Do inexperienced nurses in the lactation period experience workplace violence? A qualitative study.

Introduction: Among clinical healthcare personnel, nurses face the highest proportion of workplace violence, which has a significant impact on their physical and mental well-being as well as their personal and professional lives. However, little is known about the effects of workplace violence on inexperienced breastfeeding nurses and their experiences during and after breastfeeding when they return to work. This study aimed to explore the experiences of inexperienced breastfeeding nurses who encountered workplace violence and its resulting impacts. Methods: This study employed a descriptive qualitative design. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 nurses working in various positions and departments at three tertiary hospitals. Purposive and maximum variation sampling techniques were employed. The interview data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method, and the research findings were reported according to Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ)standards. Results: Inferences regarding workplace violence and risks for inexperienced breastfeeding nurses included physical labor (such as lifting heavy objects and performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation), conflicts, inadequate job skills, role confusion, occupational exposure risks, patient violence, and pressure from older adults. An inductive thematic investigation revealed the "Challenges faced during breastfeeding," "Conflicting professional and family roles," "Out of balance," and "Coping strategies." Conclusion: Inexperienced breastfeeding nurses experience several negative consequences due to workplace violence. Therefore, it is essential to plan and implement preventive strategies and management programs that specifically target workplace violence among inexperienced breastfeeding nurses.

Workplace Violence Against Primary Care Clinicians: A Narrative Review.

Workplace violence (WPV) is a commonly reported occupational hazard in healthcare and its prevalence is increasing. WPV occurs in all types of practice settings, but little is known about WPV in primary care settings in the United States (US). Because primary care practice settings differ from the inpatient settings, further examination of WPV in primary care is warranted. Our objective was to summarize the available literature highlight important gaps. We conducted a search using Pubmed and OVID for US studies of WPV in US-based adult primary care practices. Studies including only pediatric populations were excluded. Due to the lack of available literature conducted in US primary care settings, we expanded our search to include international studies. We identified 70 studies of which 5 were US based. Due to the lack of significant numbers of US-based studies, we opted to conduct a narrative review of all available studies. The evidence shows that WPV is a common occurrence in primary care settings in many countries and that the majority of primary care clinicians have experienced at least some form of non-physical violence in their careers. Most of the studies conducted were cross-sectional in design and reported on both non-physical and physical forms of WPV. There was not a consistent trend between genders in experiencing the major forms of WPV, but women were consistently more likely to be subjected to sexual harassment. Potential root causes for WPV could generally be categorized as patient-level, clinician-level, clinical encounter specific, and operational root causes. While most WPV was found to be non-physical, it still had significant emotional and job-related impacts on clinicians. These troubling results highlight the need for further studies to be conducted in the US.

Violence in the emergency department: a quantitative survey study of healthcare providers in India.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence (WPV) in Emergency Departments (EDs) is an increasingly recognized challenge healthcare providers face in low-resource settings. While studies have highlighted the increased prevalence of WPV in healthcare, most of the existing research has been conducted in developed countries with established laws and repercussions for violence against healthcare providers. More data on WPV against ED providers practicing in low-resource settings is necessary to understand these providers' unique challenges. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to gain insight into the incidence and characteristics of WPV among ED healthcare providers in India. METHODS: This study was conducted at two EDs in geographically distinct regions of India. A survey was designed to assess violence in EDs among healthcare providers. Surveys were distributed to ED workplace providers, completed by hand, and returned anonymously. Data was entered and stored in the RedCAP database to facilitate analysis. RESULTS: Two hundred surveys were completed by physicians, nurses, and paramedics in Indian EDs. Most reported events involved verbal abuse (68%), followed by physical abuse (26%), outside confrontation (17%), and stalking (5%). By far, the most common perpetrators of violence against healthcare workers were bystanders including patient family members or other accompanying individuals. Notably, reporting was limited, with most cases conveyed to ED or hospital administration. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the prevalence of WPV among Indian ED healthcare providers. High rates of verbal abuse followed by physical abuse are of concern. Most perpetrators of WPV against healthcare providers in this study were patient family members or bystanders rather than the patients themselves. It is imperative to prioritize implementing prevention strategies to create safer work environments for healthcare workers.

