Representação de professoras em Mário de Andrade: Loucura e velhice / Representation of female teachers in Mário de Andrade: Madness and old age

O presente artigo busca analisar as representações de professoras presentes no conto "Atrás da Catedral de Ruão" (1947) e no romance Amar, verbo intransitivo (1944), ambos de Mário de Andrade, com ênfase nas questões insertas sobre a noção de velhice e loucura. São textos escritos sob a égide do Modernismo e que tematizaram as respectivas práticas pedagógicas, mas ressaltam também as angústias de mulheres trabalhadoras e itinerantes, que são malvistas por exercerem funções de natureza pública em espaços privados. Se por um lado era emblemático o fato de ser mulher, por outro, eram ainda mais acentuados os destaques feitos pelo escritor, pois a idade estava à mostra e a loucura era vista como condição inata de um gênero supostamente inferior. A literatura no presente estudo significou importante artefato cultural, também serviu como peculiar fonte para interpretação pelos historiadores do presente, de modo que o método aqui utilizado foi aquele sintetizado na noção de operação historiográfica preconizada por Michel de Certeau (1975/2020).

This paper analyzes the representations of female teachers in the short story "Behind Ruão's Cathedral" (1947) and in the novel "To Love, intransitive verb" (1944), both by Mário de Andrade, with emphasis on the questions about the notion of old age and madness. These texts were written under the aegis of Modernism, and they thematize the respective pedagogical practices, but also highlight the anguish of working and itinerant women, who are disliked for performing public functions in private spaces. If on the one hand it was emblematic that she was a woman, on the other, the writer's highlights were even more pronounced, for age was on display and madness was seen as an innate condition of a supposedly inferior gender. Literature in the present study meant an important cultural artifact, and also served as a peculiar source for interpretation by historians of the present, so that the method used here was that synthesized in the notion of historiographical operation advocated by Michel de Certeau (1975/2020).

Word prediction using closely and moderately related verbs in Down syndrome.

People with Down syndrome (DS) have several difficulties in language learning, and one of the areas most affected is language production. Theoretical frameworks argue that prediction depends on the production system. Yet, people with DS can predict upcoming nouns using semantically related verbs. Possibly, prediction skills in people with DS are driven by their associative mechanism rather than by the prediction mechanism based on the production system. This study explores prediction mechanisms in people with DS and their relationship with production skills. Three groups were evaluated in a preferential-looking task: young adults, children with DS, and a typically developing control group paired by sex and mental age. Participants saw two images, a target and a distractor. They also heard a sentence in one of the three conditions: with a verb that was closely related to the object (e.g., "The woman read the book"), with a verb that was moderately related to the object (e.g., "My uncle waited for the bus"), or with a verb that was unrelated to the object (e.g., "My sister threw a broom"). Their productive vocabulary was then measured. In the young adult and typically developing groups, the results showed prediction in sentences with highly and moderately related verbs. Participants with DS, however, showed prediction skills only in the highly related context. There was no influence of chronological age, mental age, or production on prediction skills. These results indicate that people with DS base prediction mainly on associative mechanisms and they have difficulty in generating top-down predictions.

Effects of tDCS applied over the left IFG and pSTG language areas on verb recognition task performance.

Knowledge about the relevance of the left inferior frontal gyrus (lIFG) and the left posterior superior temporal gyrus (lpSTG) in visual recognition of word categories is limited at present. tDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that alters cortical activity and excitability, and thus might be a useful tool for delineating the specific impact of both areas on word recognition. The objective of this study was to explore whether the visual recognition process of verb categories is improved by a single tDCS session. lIFG and lpSTG areas were separately modulated by anodal tDCS to evaluate its effects on verbal recognition. Compared to sham stimulation, motor reaction times (RTs) were reduced after anodal tDCS over the lpSTG, and this effect was independent of the performing hand (right/left). These findings suggest that this region is involved in visual word recognition independently from the performing hand.

