional changes evoked by these diets.

Avocado Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in US Adults.

Background Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between avocado intake and long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk are lacking. Methods and Results This study included 68 786 women from the NHS (Nurses' Health Study) and 41 701 men from the HPFS (Health Professionals Follow-up Study; 1986-2016) who were free of cancer, coronary heart disease, and stroke at baseline. Diet was assessed using validated food frequency questionnaires at baseline and then every 4 years. Cox proportional hazards regressions were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% CIs. A total of 14 274 incident cases of CVD (9185 coronary heart disease events and 5290 strokes) were documented over 30 years of follow-up. After adjusting for lifestyle and other dietary factors, compared with nonconsumers, those with analysis-specific higher avocado intake (≥2 servings/week) had a 16% lower risk of CVD (pooled hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.95) and a 21% lower risk of coronary heart disease (pooled hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.68-0.91). No significant associations were observed for stroke. Per each half serving/day increase in avocado intake, the pooled hazard ratio for CVD was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.71-0.91). Replacing half a serving/day of margarine, butter, egg, yogurt, cheese, or processed meats with the equivalent amount of avocado was associated with a 16% to 22% lower risk of CVD. Conclusions Higher avocado intake was associated with lower risk of CVD and coronary heart disease in 2 large prospective cohorts of US men and women. The replacement of certain fat-containing foods with avocado could lead to lower risk of CVD.

Macronutrient Intake and Insulin Resistance in 5665 Randomly Selected, Non-Diabetic U.S. Adults.

The main goal of this investigation was to evaluate the relationships between several macronutrients and insulin resistance in 5665 non-diabetic U.S. adults. A secondary objective was to determine the extent to which the associations were influenced by multiple potential confounding variables. A cross-sectional design and 8 years of data from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used to answer the research questions. Ten macronutrients were evaluated: total carbohydrate, starch, simple carbohydrate, dietary fiber, total protein, total fat, saturated, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated, and total unsaturated fat. The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), based on fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels, was used to index insulin resistance. Age, sex, race, year of assessment, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and waist circumference were used as covariates. The relationships between total carbohydrate intake (F = 6.7, p = 0.0121), simple carbohydrate (F = 4.7, p = 0.0344) and HOMA-IR were linear and direct. The associations between fiber intake (F = 9.1, p = 0.0037), total protein (F = 4.4, p = 0.0393), total fat (F = 5.5, p = 0.0225), monounsaturated fat (F = 5.5, p = 0.0224), and total unsaturated fat (F = 6.5, p = 0.0132) were linear and inversely related to HOMA-IR, with 62 degrees of freedom. Starch, polyunsaturated fat, and saturated fat intakes were not related to HOMA-IR. In conclusion, in this nationally representative sample, several macronutrients were significant predictors of insulin resistance in U.S. adults.

Reduced phasic dopamine release and slowed dopamine uptake occur in the nucleus accumbens after a diet high in saturated but not unsaturated fat.

High-fat diets are linked with obesity and changes in dopamine neurotransmission. Mounting evidence shows that saturated fat impacts dopamine neurons and their terminal fields, but little is known about the effect a diet high in unsaturated fat has on the dopamine system. This study sought to determine whether fat type, saturated vs. unsaturated, differentially affected body weight, blood glucose regulation, locomotor behavior, and control of dopamine release and uptake at dopamine neuron terminals in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet or a nutrient-matched diet high in saturated fat (SF), unsaturated flaxseed oil (Flax) or a blend of the two fats. After 6-weeks, mice from each high-fat diet group gained significantly more weight than Controls, but the group fed Flax gained less weight than the SF group and had fasting blood glucose levels similar to Controls. Ex-vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry revealed the SF group also had significantly slower synaptic dopamine clearance and a reduced capacity for phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), but the Flax and Blend groups resembled Controls. These data show that different types of dietary fat have substantially different effects on metabolic phenotype and influence how dopamine terminals in the NAc regulate dopamine neurotransmission. Our data also suggests that a diet high in unsaturated fat may preserve normal metabolic and behavioral parameters as well as dopamine signaling in the NAc.

Recent advances on food-grade oleogels: Fabrication, application and research trends.