Connor Davidson resilience scores, perceived organizational support and workplace violence among emergency nurses.

BACKGROUND: Workplace violence can threaten the physical and mental health of emergency nurses, increasing their mobility and burnout rates. However, little research has focused on how to mitigate the negative effects of workplace violence. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationships among resilience scores, perceived organizational support, and workplace violence and to explore the mediating role of perceived organizational support in the relationship between resilience scores and workplace violence among emergency nurses. RESEARCH DESIGN: A quantitative, cross-sectional study. METHODS: From June to July 2023, 466 valid questionnaires were collected via the WeChat app Credamo Seeing Numbers. Participants were assessed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Perceived Organizational Support Scale, and the Fear of Future Violence at Work Scale. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hunan Normal University (No. 2023-389). FINDINGS: The Connor-Davidson resilience scores of emergency nurses were negatively associated with workplace violence and positively associated with emergency nurses' perceived organizational support. Emergency nurses' perceived organizational support was negatively associated with workplace violence. Perceived organizational support moderated the relationship between Connor-Davidson resilience scores and workplace violence among emergency nurses to some extent. DISCUSSION: High levels of Connor-Davidson resilience scores can mitigate the negative effects of workplace violence. Perceived organizational support can increase with increasing levels of Connor-Davidson resilience scores. When nurses face workplace violence, support from the organization can, on the one hand, reduce the negative impacts of stress and, on the other hand, elicit positive emotions. CONCLUSION: To mitigate the effects of workplace violence on emergency nurses, interventions aimed at both internal and external organizational conditions must be developed to establish a supportive environment that can increase emergency nurses' Connor-Davidson resilience scores and sense of perceived organizational support, and decrease workplace violence.

The paradox of workplace violence in the intensive care unit: a focus group study.

BACKGROUND: Conflicts with patients and relatives occur frequently in intensive care units (ICUs), driven by factors that are intensified by critical illness and its treatments. A majority of ICU healthcare professionals have experienced verbal and/or physical violence. There is a need to understand how healthcare professionals in ICUs experience and manage this workplace violence. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive analysis of four hospitals in Sweden was conducted using semi-structured focus-group interviews with ICU healthcare professionals. RESULTS: A total of 34 participants (14 nurses, 6 physicians and 14 other staff) were interviewed across the four hospitals. The overarching theme: "The paradox of violence in healthcare" illustrated a normalisation of violence in ICU care and indicated a complex association between healthcare professionals regarding violence as an integral aspect of caregiving, while simultaneously identifying themselves as victims of this violence. The healthcare professionals described being poorly prepared and lacking appropriate tools to manage violent situations. The management of violence was therefore mostly based on self-taught skills. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to understanding the normalisation of violence in ICU care and gives a possible explanation for its origins. The paradox involves a multifaceted approach that acknowledges and confronts the structural and cultural dimensions of violence in healthcare. Such an approach will lay the foundations for a more sustainable healthcare system.

The growing burden of workplace violence against healthcare workers: trends in prevalence, risk factors, consequences, and prevention - a narrative review.

Workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCW) is a globally growing problem in healthcare systems. Despite decades of research and interventions violent incidents are rising in their severity and frequency. A structured review of PubMed and Scopus databases and supplementary internet searches, resulted in a synthesis of evidence covering multiple countries and healthcare worker populations. High rates of WPV are increasingly common due to unmet patient expectations, poor communication, long wait times and organizational factors such as resourcing and infrastructure. We highlight links between WPV and poor worker health outcomes, staff turnover, reduced patient safety and medical errors. Few prevention and mitigation activities have shown sustained effects, highlighting the challenges in understanding and addressing the complex interplay of factors that drive violence against HCWs. The rapidly rising incidence of WPV requires special consideration and action from multiple stakeholders including patients and visitors, healthcare providers, law enforcement, media and policy makers.

Views of Mental Health Nurses on Responding to Clinical Aggression on General Wards.