Rekindling Action Language: A Neuromodulatory Study on Parkinson's Disease Patients.

Impairments of action semantics (a cognitive domain that critically engages motor brain networks) are pervasive in early Parkinson's disease (PD). However, no study has examined whether action semantic skills in persons with this disease can be influenced by non-invasive neuromodulation. Here, we recruited 22 PD patients and performed a five-day randomized, blinded, sham-controlled study to assess whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS) over the primary motor cortex, combined with cognitive training, can boost action-concept processing. On day 1, participants completed a picture-word association (PWA) task involving action-verb and object-noun conditions. They were then randomly assigned to either an atDCS (n = 11, 2 mA for 20 m) or a sham tDCS (n = 11, 2 mA for 30 s) group and performed an online PWA practice over three days. On day 5, they repeated the initial protocol. Relative to sham tDCS, the atDCS group exhibited faster reaction times for action (as opposed to object) concepts in the post-stimulation test. This result was exclusive to the atDCS group and held irrespective of the subjects' cognitive, executive, and motor skills, further attesting to its specificity. Our findings suggest that action-concept deficits in PD are distinctively grounded in motor networks and might be countered by direct neuromodulation of such circuits. Moreover, they provide new evidence for neurosemantic models and inform a thriving agenda in the embodied cognition framework.

Estabelecendo recombinação generalizada de relações substantivo-verbo por meio de treino em matriz para crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista / Establishing recombinative generalization of noun-verb relations through matrix training for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

O treino em matriz é um procedimento de ensino que implica na organização dos componentes do repertório a ser ensinado em dois eixos. Ele tem sido utilizado para favorecer a recombinação generalizada de repertórios verbais. No entanto, ainda que pessoas com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA) apresentem geralmente dificuldades na linguagem, verifica-se que poucos estudos investigaram os efeitos do treino em matriz para o estabelecimento de repertórios verbais nessa população. O presente estudo avaliou, a partir de um delineamento de linha de base múltipla entre participantes, o efeito do treino em matriz na indução de recombinação generalizada de relações substantivo-verbo, em português, para duas crianças com TEA. As relações substantivo-verbo de nove figuras foram organizadas em uma matriz 3x3, sendo ensinadas diretamente três relações e testadas as outras seis. Outras nove relações substantivo-verbo foram organizadas em uma segunda matriz 3x3, sendo todas apenas testadas. O procedimento foi eficaz no estabelecimento das relações substantivo-verbo para um dos participantes e ocasionou aumento na emissão de respostas corretas das relações para o outro. Discutem-se a ampliação da validade externa do efeito do treino em matriz para crianças com TEA, questões relativas ao estabelecimento de controle de estímulos e quadros autoclíticos nesse procedimento de ensino.

Matrix training is a teaching procedure that involves the organizing the components of the repertoire to be taught in two axes. It has been used to promote the generalized recombination of verbal repertoires. However, even though people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) usually present language difficulties, few studies have investigated the effects of matrix training on the establishment of verbal repertoires in this population. The present study evaluated, from a multiple participant multiple baseline design, the effect of matrix training on the induction of generalized recombination of noun-verb relations, in Portuguese, for two children with ASD. The noun-verb relations of nine figures were organized in a 3x3 matrix, with three relations being directly taught and the other six tested. Another nine noun-verb relations were organized in a second 3x3 matrix, all of which were just tested. The procedure was effective in establishing noun-verb relations for one of the participants and produced an increase in the issuance of correct responses of the relations for the other. The expansion of the external validity of the effect of matrix training for children with ASD, issues related to the establishment of stimulus control and autoclitic frames in this teaching procedure are discussed.

Processing verb-noun compound words in Spanish: Evidence from event-related potentials.

