Differential Extraction and Preliminary Identification of Polyphenols from Ugni candollei (White Murta) Berries.

Ugni candollei, commonly known as white murta, is a native Chilean berry with a polyphenol composition that has been underexplored. This study aimed to establish a comprehensive profile of white murta polyphenols using ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP MS). Additionally, it compared the efficacy of conventional extraction methods with emerging techniques such as deep eutectic solvent (DES) extraction and hot pressurized water extraction (HPWE). The analysis tentatively identified 107 phenolic compounds (84 of them reported for the first time for this cultivar), including 25 phenolic acids, 37 anthocyanins, and 45 flavonoids. Among the prominent and previously unreported polyphenols are ellagic acid acetyl-xyloside, 3-p-coumaroylquinic acid, cyanidin 3-O-(6'-caffeoyl-glucoside, and phloretin 2'-O-xylosyl-glucoside. The study found HPWE to be a promising alternative to traditional extraction of hydroxybenzoic acids, while DES extraction was less effective across all categories. The findings reveal that white murta possesses diverse phenolic compounds, potentially linked to various biological activities.

Pressurized liquid extraction assisted by high-intensity ultrasound to obtain hesperidin from lime waste: Integration of in-line purification and on-line chromatographic analysis.

Hesperidin is a phenolic compound usually found in citrus fruits, which is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This bioactive compound has already been used to formulate medications to treat chronic venous insufficiency. In this work, through a system which allows the in-line coupling of the pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) and high-intensity ultrasound (HIUS) with solid phase extraction (SPE), and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-Vis detector (HPLC-UV) in on-line mode, a method was developed to obtain, separate, and quantify hesperidin from the industrial waste of lime. An eco-friendly approach with water and ethanol as extraction solvents was used. Parameters such as temperature (80, 100, and 120 °C) and HIUS power (0, 200, and 400 W) were evaluated regarding hesperidin yield. In this context, the higher hesperidin yield (18.25 ± 1.52 mg/g) was achieved using water at a subcritical state (120 °C and 15 MPa). The adsorbent SepraTM C-18-E isolated hesperidin from the other extracted compounds employing 50% ethanol in the SPE elution. The possibility ofon-lineanalysis coupling a high-performance liquid chromatograph to an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV) system was studied and shown to be a feasible approach for developing integrated technologies. Conventional extractions and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated, highlighting the advantages of the HIUS-PLE-SPE extractive method. Furthermore, the on-linechromatographic analysis showed the potential of the HIUS-PLE-SPE- HPLC-UV system to quantify the extracted compounds in real time.

Untargeted metabolomic profile of recovered bioactive compounds by subcritical water extraction of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) pomace.

The untargeted metabolomics approach was used to compare the chemical profiles of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) pomace extracts. The effect of drying the raw material before subcritical water extraction (SWE) at different temperatures on the yield, phenolic content, and in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated. The results were compared with those obtained via Soxhlet and the findings suggest that SWE saves time (15 min) and solvent for extracting valuable components as compared to Soxhlet (6 h). An increase in temperature significantly improved the extraction yield (23.9 to 33.4 %), phenolic content (119.1 to 362 mgGAEg-1), and antioxidant activity, and higher values were obtained with SWE as compared to Soxhlet. The most abundant compounds detected by UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS were ascorbic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and isorhamnetin. The investigation of different moisture contents in the SWE showed promising results for eliminating the drying operation, saving time and energy, and obtaining highly concentrated phenolic-rich by-products.

Intensified green-based extraction process as a circular economy approach to recover bioactive compounds from soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.).