The overall aim of this study was to explore the views of mental health nurses (MHNs) about their experience of responding to workplace violence (WPV) and aggression (code greys and blacks) within acute general wards. WPV continues to pose a significant source of challenge within healthcare settings despite several initiatives that have been trialled over the years. It has the potential to impact patient care and overall staff health and well-being. Nurses play a significant role in the management of WPV; hence, it is important to understand how they respond to and manage incidents of WPV. The study design was an explorative descriptive qualitative design. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews involving n = 10 MHNs working within a mental health consultation liaison team that responds to incidents of violence and aggression (codes grey and black) in acute general wards. Participants were recruited using a convenient sampling method. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this study highlighted the following themes: (1) Patient care (subthemes: patient frustration with hospital processes, lack of time and resources); (2) Staffing skills and confidence (subthemes: lack of adequate training, inability to intervene early and communication skills); (3) Understanding patient behaviours (subthemes: it's a psychiatry problem and zero tolerance approach). The management of WPV within acute hospital settings needs to be given due attention by healthcare services. Although a number of organisations are developing measures and guidelines to manage WPV, there is still a gap in the ability of general nursing staff to properly manage such incidences. Proper attention needs to be taken to the training of staff.

A Study on Nature of Violence Against Doctors in Tertiary Care Centers in Karnataka, India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Over the previous decades, violence against physicians has risen. To comprehend the issue connected with it, we need to know the nature of violence and doctor's views on the current state of safety at their disposal. The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence and nature of violence against doctors in tertiary health care centers in Karnataka, India. Objectives: The objectives were to collect data from three tertiary care centers, evaluate the incidence of violence against doctors in tertiary care centers, and evaluate the nature of violence against doctors in tertiary care centers. Methods: From the list of all tertiary care centers in Dakshina Kannada, three tertiary care hospitals were randomly chosen. Approval of the Ethical Committee from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) of KVG Dental College and permission from chosen hospitals were obtained. A pre-validated questionnaire was handed over to the available physicians and surgeons in these hospitals to be filled. The total number of participants in the study was 330. Results: Nearly half (48.02% of physicians) reported experiencing violence during working hours. The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology recorded 43.2% of instances, while surgery, medicine, and other departments reported 23.6%, 22.8%, and 10.4%, respectively. Conclusions: Violence against physicians continues to be a huge issue that must be addressed through decisive measures by the police and hospitals. This impacts the healthcare system in the nation and often cripples it owing to the loss of human resources and working hours.

Exposure of Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians to Violence in Community Pharmacies in Southeast Europe: Frequency and Ethical Considerations.

Pharmacists and pharmacy technicians working in community pharmacies are exposed to the risk of violence in their workplaces. Studies have shown that workplace violence is affecting their job satisfaction, productivity, and mental health. This study aims to identify the frequency of different types of violence, as well as the common perpetrators that community pharmacy staff in SEE (Southeast Europe) are dealing with. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire created for this purpose. Selected community pharmacies in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro participated in this study. In total, 732 responses were collected from 24 pharmacy chains or independent pharmacies including all community pharmacy staff. More than 80% of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians reported having been exposed to verbal violence at the workplace, while more than 20% of them reported physical and sexual violence in the preceding 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences between pharmacists and pharmacy technicians, gender, age groups, or countries in relation to exposure to physical, verbal, and sexual violence. The most common perpetrators were identified as patients/clients. More than 90% of pharmacy staff reported they did not receive any kind of support from their employer nor any other help after experiencing a robbery. There is a need for a structured approach to addressing violence in pharmacies including organized support for pharmacy staff. Achieving quality patient care, despite dealing with violent individuals or situations daily, is one of the greatest ethical challenges for healthcare providers in community pharmacies to be empowered.

Industrial workers and bullying: a systematic review and meta-analysis of workplace violence.

Workplace violence is a significant problem in industry, especially among rank-and-file workers, known as "blue-collar workers". This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the suitability of the reduced Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) as an instrument to measure workplace violence in this type of population and synthesize the results of studies that have used it in different industrial sectors. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. Publications describing populations of industrial workers were identified and included in the meta-analysis. For meta-analysis, we extracted data that allowed us to estimate the effect size of the included studies. We used a random-effects model to estimate the overall effect size and assessed heterogeneity between studies using the I² statistic. The global effect size test showed that the overall effect size was significantly different from zero (3.00, t=22.28, p<0.001), indicating an overall effect in relation to workplace violence measured by the NAQ-R in industrial workers. Our results support the claim that the NAQ-R is an effective tool for assessing workplace violence among industrial workers. These findings have important implications for practitioners and researchers working in the field of industrial psychology and occupational health.

