The profile of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to interpersonal violence treated in a hospital emergency room.

AIM: This study evaluated records of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to interpersonal violence (IPV) being treated in the emergency room of a level I trauma center hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data of patients with maxillofacial trauma due to IPV recorded between January 2019 and December 2019 were retrospectively examined. Personal data, days on which they experienced IPV, and the type of maxillofacial trauma sustained were extracted and statistically analyzed (p < .050). RESULTS: During the analysis, 1034 patients with maxillofacial trauma were identified; of these patients, 292 (28.2%) who experienced trauma due to IPV were included in this study. There was a mean age of 32.6 years and the most common type of trauma was soft tissue injuries (38.7%). Mandible and nose fractures were more prevalent in males and females, respectively. Our data, when compared with other studies on maxillofacial trauma due to IPV, showed a lower prevalence and male-to-female ratio, and a higher presence of dentoalveolar trauma. Additionally, our data when compared with studies on maxillofacial trauma due to other causes showed lower mean age and male-to-female ratios, and a higher occurrence of nose fractures differing from the predominance of mandibular fractures. CONCLUSION: Oral and maxillofacial surgeons must be able to suspect and identify cases due to IPV among their patients with trauma. With our results, although each case has its individuality, we can suggest that cases of maxillofacial trauma in young, female, and nasal fracture patients may be suspicious for IPV.

Tratamento de fratura órbito-zigomática decorrente de acidente com projétil de bala de borracha / Treatment of orbito-zygomatic fracture due to accident with rubber bullet project / Tratamiento de fractura orbito-cigomática por accidente com proyecto bala de goma

Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de um paciente com fratura zigomático orbitária vítima de tiro de bala de borracha e mostrar a importância de um planejamento adequado. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 19 anos de idade, deu entrada no Hospital de Urgências de Teresina, relatando ter sofrido uma agressão por bala de borracha durante uma manifestação. Foi observado no exame clínico: aumento de volume, equimose palpebral superior e dificuldade de abertura bucal. Na imagem foi observado, projétil de borracha na região zigomática esquerda, fraturas de zigoma com comunicação na região de pilar zigomático, fratura com deslocamento na região de margem Infraorbital e fratura na sutura fronto-zigomática. Foi proposto para o caso clínico, cirurgia sob anestesia geral com acesso intrabucal para fixação do pilar zigomático com placa do sistema 2.0mm, acesso superciliar para fixação da sutura fronto-zigomática com placa 1.5mm, e reconstrução do assoalho orbitário com malha de titânio. Conclusão: No pós-operatório o paciente não apresenta relato de enoftalmia, distopia ou diplopia, ausência de dor e déficits visuais.

Objective: To report a clinical case of a patient with zygomatic-orbital fracture, victim of rubber bullet shooting and show the importance of an adequate planning. Case Report: A 19-year-old male patient was admitted to the Teresina Emergency Hospital, reporting having suffered an aggression by rubber bullet during a demonstration. On clinical examination was observed: increased volume, upper eyelid ecchymosis and difficulty opening the mouth. In the image it was observed, rubber bullet in the left zygomatic region, zygoma fractures with communicationin the region of the zygomatic pillar, fracture with displacement in the region of infraorbital margin and fracture in the fronto-zygomatic suture. It was proposed for the clinical case, surgery under general anesthesia with intraoral access for fixation of the zygomatic pillar with a 2.0 mm plate, superciliary access for fixation of the fronto-zygomatic suture with a 1.5 mm plate, and reconstruction of the orbital floor with titanium mesh. Conclusion: Postoperatively, the patient did not report enophthalmia, dystopia or diplopia, absence of pain and visual deficits.