In order to improve the nutritional and quality characteristics of food, solid fats are widely used in food formulations. With the continuous improvement of consumers' awareness of health in recent years, substantial attempts have been carried out to find substitutes for solid fats to reduce saturated fatty acid content in foods. Oleogels have drawn increasing attention due to their attractive advantages such as easy fabrication, superior fatty acid composition and safe use in food products to satisfy consumers' demands for healthy products. This review provides the latest information on the diversified oleogel systems. The feasibility of oleogel and oleogel-based system as nutraceutical vehicles is elucidated. The type as well as concentration of oleogelators and the synergistic effect between two or more oleogelators are important factors affecting the properties of obtained oleogel. Oleogels used in nutraceutical delivery have been shown to offer increased loading amount, enhanced bioaccessibility and targeted or controlled release. These nutrients wrapped in oleogels may in turn affect the formation and properties of oleogels. Furthermore, the future perspectives of oleogels are discussed. The feasible research trends of food-grade oleogel include oleogel-based solid lipid particle, essential oil-in-oleogel system, delivery of probiotics, nutraceuticals co-delivery and microencapsulated oleogel.

Dietary Intake of Fatty Acids and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological findings on dietary fat intake and risk of pancreatic cancer (PanC) are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the association between types of dietary fat intake and PanC. METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based case-control study in 957 pathologically confirmed PanC cases and 938 cancer-free controls. Cases and controls were frequency matched by age, sex, and race. Dietary information was collected using a self-administered validated FFQ. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs of PanC risk by quintiles of fat intake with the lowest quintile as referent and with adjustment for other risk factors and dietary factors. RESULTS: We observed no difference in (median) intake of total fat standardized for energy among cases versus controls. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) of the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake (ORQ5 compared with Q1) was 2.51 (1.68-3.72) for fat from animal sources and 0.41 (0.29-0.58) for fat from plant sources. Intakes of total MUFA, total PUFA, and linoleic (n-6) and long chain n-3 fatty acids were inversely associated with PanC (ORQ5 compared with Q1 and 95% CI: 0.55 [0.36-0.82], 0.59 [0.42-0.82], 0.64 [0.43-0.84], and 0.60 [0.42-0.84], respectively). Arachidonic acid (n-6) and several SFAs were positively associated with PanC. CONCLUSION: Although some observed associations with pancreatic cancer risk could be explained by reverse causation, the potential protective associations with intakes of largely plant-derived PUFAs and MUFAs and fish-derived long chain n-3 PUFAs warrant further prospective investigation.

PNPLA3 Genotype, Arachidonic Acid Intake, and Unsaturated Fat Intake Influences Liver Fibrosis in Hispanic Youth with Obesity.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease impacts 15.2% of Hispanic adolescents and can progress to a build-up of scared tissue called liver fibrosis. If diagnosed early, liver fibrosis may be reversible, so it is necessary to understand risk factors. The aims of this study in 59 Hispanic adolescents with obesity were to: (1) identify potential biological predictors of liver fibrosis and dietary components that influence liver fibrosis, and (2) determine if the association between dietary components and liver fibrosis differs by PNPLA3 genotype, which is highly prevalent in Hispanic adolescents and associated with elevated liver fat. We examined liver fat and fibrosis, genotyped for PNPLA3 gene, and assessed diet via 24-h diet recalls. The prevalence of increased fibrosis was 20.9% greater in males, whereas participants with the GG genotype showed 23.7% greater prevalence. Arachidonic acid was associated with liver fibrosis after accounting for sex, genotype, and liver fat (ß = 0.072, p = 0.033). Intakes of several dietary types of unsaturated fat have different associations with liver fibrosis by PNPLA3 genotype after accounting for sex, caloric intake, and liver fat. These included monounsaturated fat (ßCC/CG = -0.0007, ßGG = 0.03, p-value = 0.004), polyunsaturated fat (ßCC/CG = -0.01, ßGG = 0.02, p-value = 0.01), and omega-6 (ßCC/CG = -0.0102, ßGG = 0.028, p-value = 0.01). Results from this study suggest that reduction of arachidonic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake might be important for the prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression, especially among those with PNPLA3 risk alleles.

Oral Unsaturated Fat Load Impairs Postprandial Systemic Inflammation in Primary Hypercholesterolemia Patients.