Workplace Violence Against Nurses in Psychiatric Hospitals in Oman: A cross-sectional multi-centre study.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of workplace violence (WPV) against nurses in Oman's psychiatric hospitals and explore associated factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between October and December 2021 and included all tertiary mental healthcare hospitals in Oman (Al Masarra Hospital and Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman). The participants completed a sociodemographic survey and a questionnaire on WPV in the health sector. Results: A total of 106 participants (response rate = 80.3%) were included in this study. Most were female (52.8%) and Omani (72.6%) and aged 30-39 years. WPV prevalence was high (90.6%), with verbal (86.8%) and physical violence (57.5%) being the most common types. WPV incidents were more frequent on weekdays (26.4%) and during morning shifts (34%), while 81.1% of the nurses worked in shifts and had direct physical contact with patients (83.0%). The majority (92.5%) were aware of standardised WPV reporting procedures and 89.7% confirmed the presence of such procedures in hospitals. WPV was more prevalent among nurses in inpatient wards (P = 0.047). Conclusion: WPV against nurses in Omani psychiatric hospitals is alarmingly high. Future studies should investigate contributing factors among healthcare providers and emphasise violence prevention by providing staff nurses with effective training to handle violent incidents involving psychiatric patients.

Worldwide Trends in COVID-19-Related Attacks Against Healthcare: A Review of the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition Database.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, violence targeting healthcare reportedly increased. Attacks against healthcare can severely hamper the public health response during a pandemic. Descriptive data analysis of these attacks may be helpful to develop prevention and mitigation strategies. This study aimed to investigate trends regarding COVID-19-related attacks against healthcare from January 2020 until January 2023. COVID-19-related incidents occurring between January 2020 and January 2023 were extracted from the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition database and screened for eligibility. Included incidents were linked to COVID-19 health measures or were attacks directly interfering with COVID-19 healthcare, including conflict-related attacks. Data collected per incident included temporal factors; country; setting; attack and weapon type; perpetrator; motive; number of healthcare workers (HCWs) killed, injured, or kidnapped; and health facility damage. The study identified 255 COVID-19-related attacks against healthcare, with 18 HCWs killed, 147 HCWs injured, and 86 facilities damaged. The highest attack frequency was reported during the beginning of the pandemic and predominantly concerned stigma-related attacks against healthcare. Reported incidents in 2021 included attacks targeting vaccination campaigns, as well as conflict-related attacks interfering with COVID-19 healthcare. COVID-19-related attacks against healthcare occurred in heterogeneous contexts throughout the pandemic. Due to underreporting, the data presented are a minimum estimate of the actual magnitude of violence. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of public education campaigns, improved coordination between healthcare organizations and law enforcement, and the possible need to bolster the security of medical facilities and health workers.

Hazard Flagging as a Risk Mitigation Strategy for Violence against Emergency Medical Services.

Paramedics are increasingly being subjected to violence, creating the potential for significant physical and psychological harm. Where a patient has a history of violent behavior, hazard flags-applied either to the individual, their residential address, or phone number-can alert paramedics to the possibility of violence, potentially reducing the risk of injury. Leveraging a novel violence reporting process embedded in the electronic patient care record, we reviewed violence reports filed over a thirteen-month period since its inception in February 2021 to assess the effectiveness of hazard flagging as a potential risk mitigation strategy. Upon reviewing a report, paramedic supervisors can generate a hazard flag if recurrent violent behavior from the patient is anticipated. In all, 502 violence reports were filed, for which paramedic supervisors generated hazard flags in 20% of cases (n = 99). In general, cases were not flagged either because the incident occurred at a location not amenable to flagging or because the supervisors felt that a hazard flag was not warranted based on the details in the report. Hazard flagging was associated with an increased risk of violence during subsequent paramedic attendance (Odds Ratio [OR] 6.21, p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the process appears to reliably identify persons who may be violent towards paramedics.