Objetivo: Informar de un caso clínico de un paciente confractura zigomática-orbital víctima de un disparo de bala de goma y mostrar la importancia de una planificación adecuada. Reporte de caso: Paciente masculino, de 19 años, fue admitido enel Hospital de Urgencias de Teresina, informando haber sufrido una agresión por bala de goma durante una manifestación. Se observó en elexamen clínico: aumento de volumen, equimosis del párpado superior y dificultad para abrir la boca. En la imagen se observó, bala de goma en la región cigomática izquierda, fractura del cigoma con comunicación en la región del pilar cigomático, fractura con desplazamiento en la región del margen infraorbitario y fractura en la sutura fronto-cigomática. Se propuso para el caso clínico, cirugía bajo anestesia general conacceso intraoral para fijacióndel pilar cigomáticocon sistema de placas de 2,0 mm, acceso superciliar para fijación de la sutura fronto-cigomática de placas de 1,5 mm, y reconstrucción del suelo orbitario con malla de titanio. Conclusión: En el post operatorio, la paciente no presentó informes de enoftalmia, distopía o diplopía, ausencia de dolor y déficit visual.

Alcohol consumption and maxillofacial fractures in times of Covid-19: a cross-sectional study in a cuban university hospital / Consumo de alcohol y fracturas maxilofaciales en tiempos de Covid-19: un estudio transversal en un hospital universitario cubano

Introduction: The consumption of alcoholic beverages reduces the body's ability to deal with dangerous situations and exposes people to trauma. Objective: To determine the association between the consumption of alcoholic beverages and the characteristics of maxillofacial fractures treated at a Cuban university hospital in the context of COVID-19. Material and Methods: An observational, analytical, and cross-sectional study was carried out in the Maxillofacial Surgery unit at the "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" General University Hospital during the year 2020. Prevalence ratios, 95% confidence intervals and p-values were obtained using generalized linear models. Results: In 58.23% of the cases, fractures were related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The fundamental etiology was interpersonal violence (47.75%), regardless of the consumption of alcoholic beverages. There was a prevalence of patients with nasal fractures (n=98; 55.06%), among which, 35.71% had consumed alcoholic beverages at the time of the trauma. Being male (p=0.005), the lack of university studies (p=0.007), the need for surgical treatment (p<0.001), the fractures of the zygomaticomaxillary complex (p=0.023), and the traumas that occurred during the weekends (p<0.001) or during the month of June (p=0.029) were factors associated with a higher frequency of fractures related to the consumption of alcoholic beverages. There was a lower frequency of fractures associated with alcohol consumption during the months of January (p=0.006) and March (p=0.001). Conclusion: Six out of ten cases were under the influence of alcoholic beverages. There was a greater number of young and male patients, mainly due to interpersonal violence.

Introducción: La ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas disminuye la capacidad del organismo para enfrentar situaciones de peligro y lo predispone a sufrir traumatismos diversos. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas y las características de las fracturas maxilofaciales atendidas en un hospital universitario cubano en el contexto de la COVID-19. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico y transversal realizado en el servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital General Universitario "Carlos Manuel de Céspedes" durante el 2020. Se obtuvieron razones de prevalencia, intervalos de confianza a 95% y valores p mediante modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados: En el 58.23% de los casos las fracturas se relacionaron con la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas. La etiología fundamental fue la violencia interpersonal (47.75%), independientemente del consumo o no de bebidas alcohólicas. Predominaron los pacientes con fracturas nasales (n=98; 55.06%), en los que el 35.71% había consumido bebidas alcohólicas en el momento del trauma. El sexo masculino (p=0.005), la carencia de estudios universitarios (p=0.007), la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico (p<0.001), las fracturas del complejo cigomático-maxilar (p=0.023), los traumas sucedidos durante los fines de semanas (p<0.001) o durante el mes de junio (p=0.029) fueron factores asociados a una mayor frecuencia de fracturas relacionadas con el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas. Hubo menor frecuencia de fracturas asociadas a este consumo durante los meses de enero (p=0.006) y marzo (p= 0.001). Conclusión: Seis de cada diez casos estuvieron bajo los efectos de la ingestión de bebidas alcohólicas. Existió una mayor afectación de pacientes jóvenes, masculinos, a causa principalmente de la violencia interpersonal.