Context: Primary hypercholesterolemia (PH) is a lipid disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Low-grade systemic inflammation is associated with PH, which might explain the higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases in this setting. Objective: To evaluate the effect of an oral unsaturated fat load (OUFL) on different immune parameters and functional consequences in patients with PH in postprandial state. Design: A commercial liquid preparation of long-chain triglycerides (Supracal®; ω6/ω3 ratio >20/1, OUFL) was administered to 20 patients and 10 age-matched controls. Whole blood was collected before (fasting state) and 4 h after administration (postprandial state). Flow cytometry was employed to determine platelet and leukocyte activation, and the levels of circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Soluble markers were determined by ELISA, and the parallel-plate flow chamber was employed to study leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional arterial endothelium. Results: The PH group had a lower percentage of activated platelets and circulating type 1 monocytes, and blunted neutrophil activation after the OUFL, accompanied by a significant increase in the percentage of regulatory T lymphocytes. In this group, the OUFL led to a significant impairment of leukocyte adhesion to the dysfunctional [tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-stimulated] endothelium and reduced the plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor-4 (PF-4)/CXCL4, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, and TNFα. Conclusion: The OUFL has a beneficial impact on the pro-thrombotic and pro-inflammatory state of PH patients and might be a promising macronutrient approach to dampen the systemic inflammation associated with PH and the development of further cardiovascular events.

Impact of short-term overfeeding of saturated or unsaturated fat or sugars on the gut microbiota in relation to liver fat in obese and overweight adults.

BACKGROUNDS & AIMS: Intestinal microbiota may be causally involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We aimed to study the effect of short-term overfeeding on human gut microbiota in relation to baseline and overfeeding-induced liver steatosis. We also asked whether the baseline microbiota composition is associated to the overfeeding-induced increase in liver fat. METHODS: In a randomized trial, 38 overweight and obese subjects were assigned to consume an excess of 1000 kcal/day of diets rich in either saturated fat, unsaturated fat, or simple sugars for 3 weeks. Fasting blood samples and 1H-MR spectroscopy were used for extensive clinical phenotyping as previously reported (PMID: 29844096). Fecal samples were collected for the analysis of the gut microbiota using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, imputed metagenomics and qPCR. Microbiota results were correlated with dietary intakes and clinical measurements before and during overfeeding. RESULTS: The overall community structure of the microbiota remained highly stable and personalized during overfeeding based on between-sample Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, but the relative abundances of individual taxa were altered in a diet-specific manner: overfeeding saturated fat increased Proteobacteria, while unsaturated fat increased butyrate producers. Sugar overfeeding increased Lactococcus and Escherichia coli. Imputed functions of the gut microbiota were not affected by overfeeding. Several taxa affected by overfeeding significantly correlated with the changes in host metabolic markers. The baseline levels of proteobacterial family Desulfovibrionaceae, and especially genus Bilophila, were significantly associated to overfeeding-induced liver fat increase independently of the diet arm. In general, limited overlap was observed between the overfeeding-induced microbiota changes and the liver fat-associated microbiota features at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Our work indicates that the human gut microbiota is resilient to short-term overfeeding on community level, but specific taxa are altered on diet composition-dependent manner. Generalizable microbiota signatures directly associated with liver steatosis could not be identified. Instead, the carriage of Bilophila was identified as a potential novel risk factor for diet-induced liver steatosis in humans. Clinical trial registry number: NCT02133144 listed on NIH website: ClinicalTrials.gov.

The effect of selenium source on the oxidative status and performance of broilers reared at standard and high ambient temperatures.

1. This study investigated the oxidative status of broilers fed diets containing selenium (Se) from 14 to 35 d of age and reared at two different constant temperatures. Measurements of oxidative status included blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and plasma total antioxidant status (TAS). Other variables included feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), Se levels in breast and liver tissue, jejunal villus morphometry, percentage weight of organs in relation to body weight; apparent metabolisable energy adjusted for nitrogen (AMEn); dry matter retention (DMR); fat retention (FR) and nitrogen retention (NR).2. The experiment started at 14 d of age, when 240 birds were randomly allocated to 48 pens (12 pens in four rooms). Treatments included a control diet 1 (SFC; 209.4 g/kg CP and 12.98 MJ/kg ME and no added Se containing saturated fat); diet 2 (SFSe) the control plus 12.605 mg/kg Se additive; diet 3 (USFC) was a second control diet (208.2 g/kg CP and 13.10 MJ/kg ME with no added Se containing unsaturated fat as rapeseed oil); diet 4 (USFSe) was the latter control plus 12.605 mg/kg Se additive. Two rooms were kept at a standard temperature of 20°C (ST) and two rooms were kept at high temperature of 35°C (HT).3. A temperature x Se interaction existed for GSH-Px in birds reared at ST (P < 0.05), and these birds had the highest levels of Se in liver tissue (P < 0.05). Fat x Se interactions were evident in breast tissue with highest levels in USFSe (P < 0.05). Adding Se improved jejunal VH: CD in USFSe fed birds (P < 0.001).4. Birds reared at ST had higher FI and WG than those reared at HT (P < 0.001), and had lower FCR than those reared at HT (P < 0.05). AMEn (MJ/kg DM) and FR were higher in birds fed USF diets, and lowest in birds fed SF (P < 0.50 and P < 0.001 respectively). NR was highest in birds raised at ST (P < 0.50).5. Broiler growth performance was reduced by HT. Oxidative status and Se in liver tissue was improved by adding Se in both diets.