The following abstract contains 150 words: Studies regarding compound word processing have centred on Noun-noun words, which exhibit endocentricity. Nevertheless, other compound types, such as Spanish Verb-noun compounds, exhibit morphological particularities such as exocentricity, verb argument structure, and metaphorical features, increasing the attributes that may influence compound processing. We analysed whether these traits influenced Spanish Verb-noun compound processing. A lexical decision task was administrated with electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Following differences in argument structure and metaphorical traits, three compound types were presented: Agentives, Locatives, and Metaphoricals. Locatives were responded worse and slower than Agentives. Metaphoricals elicited increases in the P300 and P600-like components. Thus, verb argument structure and metaphorical processes influence Spanish Verb-noun compound processing. Similarly to endocentric English Noun-noun compounds, processing Spanish Verb-noun compounds involves specific conceptual operations. These conceptual combinations appear to be determined by the projection of verb argument structure and the mapping and assignation of thematic roles.

Verb-mediated anticipatory eye movements in people with Down syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Children and adults with neurotypical development employ linguistic information to predict and anticipate information. Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) have weaknesses in language production and the domain of grammar but relative strengths in language comprehension and the domain of semantics. What is not clear is the extent to which they can use linguistic information, as it unfolds in real time, to anticipate upcoming information correctly. AIMS: To investigate whether children and young people with DS employ verb information to predict and anticipate upcoming linguistic information. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A preferential looking task was performed, using an eye-tracker, with children and teenagers with DS and a typically developing (TD) control group matched by sex and mental age (average = 5.48 years). In each of 10 trials, two images were presented, a target and a distractor, while participants heard a phrase that contained a semantically informative verb (e.g., 'eat') or an uninformative verb (e.g., 'see'). OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Both DS and TD control participants could anticipate the target upon hearing an informative verb, and prediction skills were positively correlated with mental age in those with DS. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This work demonstrates for the first time that children and teenagers with DS can predict linguistic information based on semantic cues from verbs, and that sentence processing is driven by predictive relationships between verbs and arguments, as in children with typical development. Clinicians can take advantage of these prediction skills, using them in therapy to support weaker areas.

Progressive Compromise of Nouns and Action Verbs in Posterior Cortical Atrophy.

Processing of nouns and action verbs can be differentially compromised following lesions to posterior and anterior/motor brain regions, respectively. However, little is known about how these deficits progress in the course of neurodegeneration. To address this issue, we assessed productive lexical skills in a patient with posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) at two different stages of his pathology. On both occasions, he underwent a structural brain imaging protocol and completed semantic fluency tasks requiring retrieval of animals (nouns) and actions (verbs). Imaging results were compared with those of controls via voxel-based morphometry (VBM), whereas fluency performance was compared to age-matched norms through Crawford's t-tests. In the first assessment, the patient exhibited atrophy of more posterior regions supporting multimodal semantics (medial temporal and lingual gyri), together with a selective deficit in noun fluency. Then, by the second assessment, the patient's atrophy had progressed mainly toward fronto-motor regions (rolandic operculum, inferior and superior frontal gyri) and subcortical motor hubs (cerebellum, thalamus), and his fluency impairments had extended to action verbs. These results offer unprecedented evidence of the specificity of the pathways related to noun and action-verb impairments in the course of neurodegeneration, highlighting the latter's critical dependence on damage to regions supporting motor functions, as opposed to multimodal semantic processes.

Agarra, agarran: Evidence of early comprehension of subject-verb agreement in Spanish.