Retrospective study of sports-related maxillofacial fractures in a Brazilian trauma care center

Aim: Maxillofacial fractures occur frequently in the general population, and sports-related fractures represent some of these cases. However, few studies have been carried out in Brazilian populations aimed at sports-related maxillofacial fractures. This study assessed the demographic and fracture characteristics of patients with sports-related maxillofacial fractures who were seen at a Brazilian trauma care center. Methods: Medical records of patients with a history of sports-related maxillofacial fractures treated between January 2018 and December 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. Personal data, fracture characteristics, sport type, treatment performed and need for hospitalization were collected. The data were subjected to statistical analyses with likelihood ratio test using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 25.0 (p ≤ 0.050). Results: Forty cases (4.96% of the total) of facial fractures were included. The mean age was 24.9 (± 9.8) years, with a predominance of males (92.5%). The use of protective equipment was rare. The most frequently involved sport modality was soccer (47.5%), followed by cycling (27.5%). The most frequent fracture location was nose (45%), followed by mandible (25%) and zygomatic complex (17.5%). Soccer was responsible for most nose fractures (61.1%), while cycling caused the majority of mandibular fractures (60%). Conservative treatment predominated (60%). There was only a significant difference between fracture location and the need for hospitalization (p = 0.021). Conclusion: Patients with sportsrelated maxillofacial fractures were typically young adult males, the injury was more often located in the nose and mandible and related to soccer or cycling. The use of protective equipment must be reinforced

Diagnostic properties of sensitivity changes in patients with maxillofacial fractures: a systematic review

Aim: Verify the accuracy of objective assessments compared to subjective tests in detecting changes in somatosensory perception in individuals affected by maxillofacial trauma. Methods: The review (PROSPERO n ° CRD42019125546) used the databases: MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE, LILACS and other bibliographic resources. Prospective and retrospective studies that used objective and subjective methods of assessing facial sensitivity in maxillofacial fractures were included. There was no restriction on language or publication date. Risk of bias was assessed using the QUADAS-2. Data extraction and analysis were performed using a form developed for the study. Results: 21 studies were included. The clinical objective examination mainly includes assessments of: tactile sensitivity (95.24%) and nociceptive sensitivity (57.14%). The subjective assessment was based on the patient's report, spontaneously (61.90%), guided by structured questionnaires (33.33%) and/or using scales (9.52%) to measure the degree of impairment. In risk of bias assessment, were observed no adequate interpretation and classification of changes in subjective sensitivity, subject to inappropriate analysis of the data. In addition, the studies bring several instruments without standardization for assessing sensory modalities. Conclusion: The objective assessment is a complement to the subjective assessment, using the touch assessment as the main parameter in the profile of the facial peripheral integrity, associated or not with nociceptive assessment. Lack of consensus on the indication of specific instruments for testing is a limiting factor. Thus, based on the studies, is proposed a minimum battery of sensitivity assessment to obtain an overview of the patient's peripheral nervous situation

Fratura do complexo zigomático orbitário: relato de caso / Fracture of the Zygomatic Orbital Complex: Case report

Fraturas faciais podem ocorrer de forma isolada ou concomitante a outras lesões. O complexo zigomático orbitário (CZO) ocupa uma posição proeminente da face, deixando-o bastante susceptível a traumas de alto e baixo impacto, que podem causar afundamento facial. O trauma de face frequentemente resulta em danos ao tecido ósseo, tecido mole e elementos dentários, causando prejuízo na função e estética do paciente. Os acidentes automobilísticos são uma das causas mais significativas de traumas faciais. As fraturas do terço médio da face incluem as que afetam a maxila, o zigoma e complexo NOE. O presente estudo tem por objetivo relatar o caso clínico de um paciente de 47 anos, sexo masculino, vítima de acidente automobilístico (carro x carro). Diagnosticado com fratura do CZO direito, classe IV. Foi realizada redução incruenta da fratura de arco zigomático; redução e fixação interna rígida de fratura de parede lateral de órbita e pilar zigomático com instalação de camadas de surgicel na região para melhora do contorno, resultando em regressão do afundamento malar e consequente reestabelecimento estético funcional. Estudos como este podem ser fonte de referência em busca constante pelo aprimoramento profissional, objetivando completo domínio teórico-prático das formas de condutas e tratamentos específicos à situação em questão... (AU)