Behavioral skills training for teaching safety skills to mental health service providers compared to training-as-usual: a pragmatic randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND: Violence in the healthcare workplace has been a global concern for over two decades, with a high prevalence of violence towards healthcare workers reported. Workplace violence has become a healthcare quality indicator and embedded in quality improvement initiatives of many healthcare organizations. The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada's largest mental health hospital, provides all clinical staff with mandated staff safety training for self-protection and team-control skills. These skills are to be used as a last resort when a patient is at imminent risk of harm to self or others. The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two training methods of this mandated staff safety training for workplace violence in a large psychiatric hospital setting. METHODS: Using a pragmatic randomized control trial design, this study compares two approaches to teaching safety skills CAMH's training-as-usual (TAU) using the 3D approach (description, demonstration and doing) and behavioural skills training (BST), from the field of applied behaviour analysis, using instruction, modeling, practice and feedback loop. Staff were assessed on three outcome measures (competency, mastery and confidence), across three time points: before training (baseline), immediately after training (post-training) and one month later (follow-up). This study was registered with the ISRCTN registry on 06/09/2023 (ISRCTN18133140). RESULTS: With a sample size of 99 new staff, results indicate that BST was significantly better than TAU in improving observed performance of self-protection and team-control skills. Both methods were associated with improved skills and confidence. However, there was a decrease in skill performance levels at the one-month follow-up for both methods, with BST remaining higher than TAU scores across all three time points. The impact of training improved staff confidence in both training methods and remained high across all three time points. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings suggest that BST is more effective than TAU in improving safety skills among healthcare workers. However, the retention of skills over time remains a concern, and therefore a single training session without on-the-job-feedback or booster sessions based on objective assessments of skill may not be sufficient. Further research is needed to confirm and expand upon these findings in different settings.

Pathways linking workplace violence and suicidal ideation/non-suicidal self-injury among nurse staff: the mediating role of loneliness and depressive symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Nurses face disproportionately high rates of suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). The role of workplace violence, loneliness, and depressive symptoms in exacerbating these issues is poorly understood. This study aims to explore these relationships to inform interventions for improving nurses' mental health. METHODS: A cross-sectional study involving 1,774 Chinese nurse staff selected through convenient sampling methods was conducted. Workplace violence, depressive symptoms, and loneliness were assessed using the Chinese versions of the Workplace Violence Scale (WVS), the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and a three-item loneliness scale, respectively. Participants completed self-report questionnaires anonymously to ensure adherence to ethical standards. Statistical analysis utilized structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the intricate relationships among variables, thereby elucidating the impact of workplace violence, loneliness, and depressive symptoms on nurses' suicidal ideation/NSSI outcomes. RESULTS: Nurse staff 165 (7.8%) were reported different level of suicidal ideation and 139 (7.8%) participants were reported different level of NSSI. And the final model of workplace violence on suicidal ideation shown a good model fit index (CMIN/DF = 3.482 NFI = 0.969 CFI = 0.977 TLI = 0.955 RFI = 0.938, RMSEA = 0.037 SRMR = 0.035). The pathway of workplace violence to loneliness (ß = 0.163, P < 0.001), the indirect effect of workplace violence on suicidal ideation via loneliness and depressive symptoms were 0.100 (95%CI = 0.085, 0.121), the indirect effect of loneliness on suicidal ideation via depressive symptoms were 0.128 (95%CI = 0.100, 0.158). Similarly, the final model of workplace violence on NSSI shown a good model fit index (CMIN/DF = 3.482 NFI = 0.967 CFI = 0.976 TLI = 0.953 RFI = 0.935, RMSEA = 0.037 SRMR = 0.034), the pathways of workplace violence to NSSI (ß = 0.115, P < 0.001), the indirect effect of workplace violence on NSSI via loneliness and depressive symptoms were 0.075 (95%CI = 0.055, 0.096), the indirect effect of loneliness on NSSI via depressive symptoms were 0.102 (95%CI = 0.076, 0.130). CONCLUSION: Our study unveils the role of workplace violence in nurses' suicidal ideation and NSSI, mediated by loneliness and depressive symptoms. Interventions targeting workplace violence are crucial for nurses' well-being, potentially reducing loneliness and depressive symptoms and lowering the risk of suicidal ideation and NSSI. However, further research is needed to explore additional mediators and pathways, employing longitudinal designs to establish causality and develop tailored interventions for nurses affected by workplace violence.

