Speciation of copper and zinc compounds relevant for the hazard property (HP) 14 classification of municipal solid waste incineration bottom and fly ashes.

The analysis of the presence and content of substances that are toxic to aquatic life in waste is essential for classification of waste with regard to hazard property (HP) 14 'ecotoxic'. For the determination of HP14 classified copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) compounds in various municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes (IBA) and one fly ash (FA) from Germany we applied X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy in combination with linear combination fitting. The analysis showed that approx. 50-70% of Cu in the IBA are Cu(I) compounds and elemental Cu(0), but these compounds were not equally distributed in the different IBA. In contrast, the majority (approx. 50-70%) of Zn in all IBA is elemental zinc, which originates from brass or other alloys and galvanized metals with a large content of zinc in the waste. The FA contain higher mass fraction on Zn and other toxic elements, but similar Cu and Zn species. Additional performed selective extraction at a pH of 4 with an organic acid of some IBA showed that the ecotoxic Zn fraction is mainly elemental zinc and zinc oxide. In contrast, for the ecotoxic Cu fraction within the IBA no specific compound could be identified. Furthermore, the XANES analysis showed that the HP14 properties of especially Cu in IBA is overestimated with current best-practice guidelines for sample processing for the current substance-related approach with the 0.1% cut-off rule for each substance. However, it should be considered whether it would not be better from an environmental point of view to take the ecotoxicologically leachable copper and zinc as a reference value.

Remediation of Fluoride-Contaminated Wastes: Chelator-Assisted Washing and Subsequent Immobilization Using CaO and H3PO4.

Fluoride (F) contamination in industrial waste is a significant challenge for sustainable materials recycling. Existing techniques for mitigating F contamination focus on immobilization, converting F compounds to insoluble forms while leaving the total F content untreated. Chelator-assisted washing is considered a promising alternative remediation strategy that can indirectly release F by entrapping and dissolving F-bearing minerals. This study evaluates the effectiveness of chelator-assisted washing in removing F from three real F-contaminated waste samples (TCS-49, TCS-51, and TCS-52) by treating with four different chelators, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediamine N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), and 3-hydroxy-2,2'-imino disuccinic acid (HIDS). The influence of key washing variables, including chelator type, solution pH, chelator concentration, washing time, and liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio toward F extraction was assessed and optimized for attaining the maximum extraction. All chelators exhibited the highest F extraction from TCS-49 and TCS-51 at pH 11, whereas in TCS-52 it showed a discrete extraction pattern. Under optimized conditions (concentration, 10 mmol L-1; pH, 11; washing duration, 3 hours; and L/S ratio, 10:1), EDTA outperformed the other chelators, enhancing F extraction by 2.1 and 1.2 times for TCS-49 and TCS-51, respectively, compared with those of control treatments. However, for TCS-52, the efficiency of EDTA was analogous to that of the control under the same washing conditions. The linear correlation between the extracted F and F-containing minerals suggests that the chelator-induced F removal from contaminated waste involves the entrapment and dissolution of F-bearing minerals, especially Ca and Fe. The subsequent post-washing immobilization of chelator-washed waste residues using CaO or H3PO4 significantly reduced the content of leachable F under the regulatory limit.

'Primary' antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants.

There are anywhere from 5 to 8 priority antibiotics in typical wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) whose concentrations exceed the maximum allowed, out of 12 priority antibiotics designated by the World Health Organization as the species to pose severe health hazard than others. If the priority antibiotics to deal with could be reduced to just one or two, such reduction would greatly simplify the construction and operation of the treatment plants. Introduced here is a concept of 'primary' antibiotic, the abatement of which ensures mitigation of all the other priority antibiotics in the wastewater. A criterion for determining primary antibiotic is developed. For a demonstration of the approach, the wastewater systems treated with solar-based photocatalysts are considered. The criterion reveals that the primary antibiotic in the typical European WWTP as well as in the typical municipal and hospital wastewater is ciprofloxacin, whereas the typical industrial wastewater contains ciprofloxacin and oxytetracycline.

Resource recovery and treatment of wastewaters using filamentous fungi.