Facial fractures may occur in isolation or concomitantly with other injuries. The zygomatic orbital complex (ZOC) occupies a prominent position of the face, leaving it quite susceptible to high and low impact trauma, which can cause facial sinking. Face trauma often results in damage to bone tissue, soft tissue and dental elements, causing injury to the patient's function and aesthetics. Auto accidents are one of the most significant causes of facial trauma. Fractures of the middle third of the face include those affecting the maxilla, the zygoma, and the NOE complex. The present study aims to report the clinical case of a 47-year-old male patient, victim of an automobile accident (car x car). Diagnosed with right CZO fracture, class IV. A non-invasive reduction of the zygomatic arch fracture was performed; reduction and rigid internal fixation of lateral wall orbital fracture and zygomatic pillar with installation of surgicel layers in the region to improve the contour, resulting in regression of the malar sinking and consequent functional aesthetic reestablishment. Studies like this can be a source of reference in constant search for professional improvement, aiming at a complete theoretical-practical domain of the forms of conduct and treatments specific to the situation in question... (AU)

Comparison between resorbable plates vs. titanium plates for treatment of zygomatic fractures: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To compare resorbable plates with titanium plates for the fixation of zygomatic fractures, taking into account postoperative complications. METHODS: This systematic review followed the guidelines of PRISMA and the recommendations of the Cochrane Handbook and was registered in PROSPERO. The electronic search was performed in the Web of Science, PubMed, Virtual Health Library, and Cochrane Library databases and in the gray literature. The study selection and the data extraction were performed by three calibrated and independent researchers. The assessment of the risk of bias in the studies was performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for clinical trials. Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager Software version 5.3, using the Peto's Odds Ratios (PORs), and when I2 > 30, the random effect model was used. The evaluation of the quality of the evidence was carried out through GRADE. RESULTS: A total of 2651 studies were screened and only nine were included; 7 of which were used for quantitative assessment. The follow-up time for patients ranged from 6 months to 5 years. All studies showed a low risk of bias in the "incomplete outcome data" domain. The need for plate removal (POR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.81, I2 = 0%) and dehiscence (POR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.63, I2 = not applied) was lower for the group of patients who used resorbable plates than for titanium plates. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the occurrence of infection, diplopia, or paresthesia between the fixation methods. Resorbable plates showed better postoperative clinical performance.

Fixação single-point com placa reabsorvível em fratura pediátrica: relato de caso / Single-point fixation with resorbable plate in pediatric fracture: case report

Introdução: As fraturas faciais pediátricas são geralmente decorrentes de traumas de alta energia e o seu tratamento está relacionado à fase do crescimento facial e do padrão do trauma ocorrido. A literatura atual descreve, com sucesso, a fixação de fraturas de zigoma com pouco deslocamento, utilizando apenas um ponto, seja ele na sutura frontozigomática ou no pilar zigomaticomaxilar, podendo ser associado ao uso de placas do sistema de fixação absorvível, principalmente, em pacientes em fase de crescimento. Este trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de fratura de zigoma em paciente pediátrico tratado com placa e parafusos absorvíveis, utilizando o princípio de fixação em um único ponto. Relato de caso: Paciente de 06 anos de idade foi atendido em serviço de Cirurgia Bucomaxilofacial, cursando com ferimento cortocontuso em margem supraorbitária direita associada à presença de degrau palpável em região de sutura frontozigomática direita, o qual foi confirmado pela tomografia computadorizada, demonstrando leve deslocamento medial. O paciente foi submetido à redução aberta e fixação da fratura com material reabsorvível. Considerações finais: A utilização de fixação com placas reabsorvíveis em um único ponto tem sido um excelente aliado, porém não é indicado para fraturas com deslocamento significativo, instáveis e panfaciais... (AU)

Introduction: Pediatric facial fractures are usually consequence of high energy trauma and its treatment is related to the facial growth phase and the trauma itself. The current literature describes, successfully, the fixation of zygoma fracture with little displacement using the single point fixation, being on the frontozygomatic suture or on the zygomatic-maxillary buttress, which can be associated to the use of resorbable fixation system plates, especially in patients growing phase. The aim of this work is report a case of zygomatic fracture in a pediatric patient treated with plate and resorbable screws, using the principle of single-point fixation. Case Report: A 06-year-old patient, attended in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, suffering from a cut-contusion wound on the right supraorbital margin associated with the presence of a palpable step in the region of the right frontozygomatic suture, which was confirmed by computed tomography, demonstrating slight medial displacement. The patient was underwent to open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture with resorbable material. Final considerations: The use of fixation with resorbable plates in a single-point has been an excellent approach, however it is not indicated for fractures with significant displacement, unstable and panfacial... (AU)