Soursop (Annona muricata L.) seeds, which is a residue obtained from juice agro-industries, were subjected to supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and subcritical water extraction (SWE) in single or combined mode to extract the potential value-added compounds. Different extraction methods were evaluated in terms of the extraction yield, phenolics content, antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP), and Maillard reaction products. The extracts were analyzed using SEM, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS techniques. The temperature and a combination of high-pressure techniques positively affected the overall results (SFE + SWE), affording nonpolar and polar extracts rich in phenolics and antioxidant compounds. SEM analysis showed that the use of SFE caused modifications in the cell wall, and the oil fraction was rich in fatty acids. Twenty-nine compounds associated with soursop seed extracts were detected for the first time using LC-MS/MS, showing the potential of the raw material as well as promoting resource re-utilization in circular economy.

Effects of pressurized hot water extraction on the yield and chemical characterization of pectins from Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg fruits.

Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE), known as a "green" extraction technique, was used to obtain polysaccharide from the pulp of gabiroba (Campomanesia xanthocarpa Berg) fruits. The effects of pressure, temperature, and flow rate on pectin yields were analyzed through a full factorial design experiment 23. The optimal extraction conditions to achieve maximum pectin yield (5.70 wt%) were pressure of 150 bar, temperature of 120 °C, and flow rate of 1.5 mL min-1. The high pressure (100 bar) promoted an increase in galacturonic acid content (36.0%) compared to conventional hot water extraction (CEGP) with 25.7%. Differences in the proportion of homogalacturonan (HG) and rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) domains ranging from 16.3 to 35.4% and 61.7 to 80.1%, respectively, were observed for each pectin sample according to the extraction conditions. The mono-dimensional (13C-NMR) and bi-dimensional (1H/13C HSQC-NMR) analyses confirmed the presence of HG and RG-I regions and indicated the presence of arabinogalactans type I (AG-I) and arabinogalactans type II (AG-II) in the PHWE pectin samples, which was not found for pectins from gabiroba pulp obtained by CEGP. The results showed that PHWE proved to be a promising method for extracting pectins from gabiroba fruits.

Determination of atmospheric particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using subcritical water extraction coupled with membrane microextraction.

A green analytical methodology for the determination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 8 related compounds in air particulate matter was developed and validated. The method was based on pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) followed by miniaturized membrane-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and programmed temperature vaporization-gas chromatography-ion trap tandem mass spectrometry detection (PTV-GC-MS/MS). The parameters studied for PHWE were percentage of organic modifier (25% MeOH), temperature (200 °C) and static extraction time (5 min). For MASE, extraction temperature (30 °C), time (90 min) and effect of an organic modifier were also optimized. The matrix effect was evaluated and compensated using deuterated labelled standards as surrogates for the quantitation of the target compounds. The analytical performance of the method was satisfactory: relative recoveries varied between 78 and 118% and repeatability and intermediate precision were <22% for all compounds. The Method Quantitation Limits (MQL) ranged from 0.9 (TPY) to 75.6 pg m-3 (NAP). Satisfactory results for accuracy and traceability were evidenced by the analysis of a reference material (SRM 1649b) and comparison with previously published methods. The greenness score was estimated and compared with other techniques widely used for the analysis of PAHs in particulate matter, having a lower relative environmental impact.

Grape seed pomace as a valuable source of antioxidant fibers.

BACKGROUND: Grape seed pomace is a valuable by-product from winery/oil extraction industries and a potential source of bioactive compounds. Hot water extraction is the most widely used technology for polysaccharide recovery from plant and seed sources. To obtain an antioxidant fiber-rich extract (AFE) from defatted grape seed pomace, seed:water ratio (1:10-1:20) and extraction temperature (70-90 °C) effects on extraction yield, total sugars, total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins were investigated. RESULTS: The best extraction results were achieved at the highest seed:water ratio and temperature. At these conditions, the extraction yield and total sugar content of the freeze-dried AFE were 100.1 g kg-1 and 725.3 g kg-1 , respectively. The AFE presented high total phenolic content (16.2 g GAE kg-1 ), condensed tannins (515.1 mg CAT kg-1 ), soluble (219.1 g kg-1 ) and insoluble fibers (132.4 g kg-1 ), besides protein (171.1 g kg-1 ) and ash (152.6 g kg-1 ). The antioxidant capacity of the AFE was 382.7, 823.7 and 1439.4 µmol Trolox g-1 for DPPH, ABTS and ORAC methods. CONCLUSION: The AFE was shown to be not only an interesting source of fiber with antioxidant capacity, which could become a potential foodstuff, but also an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative to use grape seed pomace. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

No evidence that boron influences tree species distributions in lowland tropical forests of Panama.