Industrial wastewater, often characterized by its proximity to neutral pH, presents a promising opportunity for fungal utilization despite the prevalent preference of fungi for acidic conditions. This review addresses this discrepancy, highlighting the potential of certain industrial wastewaters, particularly those with low pH levels, for fungal biorefinery. Additionally, the economic implications of biomass recovery and compound separation, factors that require explicit were emphasized. Through an in-depth analysis of various industrial sectors, including food processing, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and paper-pulp, this study explores how filamentous fungi can effectively harness the nutrient-rich content of wastewaters to produce valuable resources. The pivotal role of ligninolytic enzymes synthesized by fungi in wastewater purification is examined, as well as their ability to absorb metal contaminants. Furthermore, the diverse benefits of fungal biorefinery are underscored, including the production of protein-rich single-cell protein, biolipids, enzymes, and organic acids, which not only enhance environmental sustainability but also foster economic growth. Finally, the challenges associated with scaling up fungal biorefinery processes for wastewater treatment are critically evaluated, providing valuable insights for future research and industrial implementation. This comprehensive analysis aims to elucidate the potential of fungal biorefinery in addressing industrial wastewater challenges while promoting sustainable resource utilization.

Recycling and Reuse of Spent LIBs: Technological Advances and Future Directions.

Recovering valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), a kind of solid waste with high pollution and high-value potential, is very important. In recent years, the extraction of valuable metals from the cathodes of spent LIBs and cathode regeneration technology are still rapidly developing (such as flash Joule heating technology to regenerate cathodes). This review summarized the studies published in the recent ten years to catch the rapid pace of development in this field. The development, structure, and working principle of LIBs were firstly introduced. Subsequently, the recent developments in mechanisms and processes of pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy for extracting valuable metals and cathode regeneration were summarized. The commonly used processes, products, and efficiencies for the recycling of nickel-cobalt-manganese cathodes (NCM/LCO/LMO/NCA) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes were analyzed and compared. Compared with pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the regeneration method was a method with a higher resource utilization rate, which has more industrial application prospects. Finally, this paper pointed out the shortcomings of the current research and put forward some suggestions for the recovery and reuse of spent lithium-ion battery cathodes in the future.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of waste streams originating from wastewater treatment plants.

BACKGROUND: Achieving climate neutrality is a goal that calls for action in all sectors. The requirements for improving waste management and reducing carbon emissions from the energy sector present an opportunity for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to introduce sustainable waste treatment practices. A common biotechnological approach for waste valorization is the production of sugars from lignocellulosic waste biomass via biological hydrolysis. WWTPs produce waste streams such as sewage sludge and screenings which have not yet been fully explored as feedstocks for sugar production yet are promising because of their carbohydrate content and the lack of lignin structures. This study aims to explore the enzymatic hydrolysis of various waste streams originating from WWTPs by using a laboratory-made and a commercial cellulolytic enzyme cocktail for the production of sugars. Additionally, the impact of lipid and protein recovery from sewage sludge prior to the hydrolysis was assessed. RESULTS: Treatment with a laboratory-made enzyme cocktail produced by Irpex lacteus (IL) produced 31.2 mg sugar per g dry wastewater screenings. A commercial enzyme formulation released 101 mg sugar per g dry screenings, corresponding to 90% degree of saccharification. There was an increase in sugar levels for all sewage substrates during the hydrolysis with IL enzyme. Lipid and protein recovery from primary and secondary sludge prior to the hydrolysis with IL enzyme was not advantageous in terms of sugar production. CONCLUSIONS: The laboratory-made fungal IL enzyme showed its versatility and possible application beyond the typical lignocellulosic biomass. Wastewater screenings are well suited for valorization through sugar production by enzymatic hydrolysis. Saccharification of screenings represents a viable strategy to divert this waste stream from landfill and achieve the waste treatment and renewable energy targets set by the European Union. The investigation of lipid and protein recovery from sewage sludge showed the challenges of integrating resource recovery and saccharification processes.

The dominant-substrate driven the enhanced performance in co-digestion of Pennisetum hybrid and livestock waste.