Public health guidelines should recommend reducing saturated fat consumption as much as possible: YES.

Based on decades of research, there is strong evidence that supports ongoing dietary recommendations to decrease intakes of SFAs and, more recently, to replace SFAs with unsaturated fat, including PUFAs and MUFAs. Epidemiologic research has shown that replacement of SFAs with unsaturated fat, but not refined carbohydrate and added sugars, is associated with a reduction in coronary heart disease events and death. There is much evidence from controlled clinical studies demonstrating that SFAs increase LDL cholesterol, a major causal factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. When each (nonprotein) dietary macronutrient isocalorically replaces SFA, the greatest LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect is seen with PUFA, followed by MUFA, and then total carbohydrate. New research on full-fat dairy products high in saturated fat, particularly fermented dairy foods, demonstrates some benefits for cardiometabolic diseases. However, compared with food sources of unsaturated fats, full-fat dairy products increase LDL cholesterol. Thus, current dietary recommendations to decrease SFA and replace it with unsaturated fat should continue to the basis for healthy food-based dietary patterns.

Gender differences on oxidative stress markers and complement component C3 plasma values after an oral unsaturated fat load test.

OBJECTIVE: Post-prandial lipaemia (PL), oxidative stress (OS), and complement component C3 (C3) values are related to the atherosclerosis process. The post-prandial response of C3 after an oral fat load test (OFLT) using unsaturated fat is poorly addressed. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the post-prandial response of OS markers and C3 values in men and women after an OFLT using unsaturated fat. METHODS: The study included a total of 22 healthy subjects with normal lipids and normal blood glucose (11 men and 11 pre-menopausal women). An oral unsaturated fat load test (OFLT: 50g fat per m2 body surface) was performed using a commercial liquid preparation of long chain triglycerides (Supracal®). OS markers and C3 were measured using standardized methods at fasting state and every 2h up to 8h after the OFLT. RESULTS: Men showed statistically significant higher C3, oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and oxidized-reduced glutathione (GSSG/GSH) ratio values at fasting state compared to that obtained in women. In addition, post-prandial C3 values and GSSG/GSH ratios were significantly higher in men compared to women. The GSSG value and GSSG/GSH ratio significantly decreased in men after the OFLT compared to fasting values. In contrast, the post-prandial OS markers decrease observed in women was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In fasting state, men showed higher statistically significant C3 values and OS markers than women. The post-prandial OS markers (GSSG and GSSG/GSH ratio) significantly decrease after the OFLT with unsaturated fat in men compared to women.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Lipoprotein Metabolism Are Associated with Blood Lipid Changes following Regular Avocado Intake in a Randomized Control Trial among Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

BACKGROUND: Avocados are rich in unsaturated fat and fiber; clinical trials have investigated their effects on metabolic disease. There is high variability in individual changes following avocado consumption, which may be in part due to individual genetic differences. OBJECTIVE: Secondary analyses of the Persea americana for Total Health (PATH) Study were used to examine how single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) impact blood lipid changes following a daily meal containing avocado compared with control. METHODS: Adults (n = 115, 37% male) aged 25-45 y with overweight and obesity were randomly assigned to receive a daily isocaloric meal with (intervention) or without (control) a standardized amount (males: 175 g; females: 140 g) of avocado for 12 wk. Control meals were higher in saturated fat (17% of energy compared with 7%) and lower in fiber (4 g compared with 16 g) than intervention meals. Whole venous blood was taken at baseline and 12 wk to determine total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Seventeen SNPs in 10 genes related to lipoprotein metabolism were genotyped. Effects of SNP, diet, and SNP-diet interactions were determined using general linear models. RESULTS: No group-by-time effects were detected for changes in TC (P = 0.96), HDL cholesterol (P = 0.28), or TG (P = 0.06) over 12 wk. Three SNP-diet interactions were associated with final TC concentrations: ANGPTL3-rs10889337 (P = 0.01), ANGPTL4-rs2278236 (P = 0.02), and CD36-rs10499859 (P = 0.01). SNPs in GCKR and LPL were associated with TC changes (P = 0.01). The interaction between GCKR-rs1260326 and diet was such that C-homozygotes receiving avocado (n = 23) had final TC concentrations that were significantly lower than the C-homozygotes in the control group (n = 20) (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Results from these exploratory analyses indicate that avocado consumption may help manage dyslipidemia in adults with overweight and obesity; however, effectiveness may differ by genetic profile. Understanding the role of genetic variation in variability following dietary intervention can potentially inform personalized nutrition recommendations.