Studies across many languages (e.g., Dutch, English, Farsi, Spanish, Xhosa) have failed to show early acquisition of subject-verb (SV) agreement, whereas recent studies on French reveal acquisition by 30months of age. Using a similar procedure as in previous French studies, the current study evaluated whether earlier comprehension of SV agreement in (Mexican) Spanish can be revealed when task demands are lowered. Two experiments using a touch-screen pointing task tested comprehension of SV agreement by monolingual Spanish-speaking children growing up in Mexico City between about 3 and 5years of age. In Experiment 1, the auditory stimuli consisted of a transitive verb+pseudonoun object (e.g., agarra el micho 'he throws the micho' vs. agarran el duco 'they throw the duco'); results failed to show early comprehension of SV agreement, replicating previous findings. In Experiment 2, the same stimuli were used, with the crucial difference that the word objeto 'object' replaced all pseudonouns; results revealed SV agreement comprehension as early as 41 to 50months. Taken together, our findings show that comprehension at this age is facilitated when task demands are lowered, here by not requiring children to process pseudowords (even when these were not critical to the task). Hence, these findings underscore the importance of task-specific/stimulus-specific features when testing early morphosyntactic development and suggest that previous results may have underestimated Spanish-speaking children's competence.

El papel de estructura argumental en el procesamiento de los compuestos verbo-nombre del español: Evidencias experimentales / The role of semantic argument structure in spanish verb-noun compound words: Experimental evidence

Los compuestos verbo-nombre del español presentan la particularidad de carecer de un núcleo que aporte los rasgos morfológicos, de categoría o semántico-referenciales. El acceso al significado depende entonces de la relación que mantienen los constituyentes entre sí y no a partir de la identificación de un elemento nuclear, como ocurre en compuestos que poseen un lexema referencial (telaraña, bocacalle). Dentro del compuesto verbo-nombre, la relación semántica que se establece entre los constituyentes no es única. Si bien la estructura semántica prototípica responde al patrón agente-paciente (cortacésped), existen otras posibilidades argumentales, como las relaciones locativas (pasacalle). El estudio realizado tuvo como objetivo determinar hasta qué punto la estructura argumental proyectada por el verbo tiene una influencia en el procesamiento cognitivo de estas unidades. Primeramente, se llevó a cabo un juicio de aceptabilidad para asegurar que los estímulos se correspondieran con la realidad lingüística de los participantes del estudio experimental. A continuación, se administró una prueba de decisión léxica con compuestos que poseían distintos tipos de estructura argumental: (1) agente / paciente (algo que V a N, abrelatas), (2) agente / paciente menos prototípica (procesos metafóricos, chupasangre) y (3) locativos (lugar donde x hace V a N, guardamuebles). Los resultados muestran que los tiempos de decisión (respuesta) ante compuestos locativos fueron significativamente mayores que ante los prototípicos. Este resultado no puede ser explicado por diferencias en longitud o frecuencia de los compuestos o sus constituyentes, por lo que parecen apoyar la hipótesis de que la estructura argumental juega un rol central en el procesamiento de estas palabras.