Co-digestion has been considered a promising method to improve methane yield. The effect of the proportion of dominant substrate on the performance and microbial community of anaerobic digestion of Pennisetum hybrid (PH) and livestock waste (LW) was investigated. An obvious synergistic effect was obtained with an increase of 15.20%-17.45% in specific methane yield compared to the predicted value. Meanwhile, the dominant substrate influenced the relational model between methane yield enhancement rate and mixture ratio. For the LW-dominant systems, a parabolic model between enhancement rate and mixture ratio was observed with a highest value of 392.16 mL/g VS achieved at a PH:LW ratio of 2:8. While a linear pattern appeared for PH-dominant systems with the highest methane yield of 307.59 mL/g VS. Co-digestion selectively enriched the relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Terrisporobacter, Syntrophomonas, Methanosarcina and Methanobacterium, which boosted the performance of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis processes.

Study on the Preparation and Compressive Strength of Boron Mud-Based Basic Magnesium Sulfate Cement.

The direct discharge of boron mud poses significant environmental hazards to soil and groundwater. Despite extensive research efforts, the reprocessing of boron mud has not yielded significant advancements. Recently, the development of magnesium cement has spurred interest in the reutilization of boron mud. However, the direct treatment of boron mud remains challenging, necessitating pre-treatment in most studies to achieve substantial results. Consequently, research on the direct incorporation of untreated boron mud is scarce. This study explores the feasibility of using uncalcined boron mud as a base material in basic magnesium sulfate cement (BMSC), composed of lightly calcined magnesia and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. The effects of varying boron mud content on the compressive strength of the BMSC system were investigated. The results indicate that the 5·1·7 phase is the primary strength phase of BMSC. When the boron mud content is 30%, the uncalcined boron mud has a minimal impact on the formation of the 5·1·7 phase. Additionally, the 28 days compressive strength of BMSC-B30 showed a slight difference compared to the control group BMSC-C, registering at 66.7 MPa. TG-DSC analysis revealed that the presence of a small amount of boron mud inhibits the micro-expansion trend of the BMSC structure. Furthermore, XRD and SEM analyses confirmed that the addition of uncalcined boron mud does not significantly alter the phase structure of the 5·1·7 phase in BMSC. This study provides a foundational basis for the long-term development of direct boron mud treatment.

Acidithiobacillus species mediated mineral weathering promotes lead immobilization in ferric-silica microstructures at sulfidic tailings.

Immobilization and stabilization of heavy metals (HMs) in sulfidic and metallic tailings are critical to long-term pollution control and sustainable ecological rehabilitation. This study aims to unravel immobilization mechanisms of Pb (Ⅱ) in the neoformed hardpan structure resulting from Acidithiobacillus spp. accelerated bioweathering of sulfides in the presence of silicates. It was found that the bioweathered mineral composite exhibited an elevated Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption capacity compared to that of natural weathered mineral composite. A suit of microspectroscopic techniques such as synchrotron-based X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) indicated that secondary Fe-bearing minerals, functional groups, and surface properties in the neoformed hardpan were key factors contributing to Pb (Ⅱ) adsorption and immobilization in ferric-silica microstructures. The underlying mechanisms might involve surface adsorption-complexation, dissolution-precipitation, electrostatic attraction, and ion exchange. Microbial communities within the muscovite groups undergoing bioweathering processes demonstrated distinctive survival strategies and community composition under the prevailing geochemical conditions. This proof of concept regarding Pb (Ⅱ) immobilization in microbial transformed mineral composite would provide the basis for scaling up trials for developing field-feasible methodology to management HMs pollution in sulfidic and metallic tailings in near future.

Performance test and analysis of tetracycline degradation using a Micro-Nano Bubble system.