Redução de fratura de arco zigomático sob anestesia local ­ relato de caso / Reduction of zygomatic arch fracture under local anesthesia ­ case report

As fraturas do arco zigomático são geralmente causadas por trauma direto e refletem prejuízos estéticos e funcionais, devendo ser realizado o correto diagnóstico por meio de exame clínico e radiográfico para realizar o tratamento adequado e evitar a presença de sequelas pós-traumáticas. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso de fratura isolada de arco zigomático, descrever os meios de diagnóstico e tratamento fechado desse tipo de fratura. Paciente HVS, gênero masculino, 38 anos, vítima de agressão física compareceu ao serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia Bucomaxilofacial da UFBA/OSID por meio da emergência do Hospital Geral do estado (Salvador/BA) há aproximadamente uma hora após o trauma. Foi realizada a antissepsia com iodo tópico, anestesia local superficial e incisão cutânea com lamina de bisturi nº 15. Após o acesso, realizou-se a introdução do gancho de Barros e redução fechada da fratura. Paralelamente ao relato, foi realizada uma pesquisa na literatura científica para embasar os métodos e técnicas utilizados no diagnóstico e tratamento. Observou-se, então, a partir do caso clínico que é possível reduzir fraturas isoladas de arco zigomático sob anestesia local com acesso próximo à fratura para redução fechada a fim de evitar aumento da morbidade de procedimentos e reduzir a oneração ao serviço público (AU).

Fractures of the zygomatic arch are usually caused by direct trauma and reflect aesthetic and functional damages, and the correct diagnosis must be made by means of clinical and radiographic examination in order to carry out the appropriate treatment and avoid the presence of post-traumatic sequelae. The objective of this work is to report a case of isolated fracture of the zygomatic arch, to describe the means of diagnosis and closed treatment of this type of fracture. Patient HVS, male gender, 38 years old, victim of physical aggression attended the Service of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology of UFBA/OSID through the emergency of the state general hospital (Salvador/Bahia) approximately one hour after the trauma. Antissepsis was performed with topical iodine, superficial local anesthesia, and cutaneous incision with scalpel blade nº 15. After the access was performed the introduction of the Barros hook and closed reduction of the fracture. Parallel to the report, it has done a research in the scientific literature to support the methods and techniques used in diagnosis and treatment. It is observed from the clinical case that it is possible to reduce zygomatic arch fractures isolated under local anesthesia with close access to closed reduction fracture in order to avoid increased morbidity of procedures and reduce the burden on the public service (AU).

Review of In Vivo Bone Strain Studies and Finite Element Models of the Zygomatic Complex in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice.

The craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. Here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite-element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars and buttresses. Available bone material properties data do not support the existence of pillars and buttresses in humans or Sapajus apella. Deformation regimes in the zygomatic complex emphasize bending and shear, therefore conceptualizing the zygomatic complex of humans or nonhuman primates as a pillar obscures its patterns of stress, strain, and deformation. Human fossil relatives and chimpanzees exhibit strain regimes corroborating the existence of a canine-frontal pillar, but the notion of a zygomatic pillar has no support. The emerging consensus on patterns of strain and deformation in finite element models (FEMs) of the human facial skeleton corroborates hypotheses in the clinical literature regarding zygomatic complex function, and provide new insights into patterns of failure of titanium and resorbable plates in experimental studies. It is suggested that the "pillar and buttress" model of human craniofacial skeleton function be replaced with FEMs that more accurately and precisely represent in vivo function, and which can serve as the basis for future research into implants used in restoration of occlusal function and fracture repair. Anat Rec, 299:1753-1778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Reduction and Fixation of Unstable Fractures of the Zygomatic Arch: Report of a Series of Cases.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated a series of cases of fracture in the zygomatic arch with displacement of the fractured segment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study was conducted between May 2008 and February 2009. The study sample which consist of 10 patients of both genders with fractures in the zygomatic arch. The collection instrument included a specific sheet with data concerning the patient's age, cause, side of the fracture, type of treatment performed, recurrence and presence of lesions in the facial nerve. The radiographic indices of Waters and Hirtz were used. The data were presented by means of descriptive statistics (absolute and percentage distributions). RESULTS: Most of the patients were male (90.0%), the most frequent etiology was a motorcycle accident (70.0%) and the left side was more affected (60.0%). There was no recurrence in any of the patients examined; however, 1 patient had a lesion in the facial nerve. The treatment performed for all patients was reduction and fixation with titanium miniplates. CONCLUSION: Fractures in the zygomatic arch are more frequent in young male individuals and the most common cause is a motorcycle accident, with the use of miniplates constituting an effective treatment without recurrence.