Research on the processing of compound words offers important insights on how the mental lexicon is organized. It is a current topic in psycholinguistics if compound words are represented and processed as unitary lexical units (full-listing models) or only as individual constituents analyzed via acombinatorial mechanism (full-parsing models). There is enough experimental evidence that both mechanisms are involved (dual-route models). Several characteristics of the stimuli, like length, morphological family size, frequency of compounds and their constituents are important factors to determine how they are processed. Compound words are meaningful units that contain smaller meaningful units. Therefore, in the domain of compounds' studies, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain how only one interpretation is achieved from two independent meanings. Models that describe the construction of lexical semantic features in compound words, like APPLE - Automatic Progressive Parsing and Lexical Excitation (Libben 1994,1998) or CARIN - Competition Among Relations in Nominals (Gagné, 2000), are based on the notion of a morphological head. According to these theories the recognition of the head would trigger an interpretation of the whole word. In noun-noun compounds (pez espada, 'swordfish', telaraña 'spiderweb'), in which the head has the referential features, the identification of this head and the posterior clarification of the relationship with the non-head lexeme is the way to interpret the whole compound (pez 'fish' and tela 'web', respectively). However, not every compound has a head with the referential attributes inside. Verb-noun compounding is an extremely productive word-formation process in Romance languages. Spanish verb-noun compounds have the particularity of being exocentric: these constructions do not present a categorical, morphological or semantic head. Therefore, access to the meaning depends on the relationship between both of their constituent lexemes. For these units, the traditional distinction between semantically transparent and semantically opaque compounds is not suitable, because it doesn't take under consideration the projection of the argument structure by the verbal constituent. The semantic relationship established between the lexemes within a compound is not unique. While the prototypical semantic structure responds to the agent-patient pattern (cortacésped), there are other semantic possibilities, such as locative relationships (pasacalle). The present study addresses the issue of the comprehension of Spanish verb-noun compounds in order to provide evidence about the role of the argument structure projected by the first lexeme in the whole-word meaning. It is proposed that the argument structure of the verbal constituent has a cognitive influence on the processing and comprehension of these units. Firstly, an acceptability judgment test was administrated in order to identify a group of verb-noun compounds that were adequate for the Argentinean Spanish lexicon. Secondly, a lexical decision task was conducted with the stimuli selected as acceptable. Thirty native speakers (20 females), ranged in age from 19 to 34 years old, with at least 12 years of schooling, participated in the experiment. The lexical decision task included three types of compounds according to their argument structure: (1) Agent / patient (abrelatas), (2) Agent / patient with less prototypical features or metaphorical processes (chupasangre), and (3) locatives (guardamuebles). Stimuli were matched according to the whole-word and constituent frequency and length. For the statistical analysis, ANOVAs were calculated for error rates and response times (RTs) for each condition. Results show that reaction times (answers) to locative compounds were significantly higher than to agent-patient compounds. This contrast cannot be explained by differences in frequency or length, of the compounds or their constituents. Consequently, the present results seem to support the hypothesis that argument structure plays a central role in the processing of these words.

Does previous presentation of verbal fluency tasks affect verb fluency performance? / A apresentação prévia de tarefas de fluência verbal afeta o desempenho da fluência de verbos?

Background : Performance on the verb fluency (VF) task may be influenced by administration procedures and demographic factors of each population. Objective : The aim of this study was to verify whether the previous administration of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tasks can influence performance on VF; and to analyze the correlation of VF performance with education, age and type of errors in Brazilian healthy elderly. Methods : Sixty-two participants were subdivided into experimental (semantic and the phonemic fluency tasks were administered before the VF) and control groups (VF only). The total score and the types of errors on the VF task were determined. Additional information was computed for the correlational analysis. Results : VF performance did not differ statistically between experimental and control groups, but correlated positively with education and negatively with intrusions. Conclusion : The lack of influence of other verbal fluency tasks on performance of the VF task in elderly individuals allows the use of this order of administration. A strong influence of educational level on VF task performance reinforces the need for further studies in different populations.

Introdução : O desempenho na tarefa de fluência de verbos (FV) pode ser influenciado pelo modo de administração e por fatores sócio-demográficos de cada população. Objetivo : Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a administração prévia das tarefas de fluência verbal (fluência semântica e fonêmica) poderia influenciar no desempenho da FV, assim como analisar a correlação da FV com escolaridade, idade e tipos de erros em Brasileiros idosos saudáveis. Métodos : Sessenta e dois participantes foram divididos em grupo experimental (fluências semântica e fonêmica foram aplicadas antes da FV) e em grupo controle (apenas a FV foi aplicada). O escore total e os tipos de erros da FV foram verificados. Informações adicionais foram consideradas para a análise de correlação. Resultados : Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos experimental e controle quanto ao desempenho da FV. A FV se correlacionou positivamente com a escolaridade e negativamente com as intrusões. Conclusão : A falta de influência de outras tarefas de fluência verbal no desempenho da FV em indivíduos idosos permite o uso dessa ordem de administração. Uma forte influência da escolaridade sobre o desempenho da FV reforça a necessidade de estudos em diferentes populações.

Does previous presentation of verbal fluency tasks affect verb fluency performance?