It was recently proposed that boron might be the most important nutrient structuring tree species distributions in tropical forests. Here we combine observational and experimental studies to test this hypothesis for lowland tropical forests of Panama. Plant-available boron is uniformly low in tropical forest soils of Panama and is not significantly associated with any of the > 500 species in a regional network of forest dynamics plots. Experimental manipulation of boron supply to seedlings of three tropical tree species revealed no evidence of boron deficiency or toxicity at concentrations likely to occur in tropical forest soils. Foliar boron did not correlate with soil boron along a local scale gradient of boron availability. Fifteen years of boron addition to a tropical forest increased plant-available boron by 70% but did not significantly change tree productivity or boron concentrations in live leaves, wood or leaf litter. The annual input of boron in rainfall accounts for a considerable proportion of the boron in annual litterfall and is similar to the pool of plant-available boron in the soil, and is therefore sufficient to preclude boron deficiency. We conclude that boron does not influence tree species distributions in Panama and presumably elsewhere in the lowland tropics.

Antioxidant dietary fibre recovery from Brazilian Pinot noir grape pomace.

Brazilian grape pomace was extracted in hot water, and a factorial experiment was used to evaluate polysaccharide recovery. The dependent variables were the temperature, particle size and solute:solvent ratio. Polysaccharide yields varied from 3% to 10%, and the highest sugar content was observed when extraction was carried out at 100 °C from finely sized particles (⩽249 µm) in a 1:12 solute:solvent ratio. The monosaccharide composition of extracts obtained from flours were, on average, Rha:Ara:Xyl:Man:Gal:Glc:GalA in a 3:32:2:13:11:20:19 M ratio, with varying Glc:GalA ratios. (13)C NMR and HSQC spectra confirmed the presence of pectic- and glucose-based polysaccharides in the extracts. Phenolic compounds were found after pomace extraction, and catechin, gallic acid and epicatechin were the principal compounds identified. The extracts also had ABTS radical scavenging capacity (from 8.00 to 46.60 mMol Trolox/100 g pomace). These findings indicate that these grape pomace flours are rich in antioxidant dietary fibre and have a potential use as food ingredients.

Characterization of pressurized hot water extracts of grape pomace: chemical and biological antioxidant activity.

Pressurized hot water extracts obtained at different temperatures possess different compositions and antioxidant activities and, consequently, different bioactivities. We characterized two pressurized hot water extracts from grape pomace obtained at 100°C (GPE100) and 200°C (GPE200) in terms of antioxidant activity and composition, as well as protective effect on cell growth and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) in a HL-60 cell culture under oxidative conditions. GPE100 extracts were richer in polyphenols and poorer in Maillard reaction products (MRPs) than were GPE200 extracts. Moreover, hydroxymethylfurfural was detected only in GPE200. Both extracts exhibited similar protective effects on cell growth (comparable to the effect of trolox). In addition, GPE100 strongly decreased the Δψm loss, reaching values even lower than those of the control culture. This protective effect may be related to its high polyphenols content. At the highest concentration assessed, both extracts showed strong cytotoxicity, especially GPE200. This cytotoxicity could be related to their MRPs content.

The critical soil water content and its relation to soil water dynamics

Using an edaphic model that describes the extraction of soil water by plant roots, the occurrence of depletion zones dose to plant roots is demonstrated. These depletion zones affect the root water potential that is needed to maintain a certain transpiration rate. The results show how the critical soil water content depends on soil's hydraulic properties, transpiration rate and root density.