Effects of high-fiber diets enriched with carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating short chain fatty acids: results from the OmniHeart randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; e.g., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are produced by microbial fermentation of fiber in the colon. Evidence is lacking on how high-fiber diets that differ in macronutrient composition affect circulating SCFAs. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to compare the effects of 3 high-fiber isocaloric diets differing in %kcal of carbohydrate, protein, or unsaturated fat on circulating SCFAs. Based on previous literature, we hypothesized that serum acetate, the main SCFA in circulation, increases on all high-fiber diets, but differently by macronutrient composition of the diet. METHODS: OmniHeart is a randomized crossover trial of 164 men and women (≥30 y old); 163 participants with SCFA data were included in this analysis. We provided participants 3 isocaloric high-fiber (∼30 g/2100 kcal) diets, each for 6 wk, in random order: a carbohydrate-rich (Carb) diet, a protein-rich (Prot) diet (protein predominantly from plant sources), and an unsaturated fat-rich (Unsat) diet. We used LC-MS to quantify SCFA concentrations in fasting serum, collected at baseline and the end of each diet period. We fitted linear regression models with generalized estimating equations to examine change in ln-transformed SCFAs from baseline to the end of each diet; differences between diets; and associations of changes in SCFAs with cardiometabolic parameters. RESULTS: From baseline, serum acetate concentrations were increased by the Prot (ß: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.35), Unsat (ß: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.33), and Carb (ß: 0.12; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.24) diets; between diets, only Prot compared with Carb was significant (P = 0.02). Propionate was decreased by the Carb (ß: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.03) and Unsat (ß: -0.10; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.04) diets, not the Prot diet; between diet comparisons of Carb vs. Prot (P = 0.006) and Unsat vs. Prot (P = 0.002) were significant. The Prot diet increased butyrate (ß: 0.05; 95% CI: 0.00, 0.09) compared with baseline, but not compared with the other diets. Increases in acetate were associated with decreases in insulin and glucose; increases in propionate with increases in leptin, LDL cholesterol, and blood pressure; and increases in butyrate with increases in insulin and glucose, and decreases in HDL cholesterol and ghrelin (Ps < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Macronutrient composition of high-fiber diets affects circulating SCFAs, which are associated with measures of appetite and cardiometabolic health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00051350.

Association between Macronutrient Intake and Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: An Iso-Caloric Substitution Analysis from the North West Adelaide Health Study.

Epidemiological evidence on the association between macronutrient intake and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is scarce. Using data from the North West Adelaide Health Study, we aimed to determine the association between iso-caloric substitution of macronutrients and EDS. Data from 1997 adults aged ≥ 24 years were analyzed. Daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, a score ≥ 11 was considered EDS. Dietary intake data were collected using a food frequency questionnaire. We determined absolute and relative energy intake based on consumption of saturated and unsaturated fats, protein, and carbohydrate. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to determine the associations using log-binomial logistic regression with and without iso-caloric substitution methods, and models were adjusted for confounders. The prevalence of EDS in the sample was 10.6%. After adjusting for potential confounders, substituting 5% energy intake from protein with an equal amount of saturated fat (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.00-2.45) and carbohydrate (OR = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.92-1.65) increased the odds of EDS. When carbohydrate was substituted with saturated fat (OR = 1.27; 95% CI: 0.93-1.59), the odds of EDS were increased. The odds of EDS were lower when saturated fat was substituted with unsaturated fat (OR = 0.74; 95% CI: 0.51-1.06), protein (OR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.41-0.99) or carbohydrate (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.57-1.08). While these results were consistent over different iso-caloric substitution methods, inconsistent results were found with standard regression. While substitution of fat and carbohydrate with protein was inversely associated with EDS, substitution of protein with fat and carbohydrate was positively associated with EDS. Randomized trials are needed to confirm if dietary interventions can be used to improve daytime alertness in those with EDS.