BACKGROUND: Performance on the verb fluency (VF) task may be influenced by administration procedures and demographic factors of each population. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to verify whether the previous administration of semantic and phonemic verbal fluency tasks can influence performance on VF; and to analyze the correlation of VF performance with education, age and type of errors in Brazilian healthy elderly. METHODS: Sixty-two participants were subdivided into experimental (semantic and the phonemic fluency tasks were administered before the VF) and control groups (VF only). The total score and the types of errors on the VF task were determined. Additional information was computed for the correlational analysis. RESULTS: VF performance did not differ statistically between experimental and control groups, but correlated positively with education and negatively with intrusions. CONCLUSION: The lack of influence of other verbal fluency tasks on performance of the VF task in elderly individuals allows the use of this order of administration. A strong influence of educational level on VF task performance reinforces the need for further studies in different populations.

INTRODUÇÃO: O desempenho na tarefa de fluência de verbos (FV) pode ser influenciado pelo modo de administração e por fatores sócio-demográficos de cada população. OBJETIVO: Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se a administração prévia das tarefas de fluência verbal (fluência semântica e fonêmica) poderia influenciar no desempenho da FV, assim como analisar a correlação da FV com escolaridade, idade e tipos de erros em Brasileiros idosos saudáveis. MÉTODOS: essenta e dois participantes foram divididos em grupo experimental (fluências semântica e fonêmica foram aplicadas antes da FV) e em grupo controle (apenas a FV foi aplicada). O escore total e os tipos de erros da FV foram verificados. Informações adicionais foram consideradas para a análise de correlação. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos experimental e controle quanto ao desempenho da FV. A FV se correlacionou positivamente com a escolaridade e negativamente com as intrusões. CONCLUSÃO: A falta de influência de outras tarefas de fluência verbal no desempenho da FV em indivíduos idosos permite o uso dessa ordem de administração. Uma forte influência da escolaridade sobre o desempenho da FV reforça a necessidade de estudos em diferentes populações.

A aquisição da morfologia de verbos regulares no português brasileiro: uma abordagem da lingüística cognitiva / The acquisition of regular verb morphology in brazilian portuguese: a cognitive linguistics approach

A pesquisa em Lingüística Cognitiva no Brasil tem crescido de maneira considerável nos últimos anos. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a aquisição da linguagem que adotam o aporte teórico da Lingüística Cognitiva. Com o objetivo de preencher essa lacuna, o presente estudo investigou a produtividade de uma criança pequena no que tange o uso das diferentes flexões dos verbos regulares em português, em duas ocasiões diferentes: quando a criança tinha 1 ano e 10 meses de idade e quando ela tinha 2 anos e 2 meses de idade. Os dados foram retirados do banco de dados do projeto CHILDES. Apesar de ter havido um desenvolvimento significativo entre as duas ocasiões no uso das flexões verbais, os resultados sugerem que, em consonância com o paradigma da Lingüística Cognitiva, o conhecimento da morfossintaxe de verbos se desenvolve de forma gradual e é inicialmente pouco abstrato. As implicações desses resultados para uma teoria sobre a aquisição da linguagem são discutidas.

In recent years, there has been an increasing body of research on Cognitive Linguistics in Brazil. However, few studies have investigated first language acquisition from a Cognitive Linguistics viewpoint. The present study is an attempt to fill in this gap. The productivity of a young Brazilian Portuguese-speaking boy with regard to the use of regular verbs was investigated at two different times: when he was 1 year and 10 months old, and when he was 2 years and 2 months old. The data were taken from the CHILDES database. Although there was a significant progress between Times 1 and 2, results suggest that the knowledge of the morphosyntax of verbs develops gradually, being initially non-schematic, which is consistent with the Cognitive Linguistics framework. The implications of these results for a theory of language acquisition are discussed.