Exploring staff experiences and perceptions of patient-perpetrated violence in hospital settings: A qualitative study.

AIMS: To explore hospital staff experiences and perceptions of patient-perpetrated violence. DESIGN: Descriptive qualitative study. METHODS: Twelve semi-structured interviews (June-August 2022) were held with a diverse sample of hospital nurses, doctors, allied health professionals, security and a non-clinical manager. The framework approach was used to organise and analyse data, using Attribution Theory as a theoretical lens. RESULTS: Three themes were identified: violence as (un)predictable, violence as (un)preventable and the cumulative toll of violence. In making sense of why patients become violent, participants described different 'types' of aggressive patients and variably attributed behaviours to situation, disposition or a combination of both. Regardless of perceived causal factors, staff overwhelmingly appeared to view violence as predictable. Participants also reflected on the wider structural problems underpinning violence, frequently alluding to their sense of relative powerlessness to initiate change. The cumulative toll of violence was a common thread, with staff describing their acquisition of 'resilience' and reflecting on its role in their responses to escalating situations. CONCLUSIONS: Many hospital staff are resigned to the inevitability of violence. The concept of staff 'resilience' following violence is not unproblematic, having the potential to serve as a guise for acceptance and as an additional variable for which staff are held accountable. When designing strategies, organisations should ensure that accountability for violence reduction is distributed across multiple levels. This study makes a novel contribution by exploring the perspectives of multiple staff groups working across diverse hospital settings, and adds to a sparse literature on this subject in the UK. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION: Efforts to address violence against healthcare staff need to be power-conscious, ensuring that accountability is distributed across multiple levels. REPORTING METHOD: This study is reported in line with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

The recovery processes among paramedics who encountered violence during work-a narrative interview study.

BACKGROUND: Almost all paramedics encounter workplace violence (WPV) during their careers. The most common form of WPV is verbal, and the perpetrator is usually the patient. It is known that paramedics suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental health problems, and WPV is one of the reasons behind that. Nevertheless, little is known about the recovery processes paramedics have had after encountering WPV. The research question was: What kind of recovery processes have paramedics had after encountering WPV? METHODS: A qualitative, narrative interview study was done. Data was collected in individual interviews with Finnish paramedics (n = 18). Paramedics were from different parts of Finland, and their ages varied from 24 to 49 years. They had been working in EMS for an average of 10.5 years (range 1.5 to 25 years). Interviews were conducted with a narrative approach, which enabled paramedics to narrate their experiences and speak on their own terms about the subject to the extent of their choosing. The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Ten recovery process themes were identified: Strong psychological and physical reactions in a short time frame, Questioning one's profession and actions, Various support structures aided in recovery, Dysfunctional processes hindered recovery, Personal resources provided support, The support of the workcommunity as a lifeline, Left to cope alone, Permanent changes to work routines, Resulting in professional growth and Eternal crack in the shell. CONCLUSIONS: Many internal and external factors affect paramedics' recovery processes. While some receive adequate help, others struggle to get appropriate support, especially from their organization and supervisors. The findings of this study suggest that clear protocols should be established to help paramedics recover after encountering WPV and that an individual aspect should be kept in mind, as not everybody reacts in the same way.

Workplace violence and depressive symptoms: the mediating role of fear of future workplace violence and burnout among Chinese nurses.