Através de am modelo edáfico que descreve a extração de água do solo por raízes, é comprovada a ocorrência de zonas de esgotamento de água próximo as raízes, influenciando no potencial necessário nas raízes para manter uma determinada taxa de transpiração. Em função dos resultados demonstra-se como a umidade crítica de um solo é função de suas propriedades hídricas, da taxa de transpiração e da densidade do sistema radicular.

The critical soil water content and its relation to soil water dynamics

Using an edaphic model that describes the extraction of soil water by plant roots, the occurrence of depletion zones dose to plant roots is demonstrated. These depletion zones affect the root water potential that is needed to maintain a certain transpiration rate. The results show how the critical soil water content depends on soil's hydraulic properties, transpiration rate and root density.

Através de am modelo edáfico que descreve a extração de água do solo por raízes, é comprovada a ocorrência de zonas de esgotamento de água próximo as raízes, influenciando no potencial necessário nas raízes para manter uma determinada taxa de transpiração. Em função dos resultados demonstra-se como a umidade crítica de um solo é função de suas propriedades hídricas, da taxa de transpiração e da densidade do sistema radicular.

Absorção de água pelas plantas: água disponível versus extraível e a produtividade das culturas

An important issue to understanding the effect of water shortage on crop yield is how crops balance the supply of water from the soil to match the demand for water from the atmosphere. Supply is determined by the crop ability to utilise the stored soil water and, demand, on the other hand, is determined by a combination of metereological factors interacting with the crop canopy. Different criteria have been used to determine the timing and duration of water deficits despite the abundant literature available. Much attention has been given to the quantification of crop water consumption in different stages of development. However, considerations about the total amount of plant water available (extractable) in the soil profile to affect plant growth and development have recieved little attention. A discussion of water extraction must first consider the problem of accurately defining the limits to soil water availability. This review presents a critical analysis of the limitations usually encountered in using the limits concept of soil water availability. The relationship between water available and extractable is analysed based on results of transpiration rates and fraction of available water, depth of water extraction and, extraction per unit soil depth.

Um aspecto importante, no entendimento da relação entre a absorção de água e a produção das culturas, é como ocorre o balanço no suprimento de água do solo para satisfazer a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera. O suprimento de água é determinado pela habilidade da cultura em utilizar a água armazenada no solo e, a demanda, por outro lado, é determinada pela combinação dos fatores meteorológicos interagindo com o "dossel" vegetativo da cultura. Apesar da abundante literatura disponível, diferentes critérios tem sido utilizados na determinação do momento de ocorrência e da duração de um déficit hídrico. Muita ênfase tem sido dada para a quantificação do consumo de água pelas plantas nos diferentes subperíodos de desenvolvimento e reduzida importância tem sido conferida a quantificação da quantidade de água disponível (extraível) e seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Na discussão sobre a extração de água pelas plantas deve-se considerar, primeiramente, o problema da precisão na definição dos limites de disponibilidade de água. Esta publicação apresenta uma análise crítica das limitações normalmente encontradas na utilização dos limites de disponibilidade de água. A relação entre a água disponível e a água extraível do solo é analisada a partir de resultados sobre a taxa de transpiração e a tração de água extraível, a profundidade efetiva de extração do sistema radicular e, a extração de água por unidade de profundidade.

Absorção de água pelas plantas: água disponível versus extraível e a produtividade das culturas

An important issue to understanding the effect of water shortage on crop yield is how crops balance the supply of water from the soil to match the demand for water from the atmosphere. Supply is determined by the crop ability to utilise the stored soil water and, demand, on the other hand, is determined by a combination of metereological factors interacting with the crop canopy. Different criteria have been used to determine the timing and duration of water deficits despite the abundant literature available. Much attention has been given to the quantification of crop water consumption in different stages of development. However, considerations about the total amount of plant water available (extractable) in the soil profile to affect plant growth and development have recieved little attention. A discussion of water extraction must first consider the problem of accurately defining the limits to soil water availability. This review presents a critical analysis of the limitations usually encountered in using the limits concept of soil water availability. The relationship between water available and extractable is analysed based on results of transpiration rates and fraction of available water, depth of water extraction and, extraction per unit soil depth.