Prevalência de complicações oftalmológicas em portadores de fraturas do complexo zigomático / Prevalence of ophthalmic complications in individuals with fractures of the zygomatic complex

OBJETIVO: Realizar estudo observacional e retrospectivo da prevalência de complicações oftalmológicas em indivíduos portadores de fratura de complexo zigomático. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizada a análise retrospectiva por consulta a prontuários dos pacientes atendidos no ambulatório de Cirurgia Buco-Maxilo-Facial do Hospital Geral Roberto Santos, no período de janeiro de 2005 a junho de 2009. RESULTADOS: Este estudo mostrou uma maior incidência de fraturas no sexo masculino, sendo a amostra composta por 70 homens (92,2%) e 6 mulheres (7,8%) com idade média de 20 a 39 anos. Dentre as causas, destacaram-se os acidentes de trânsito, envolvendo, motocicleta, carros e bicicleta que foram os agentes etiológicos mais comuns em ambos os sexos, perfazendo um total de 41 casos (54,0%). As complicações oftalmológicas observadas podem ser classificadas em menores (transitórias) e maiores (que necessitam de tratamento adicional). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes portadores de fraturas 67 do complexo zigomático apresentam incidência elevada de complicações oftalmológicas, o que justifica o atendimento multidisciplinar desses pacientes.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct an observational and retrospective study of the prevalence of ophthalmic complications in individuals with fractures of the zygomatic complex. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective analysis was carried out by consulting the records of the patients treated at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Roberto Santos General Hospital from January 2005 to June 2009. RESULTS: The study, comprising 70 men (92.2%) and 6 women (7.8%) aged between 20 and 39 years, showed a higher incidence of fractures in males. Road accidents involving motorcycles, cars and bicycles were the most common etiological agent in both sexes, accounting for a total of 41 cases. The ophthalmic complications observed can be classified as minor (transitory) and major (requiring further treatment). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with fractures of the zygomatic complex present a high incidence of ophthalmic complications, which justifies their treatment in a multidisciplinary fashion.

Avaliação da abordagem palpebral subtarsal no tratamento cirúrgico das fraturas zigomático-orbitais / Evaluation of palpebral subtarsal approach in surgical treatment of orbito-zigomatic fractures

OBJETIVO: avaliar as complicações, vantagens e desvantagens da abordagem subtarsal quando utilizada para exposição da borda infra-orbital e do assoalho da órbita em fraturas zigomático-orbitais. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 41 incisões subtarsais empregadas em 39 pacientes com fraturas do complexo zigomático e/ou do assoalho da órbita do tipo blow-out, no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2006. RESULTADOS: As complicações observadas foram conjuntivite, epífora e cicatriz aparente em seis (14,6 por cento), cinco (12,2 por cento) e dois (4,9 por cento) dos casos, respectivamente. Não houve presença de ectrópio, entrópio ou esclera aparente nos pacientes reavaliados. CONCLUSÃO: As principais vantagens dessa abordagem são os resultados estéticos e funcionais associados aos benefícios trans-operatórios.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the complications, advantages and disadvantages of the subtarsal approach when used to exposure the orbital rim and orbital floor in orbitozygomatic fractures. METHODS: Retrospective study of the 41 subtarsal incisions that were used in 39 patients with fractures of the zygomatic complex and/or orbital floor, of blowout type, between January 2002 and December 2006. RESULTS: The observed complications were conjunctivitis, epiphora and noticeable scar, in six (14,6 percent), five (12,2 percent) and two (4.9 percent) of the cases, respectively. There was no ectropion, entropion or scleral show in the patients reevaluated. CONCLUSIONS: The main advantages of this approach are the esthetic result together with the transoperative benefits.