A aquisição da morfologia de verbos regulares no português brasileiro: uma abordagem da lingüística cognitiva / The acquisition of regular verb morphology in brazilian portuguese: a cognitive linguistics approach

A pesquisa em Lingüística Cognitiva no Brasil tem crescido de maneira considerável nos últimos anos. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a aquisição da linguagem que adotam o aporte teórico da Lingüística Cognitiva. Com o objetivo de preencher essa lacuna, o presente estudo investigou a produtividade de uma criança pequena no que tange o uso das diferentes flexões dos verbos regulares em português, em duas ocasiões diferentes: quando a criança tinha 1 ano e 10 meses de idade e quando ela tinha 2 anos e 2 meses de idade. Os dados foram retirados do banco de dados do projeto CHILDES. Apesar de ter havido um desenvolvimento significativo entre as duas ocasiões no uso das flexões verbais, os resultados sugerem que, em consonância com o paradigma da Lingüística Cognitiva, o conhecimento da morfossintaxe de verbos se desenvolve de forma gradual e é inicialmente pouco abstrato. As implicações desses resultados para uma teoria sobre a aquisição da linguagem são discutidas.(AU)

In recent years, there has been an increasing body of research on Cognitive Linguistics in Brazil. However, few studies have investigated first language acquisition from a Cognitive Linguistics viewpoint. The present study is an attempt to fill in this gap. The productivity of a young Brazilian Portuguese-speaking boy with regard to the use of regular verbs was investigated at two different times: when he was 1 year and 10 months old, and when he was 2 years and 2 months old. The data were taken from the CHILDES database. Although there was a significant progress between Times 1 and 2, results suggest that the knowledge of the morphosyntax of verbs develops gradually, being initially non-schematic, which is consistent with the Cognitive Linguistics framework. The implications of these results for a theory of language acquisition are discussed.(AU)

Efeitos de diferentes contingências sobre o uso de tempos verbais na construção de frases / Effects of different contingencies on the use of verbal tenses in sentence making

Foram investigados efeitos de ganho e perda de pontos sobre a utilização de tempos verbais na construção de frases. Por meio do aplicativo VERBAL 2.0 (Tomanari, Matos, Pavão, & Benassi, 1990), 101 estudantes foram submetidos a uma tarefa na qual construíam frases utilizando seis possíveis tempos verbais. Na fase experimental, em diferentes grupos de participantes, o uso do Pretérito Imperfeito ou Futuro do Presente foi conseqüenciado por ganho (maior vs. menor), manutenção ou perda (maior vs. menor) de pontos em relação à conseqüência alternativa produzida pelo uso de qualquer um dos demais cinco tempos verbais. Resultados mostraram um aumento na freqüência do uso dos tempos verbais selecionados para reforçamento, demonstrando, assim, o controle operante sobre o uso destes na construção de frases. Pares distintos de contingências (ganho ou perda vs. manutenção de pontos) produziram efeitos reforçadores mais acentuados do que pares similares (ganho ou perda maior vs. menor de pontos), especialmente no uso do Futuro do Presente. Por meio do procedimento proposto, torna-se possível a investigação sistemática dos efeitos de contingências potencialmente aversivas sobre o comportamento verbal humano.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of earning and losing points contingent on the use of verbal tenses in sentence construction. In the experiment, 101 students were exposed to a computerized task in which sentences were constructed by selecting one of six different verbal tenses. In the experimental phase, and in different participant groups, the use of either Imperfect Past or Future was followed by the maintenance of points, the earning of a higher vs. a lower number of points, or the loss of a higher vs. a lower number of points relative to the use of any of the other five available verbal tenses. Results showed that the contingencies involving earning points (vs. the maintenance of points) and maintenance of points (vs. loss of points) generally produced greater reinforcing effects on the use of verbal tenses than the contingencies involving earning and losing points with higher vs. lower magnitude, particularly with respect to the Future tense. The present procedure describes alternative methods of investigating the effects of potentially aversive contingencies on human verbal behavior.