Antibiotics and organic residues from Tetracycline (TC) and other pharmaceuticals administered to aquatic living organism have negative impacts on aquatic environment by killing-off non-target living organisms and developing antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this study, Micro-Nano Bubble (MNB) system was used to remove TC residues. MNB system demonstrated good level of degradation efficiency, as resulted in experiment where in time of 100 min, the TC degraded at rate of 82.66% from its initial concentration of TC when the initial concentration was 1 mg/L. When the initial concentration was increased to 10 mg/L, MNB system degraded TC at 64.35% of their initial, this means MNB system demonstrated good level of efficiency for TC removal and indicated that it is more efficient in TC degradation under the conditions of low initial TC concentration and high availability of dissolved oxygen (DO). In the system as the temperature increased there was a significant decrease in DO saturation which was related to the TC complex structure that contain multiple function groups such as amino groups, hydroxyl and carboxyl which possess high strong affinity with oxygen that leads to their adsorption onto bubble surface. This study provides significant insights into the application of MNB system for the removal of organic residues within aquatic ecosystem and underscores the need for further exploration of MNB technology for environmental remediation.

Energy from waste biomass: an LCA study on a biofuel cell at early design stage.

Diversifying energy sources and managing waste biomass are two pressing contemporary issues. The new technology proposed in this study aims to address both by converting waste biomass into energy and fertilizer through the use of a biofuel cell (BFC). The purpose of this study is to assess the environmental impacts associated with this innovative technology through a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). To achieve the goal, the production and use of the cell were modelled, considering both laboratory-scale operations and industrial-scale approximations. The study explored alternative scenarios, such as sensitivity analyses involving different acids and bases, renewable energy sources, and heat recovery. Comparisons with conventional biomass waste treatments (anaerobic digestion and composting) demonstrated that the BFC technology remains competitive. To further improve the BFC's environmental footprint, efforts should focus on reducing energy requirements and enhancing nutrient recovery during scale-up. These insights are crucial for advancing sustainable waste treatment technologies and maximizing the potential of discarded biomass in an environmentally friendly manner.

Modification of Anaerobic Digestion Model No. 1 for modeling anaerobic digestion of cattle manure with changing solids retention time.

In this study, Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) was modified to incorporate changes in biochemical parameters due to solids retention time (SRT) variations. Cattle manure (CM) and thermally hydrolyzed CM were selected for testing. Continuous anaerobic digestion reactors were operated under different SRT conditions ranging from 6.6 to 36.0 days for both samples. The biochemical parameters (kch, kli, kpr, um,ac, um,bu, um,pro, um,va, Kac, Kbu, Kpro, and Kva) for each SRT condition were determined. To modify ADM1, the equations obtained through linear regression were substituted into biochemical parameters as a function of SRT. The modified ADM1 demonstrated superior accuracy compared with conventional ADM1. This study implies the feasibility of optimizing biochemical parameters for modeling in response to changes in environmental variables.

Co-occurrence of dominant bacteria and methanogenic archaea and their metabolic traits in a thermophilic anaerobic digester.

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) represents a promising biotechnology for both methane energy production and waste stream treatment. However, numerous critical microorganisms and their metabolic characteristics involved in this process remain unidentified due to the limitations of culturable isolates. This study investigated the phylogenetic composition and potential metabolic traits of bacteria and methanogenic archaea in a TAD system using culture-independent metagenomics. Predominant microorganisms identified in the stable phase of TAD included hydrogenotrophic methanogens (Methanothermobacter and Methanosarcina) and hydrogen-producing bacteria (Coprothermobacter, Acetomicrobium, and Defluviitoga). Nine major metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) associated with the dominant genera were selected to infer their metabolic potentials. Genes related to thermal resistance were widely found in all nine major MAGs, such as the molecular chaperone genes, Clp protease gene, and RNA polymerase genes, which may contribute to their predominance under thermophilic condition. Thermophilic temperatures may increase the hydrogen partial pressure of Coprothermobacter, Acetomicrobium, and Defluviitoga, subsequently altering the primary methanogenesis pathway from acetoclastic pathway to hydrogenotrophic pathway in the TAD. Consequently, genes encoding the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis pathway were the most abundant in the recovered archaeal MAGs. The potential interaction between hydrogen-producing bacteria and hydrogenotrophic methanogens may play critical roles in TAD processes.

Traded Plastic, Traded Impacts? Designing Counterfactual Scenarios to Assess Environmental Impacts of Global Plastic Waste Trade.