Um aspecto importante, no entendimento da relação entre a absorção de água e a produção das culturas, é como ocorre o balanço no suprimento de água do solo para satisfazer a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera. O suprimento de água é determinado pela habilidade da cultura em utilizar a água armazenada no solo e, a demanda, por outro lado, é determinada pela combinação dos fatores meteorológicos interagindo com o "dossel" vegetativo da cultura. Apesar da abundante literatura disponível, diferentes critérios tem sido utilizados na determinação do momento de ocorrência e da duração de um déficit hídrico. Muita ênfase tem sido dada para a quantificação do consumo de água pelas plantas nos diferentes subperíodos de desenvolvimento e reduzida importância tem sido conferida a quantificação da quantidade de água disponível (extraível) e seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Na discussão sobre a extração de água pelas plantas deve-se considerar, primeiramente, o problema da precisão na definição dos limites de disponibilidade de água. Esta publicação apresenta uma análise crítica das limitações normalmente encontradas na utilização dos limites de disponibilidade de água. A relação entre a água disponível e a água extraível do solo é analisada a partir de resultados sobre a taxa de transpiração e a tração de água extraível, a profundidade efetiva de extração do sistema radicular e, a extração de água por unidade de profundidade.

Absorção de água pelas plantas: água disponível versus extraível e a produtividade das culturas: [revisão] / Water absorption by plants: available versus extractable soil water and crop production: {review]

Um aspecto importante, no entendimento da relação entre a absorção de água e a produção das culturas, é como ocorre o balanço no suprimento de água do solo para satisfazer a demanda evaporativa da atmosfera. O suprimento de água é determinado pela habilidade da cultura em utilizar a água armazenada no solo e, a demanda, por outro lado, é determinada pela combinação dos fatores meteorológicos interagindo com o "dossel" vegetativo da cultura. Apesar da abundante literatura disponível, diferentes critérios tem sido utilizados na determinação do momento de ocorrência e da duração de um déficit hídrico. Muita ênfase tem sido dada para a quantificação do consumo de água pelas plantas nos diferentes subperíodos de desenvolvimento e reduzida importância tem sido conferida a quantificação da quantidade de água disponível (extraível) e seus efeitos no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plantas. Na discussão sobre a extração de água pelas plantas deve-se considerar, primeiramente, o problema da precisão na definição dos limites de disponibilidade de água. Esta publicação apresenta uma análise crítica das limitações normalmente encontradas na utilização dos limites de disponibilidade de água. A relação entre a água disponível e a água extraível do solo é analisada a partir de resultados sobre a taxa de transpiração e a tração de água extraível, a profundidade efetiva de extração do sistema radicular e, a extração de água por unidade de profundidade.

An important issue to understanding the effect of water shortage on crop yield is how crops balance the supply of water from the soil to match the demand for water from the atmosphere. Supply is determined by the crop ability to utilise the stored soil water and, demand, on the other hand, is determined by a combination of metereological factors interacting with the crop canopy. Different criteria have been used to determine the timing and duration of water deficits despite the abundant literature available. Much attention has been given to the quantification of crop water consumption in different stages of development. However, considerations about the total amount of plant water available (extractable) in the soil profile to affect plant growth and development have recieved little attention. A discussion of water extraction must first consider the problem of accurately defining the limits to soil water availability. This review presents a critical analysis of the limitations usually encountered in using the limits concept of soil water availability. The relationship between water available and extractable is analysed based on results of transpiration rates and fraction of available water, depth of water extraction and, extraction per unit soil depth.