BACKGROUND: The mechanisms underlying the relationship between workplace violence (WPV) and depressive symptoms in nurses have been less studied. This study aims to examine the mediating role of fear of future workplace violence (FFWV) and burnout in the association between WPV and depressive symptoms. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional web survey at 12 tertiary hospitals in Shandong province, China, in 2020. The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10), the Chinese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and the Fear of Future Violence at Work Scale were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and ordinary least squares regression with bootstrap resampling were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 45.9% among nurses. The regression model showed that FFWV and burnout mediated the relationship between WPV and depressive symptoms. The total effects of WPV on depressive symptoms (3.109, 95% bootstrap CI:2.324 - 3.713) could be decomposed into direct (2.250, 95% bootstrap CI:1.583 - 2.917) and indirect effects (0.769, 95% bootstrap CI:0.543 - 1.012). Indirect effects mediated by FFWV and burnout were 0.203 (95% bootstrap CI:0.090 - 0.348) and 0.443 (95% bootstrap CI:0.262 - 0.642), respectively. Furthermore, serial multiple mediation analyses indicated that the indirect effect mediated by FFWV and burnout in a sequential manner was 0.123 (95% bootstrap CI:0.070 - 0.189). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of depressive symptoms among Chinese nurses was high. The WPV was an important risk factor for depressive symptoms and its negative effect was mediated by FFWV and burnout. The importance of decreasing WPV exposure and level of FFWV and burnout was emphasized to prevent depressive symptoms among nurses. The findings implied that hospital managers and health policy makers should not only develop targeted interventions to reduce exposure to WPV in daily work among all nurses, but also provide psychological support to nurses with WPV experience to reduce FFWV and burnout.

Prevalence, predictors, and consequences of workplace violence among female healthcare workers in tertiary care hospitals: A cross-sectional study in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence, predictors and perpetrators of violence, and its impact on the mental health of female healthcare workers. METHODS: The cross-sectional study was conducted from June to October 2022 at three tertiary care hospitals after approval from the ethics review board of Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and comprised female healthcare workers, including doctors, nurses and paramedical staff. Data was collected regarding workplace violence using a structured questionnaire adopted from literature. The incidence of verbal, physical and sexual violence in the preceding 12 months was noted, and predictors were analysed. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. RESULTS: Of the 140 subjects with an age range of 16-60 years, verbal violence was experienced by 102(72.9%) and physical violence by 26(18.6%), while verbal and physical forms of sexual violence were reported by 33(23.6%) and 13(9.3%), respectively. Those in the Medicine department had significantly lower odds of experiencing verbal violence compared to those from the Surgery department (adjusted odds ratio=0.223; 95% confidence interval: 0.078-0.036; p=0.005). Those in the Emergency department had significantly greater odds of experiencing physical violence compared to those in Surgery (adjusted odds ratio=8.716; 95% confidence interval: 1.693-44.87; p=0.01). Violence had a significant detrimental impact on the mental health of female healthcare workers (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Violence was found to be prevalent in the healthcare sector, specifically in stressful and critical-care departments, like Emergency and Surgery.

Workplace violence, work-related exhaustion, and workplace cognitive failure among nurses: A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To examine the relationships between nurses' exposure to workplace violence and self-reports of workplace cognitive failure. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: An online questionnaire was administered in April 2023 to nurses in Michigan, US. Structural equation modelling was used to examine effects of physical and non-physical workplace violence (occupational stressors) and work efficiency and competence development (occupational protective factors) on workplace cognitive failure. RESULTS: Physical violence was a significant predictor of the action subscale of cognitive failure. There were no direct effects of non-physical violence, workplace efficiency, or competence development on any of the workplace cognitive failure dimensions. Both types of violence and efficiency had significant indirect effects on workplace cognitive failure via work-related exhaustion. Work-related exhaustion predicted significantly higher scores for workplace cognitive failure. CONCLUSION: Workplace violence and work efficiency exhibited primarily indirect effects on workplace cognitive failure among nurses via work-related exhaustion. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Nurses experiencing workplace violence may be at increased risk for workplace cognitive failure, especially if they are also experiencing work-related exhaustion. Workplaces that nurses perceive as more efficient can help to mitigate the effects of violence on nurses' cognitive failure. IMPACT: This study addressed the possible effects of workplace violence as well as work efficiency and competence development on nurses' cognitive failure at work. Analyses revealed primarily indirect effects of workplace violence, and indirect protective effects of work efficiency, on nurses' cognitive failure via work-related exhaustion. This research has implications for healthcare organizations and suggests that efforts made by healthcare workplaces to prevent violence and work-related exhaustion, and to enhance work efficiency, may help to mitigate workplace cognitive failure among nurses. REPORTING METHOD: We have followed the STROBE checklist in reporting this study. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No Patient or public contribution.