The global trade of plastic waste has raised environmental concerns, especially regarding pollution in waste-importing countries. However, the overall environmental contribution remains unclear due to uncertain treatment shares between handling plastic waste abroad and domestically. Here, we conduct a life cycle assessment of global plastic waste trade in 2022 across 18 countries and six plastic waste types, alongside three "nontrade" counterfactual scenarios. By considering the required cycling rate, which balances importers' costs and recycling revenues, we find that the trade resulted in lower environmental impacts than treating domestically with the average treatment mix. The trade scenario alone reduced climate change impact by 2.85 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent and mitigated damages to ecosystem quality, human health, and resource availability by 12 species-years, 6200 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and 1.4 billion United States dollars (USD in 2013), respectively. These results underscore the significance of recognizing plastic waste trade as a pivotal factor in regulating global secondary plastic production when formulating a global plastics treaty.

Detoxification of vancomycin fermentation residue by hydrothermal treatment and pyrolysis: Chemical analysis and toxicity tests.

Vancomycin fermentation residue (VFR) is a by-product of the pharmaceutical industry with high ecotoxicity caused by the residual antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and heavy metals (HMs). In this study, the detoxification effect of hydrothermal treatment (HT) and pyrolysis for VFR was assessed using chemical analysis and toxicity tests. When VFR was subjected to HT and pyrolysis at ≥400 °C, more than 99.70 % of the residual vancomycin and all ARGs were removed. The HMs contents in VFR followed the order of manganese (676.2 mg/kg) > zinc (148.6 mg/kg) > chromium (25.40 mg/kg) > copper (17.20 mg/kg), and they were highly bioavailable and easily leached. However, HT and pyrolysis (≥400 °C) substantially reduced the bioavailable fractions and leaching properties of the HMs. After HT and pyrolysis at ≥ 400 °C, the potential ecological risk of HMs in VFR was reduced from considerable to moderate/low levels. The elutriate acute toxicity test suggested that HT and pyrolysis at ≥ 400 °C effectively reduced the toxicity of VFR to an acceptable level (p < 0.05). This study demonstrates that HT and pyrolysis (≥400 °C) are promising methods for treating VFR and detoxifying it, and the treated products are safe for further reutilization.

The effects of microalgae use as a biofertilizer on soil and plant before and after its anaerobic (co-)digestion with food waste.

The increase in food waste generation has resulted in significant challenges for its sustainable management. Anaerobic digestion coupled with microalgae-based ponds for digestate treatment can be used as a low-cost eco-friendly technology approach. In this case, microalgal biomass harvested from the ponds may be valorized into bioenergy (biogas) and soil conditioner and/or biofertilizers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the microalgal biomass produced from a food waste digestate treatment ponds as agricultural fertilizer. For this purpose, microalgal biomass was tested before and after anaerobic digestion and co-digestion with food waste, exploring its potential for valorization. The inorganic fertilizer urea and soil with no fertilization were also used as treatments. The experimental design consisted of applying the treatments in pots cultivated with hybrid grass Brachiaria cv. Sabiá and distributed in randomized blocks in a controlled greenhouse. Microalgal biomass was mainly composed by Scenedesmus sp.. The assessed parameters showed comparable results on plant growth (i.e. number of tillers, fresh and dry matter and Chlorophyll content index) for fresh and digested microalgal biomass and inorganic fertilizer. Furthermore, it was observed that fresh microalgae provided the highest Phosphorus content in the leaf (21 %). Additionally, there were increases of 9 % in Nitrogen and 12 % in organic matter in the soil after applying digested microalgae compared to the control group without any fertilization. Finally, experimental data obtained suggests that microalgae-based biofertilizer holds the potential to replace inorganic fertilizer as a nutrient source. Moreover, it contributes to the valorization of by-products from organic waste treatment.

Fate of florfenicol and linezolid resistance genes and their bacterial hosts during two waste treatment models in swine feedlots.