Traumas faciais: estudo retrospectivo de 1190 casos na região de Araçatuba / Facial injuries: a retrospective study of 1190 cases in the region of Araçatuba

Introdução: As populações apresentam variações na epidemiologia de fraturas faciais de acordo com a área geográfica, condição socioeconômica e cultural, época e injúria. Objetivo: Avaliar e determinar a ocorrência dos traumas faciais - fraturas mandibulares (FM), nasais (FN), zigomáticas (FZ), do seio frontal (FF), traumatismos dento alveolares (TDA) e ferimentos por arma de fogo (FAF) - em pacientes atendidos pelo serviço de Cirurgia e Traumatologia da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba - UNESP. Métodos: Foi realizado o estudo dos prontuários de pacientes admitidos no intervalo de 1999 a 2005. Resultados: Dentre os 4112 pacientes atendidos durante o período, 1190 (29%) apresentaram os traumas selecionados no estudo, dos quais 913 (76,7%) eram do gênero masculino e 277 (23,3%) do feminino. A faixa etária mais acometida foi de 21 a 25 anos (17%), sendo as causas mais freqüentes: agressão física (17,6%), acidentes ciclísticos (16,6%) e acidentes motociclísticos (15,8%). A fratura nasal foi o trauma mais freqüente (26,89%), seguida das fraturas do zigomático (25,38%), TDA (22,35%), fraturas mandibulares (21,26%), do seio frontal (2,78%) e os FAF (1,34%). Setenta e dois por cento dos casos foram tratados cirurgicamente. Conclusões: O trauma facial ocorreu com mais freqüência no gênero masculino, na faixa etária entre 21 e 25 anos, em consequência de agressão física e a fratura nasal foi a injúria mais prevalente.

Introduction: General population have variations in the epidemiology of facial fractures, according to geographical areas, socioeconomic and cultural differences, season and type of injury. Objective: To evaluate and determinate facial trauma incidence - mandible fractures (MF), nasal fractures (NF), zygomatic (ZF), the frontal sinus (FS), alveolar dental trauma (ADT) and injuries by a firearm (FA) - in patients seen at the Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinics, Dental School Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, SP, Brazil. Methods: A retrospective study of medical charts of patients admitted between 1999 to 2005 was performed. Results: Among the 4112 patients evaluated during this period, 1190 (29%) showed the selected traumas for this study, of whom 913 (76.7%) were mem and 277 (23.3%) were women. The most affected age group was from 21 to 25 (17%), whereas the most frequent causes were: physical aggression (17.6%), cycling accidents (16.6%), and motorcycle accidents (15.8%). The most frequent trauma was nasal fracture (26.89%), followed by zygomatic fractures (25.38%), ADT (22.35%), mandible fractures (21.26%), the frontal sinus (2, 78%) and the FA (1.34%). Seventy two percent of the cases were treated surgically. Conclusions: The facial trauma occurred more in men between the ages of 21 and 25, as a result of physical aggression and nasal fracture was the most prevalent injury.

Análise clínico-histológica do N-Butil-2-Cianoacrilato na síntese de fraturas zigomáticas em coelhos / Clinical and Histological Analysis of N-Butil-2-Cyanocrylate in the Synthesis