Florfenicol resistance genes (FRGs) are widely present in livestock farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the removal efficiencies of FRGs as well as the relationships between FRGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities during the natural drying (ND) and anaerobic digestion (AD) processes of manure treatment in swine farms by combining bacterial isolation, quantitative PCR and metagenomic approaches. Solid manure showed a higher abundance of FRGs than fresh manure and was the main contamination source of fexA and fexB in ND farms, whilst biogas slurry displayed a lower abundance of FRGs than the wastewater in AD farms. Moreover, fresh manure and wastewater showed a high abundance of optrA, and wastewater was the main contamination source of cfr in both ND and AD farms. Both optrA/fexA-positive enterococci and cfr/fexA-positive staphylococci were mainly isolated along the farms' treatment processes. The cfr-positive staphylococci were highly prevalent in wastewater (57.14 % - 100 %) and may be associated with nasal-derived cfr-positive porcine staphylococci. An increased abundance of Enterococcus, Jeotgalibaca and Vagococcus in the bacterial community structures may account for the high optrA abundance in wastewater and Jeotgalibaca may be another potential host of optrA. Furthermore, the abundance of FRG-related MGEs increased by 22.63 % after the ND process and decreased by 66.96 % in AD farms. A significant correlation was observed between cfr and ISEnfa4, whereas no significance was found between optrA and IS1216E, although IS1216E is the predominant insertion sequence involved in the transfer of optrA. In conclusion, manure and wastewater represented independent pollution sources of FRGs in swine farms. Associated MGEs might play a key role in the transfer and persistence of FRGs. The AD process was more efficient in the removal of FRGs than the ND method, nevertheless a longer storage of slurry may be required for a complete removal.

Biodegradation of oxidized low density polyethylene by Pelosinus fermentans lipase.

Polyethylene (PE) exhibits high resistance to degradation, contributing to plastic pollution. PE discarded into the environment is photo-oxidized by sunlight and oxygen. In this study, a key enzyme capable of degrading oxidized PE is reported for the first time. Twenty different enzymes from various lipase families were evaluated for hydrolytic activity using substrates mimicking oxidized PE. Among them, Pelosinus fermentans lipase 1 (PFL1) specifically cleaved the ester bonds within the oxidized carbon-carbon backbone. Moreover, PFL1 (6 µM) degraded oxidized PE film, reducing the weight average and number average molecular weights by 44.6 and 11.3 %, respectively, within five days. Finally, structural analysis and molecular docking simulations were performed to elucidate the degradation mechanism of PFL1. The oxidized PE-degrading enzyme reported here will provide the groundwork for advancing PE waste treatment technology and for engineering microbes to repurpose PE waste into valuable chemicals.

A comprehensive tool in recycling plant-waste of Gossypium barbadense L agricultural and industrial waste extracts containing gossypin and gossypol: hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.

Improper management of agricultural and industrial cotton wastes causes environmental pollution and worsens the climate change challenge. Green recycling of cotton could contribute to a circular economy. One of the economic values of cotton wastes lies in their bioactive components. Two types of cotton wastes-agricultural and industrial-of the species Gossypium barbadense L. Giza 95 were targeted in the current study, aiming to maximize their medicinal value and investigate the anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antioxidant activities of their phytochemical extracts. Phytochemical extraction was performed using different solvents extraction. An anti-inflammatory effect was tested in carrageenan-induced acute edema in a rat paw model. A carbon tetrachloride chronic model of liver injury was used for the assessment of hepatoprotective potential. Liver enzymes (AST and ALT), oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH), inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein), and histopathological features were investigated. As a result, ethyl acetate proved to be the solvent of best choice to extract the gossypin polyphenolics, where the extracted amount reached 14,826.2 µg/g, followed by butanol (8751.4 µg/g extract). The chloroform (CHCL3) fraction showed the highest amounts of gossypol (190.7 µg/g extract), followed by petroleum ether. Cotton waste's composition analysis showed a wide range of components, including 33 metabolites such as gossypetin, polyphenolics, and other metabolites that possess therapeutic effects. Both chloroform extract and industrial waste extracts showed superior anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects in comparison to other extracts. All tested extracts (ethyl acetate, chloroform, and industrial waste) showed proper antioxidant activities.