Este estudo objetivou avaliar, clínica, macro e microscopicamente, a eficácia do n-butil-2-cianoacrilato, na reparação tecidual óssea de fraturas zigomáticas em coelhos, comparando-o com o meio clássico de fixação interna não-rígida com fio de aço inoxidável flexível. Utilizaram-se 15 coelhos mestiços de ambos os sexos, com idadevariando entre 8 e 10 meses e peso entre 2,5 e 3,0 Kg. , divididos aleatoriamente, em três grupos iguais. Os grupos foram submetidos à etapa cirúrgica, que consistiu na realização de fraturas zigomáticas bilaterais, quando,no lado direito (experimental), foi utilizado o n-butil-2-cianoacrilato e, no esquerdo (controle), o meio convencional de fixação. Em seguida, os grupos foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, macroscópica e microscópica da área das fraturas aos 3, 21 e 42 dias pós-cirúrgicos. Como resultado, observou-se clinicamente que, aos 3 dias, não foram percebidas alterações, exceto a presença de edema no grupo-controle. Macroscopicamente, notou-se a ausência de cápsula, e as fraturas apresentavam-se contidas e sem mobilidade, em ambos os lados. Microscopicamente foi identificada uma leve atividade inflamatória em ambos os lados. Aos 21 dias, observou-se macroscopicamente a presença de cápsula e uma redução do volume do adesivo utilizado no lado experimental. Microscopicamente, percebeu-se intensa atividade óssea e vascular em ambos os lados. Aos 42 dias, observou-se macroscopicamente a ausência de cápsula, estando as fraturas contidas e sem mobilidade, em ambos os lados. Além disso, no lado experimental, notou-se que o material adesivo estava quase que totalmente reabsorvido e integrado ao osso nessa fase. Microscopicamente, foi identificada intensa atividade de mineralização óssea em ambos os lados. Esses achados corroboram com dados da literatura e permite sugerir a viabilidade do emprego do n-butil-2-cianoacrilato em fraturas ósseas da face

Uso da cirurgia vídeo-assistida no tratamento de fratura do zigomático / Use of video-assisted surgery in the treatment of zygomatic fractures

Os ossos zigomáticos, devido à sua posição e projeção no esqueleto facial, estão mais susceptíveis a fraturas após episódios de trauma facial. Ocorrendo a fratura, esta deve ser tratada objetivando restaurar a simetria facial e evitar distúrbios funcionais da mastigação (limitação de abertura de boca) e olhos (diplopia e enoftalmo, distúrbios que podem estar associados aos acessos cirúrgicos convencionais). A utilização de procedimentos cirúrgicos minimamente invasivos, como a cirurgia vídeo-assistida, tem sido amplamente adotada por diversas especialidades cirúrgicas, nas últimas décadas, mas existem poucos relatos de casos de trauma facial. Recentemente, as técnicas cirúrgicas minimamente invasivas em cirurgia buco-maxilo-facial são utilizadas para tratamento de fraturas faciais, incluindo as fraturas do complexo zigomático, com o intuito de tornar os procedimentos menos invasivos, obter melhor visualização dos segmentos fraturados e cicatrizes imperceptíveis, diminuindo a freqüência de possíveis complicações pós-operatórias. Esse artigo descreve o caso de um paciente com fratura unilateral do osso zigomático, em que se utilizou a cirurgia vídeo-assitida como auxiliar no tratamento.

The zygomatic bones, given their position and projection in the facial skeleton, are more susceptible to fractures after facial trauma episodes. If fracture happens, it should be treated in order to restore facial symmetry and avoid functional disturbances of mastication (limited mouth opening) and eyes (diplopia and enohthalmos, disturbances that can be associated with conventional surgical approaches). The use of minimally invasive surgical procedures, such as ideoassisted surgery, has been broadly adopted by many surgical specialties in the last decades, but there are few reports of facial trauma cases. Recently, the minimally invasive surgical techniques in maxillofacial surgery are used for the treatment of facial fractures, including fractures of the zygomatic complex, in order to make the procedures less invasive, visualize the broken segments better and obtain unnoticeable scares, diminishing the rate of postoperative complications. This article describes the case of a patient with unilateral fracture of the zygomatic bone on which video-assisted surgery was used as an aid for treatment.

Resultados de la descompresión del nervio infraorbitario en la parestesia postraumática

Se estudiaron 100 pacientes con fractura cigomática, que ingresaron y fueron intervenidos en el Servicio de Cirugía Maxilofacial del Hospital Provincial Docente "Saturnino Lora" de Santiago de Cuba durante un trienio (1987 a 1989). Se obtuvo información sobre la disfunción del nervio infraorbitario con respecto al tipo de fractura y sobre los resultados terapéuticos de dichas disfunciones. Entre los hallazgos más relevantes figuró el éxito del método de descompresión secundaria del nervio infraorbitario en relación con el retorno de la sensibilidad completa, o al menos mejorada, en 10 de los 14 operados, en los cuales ésta se había perdido totalmente o disminuido bastante después de la reducción de sus fracturas. El pronóstico favorable de la regeneración del citado nervio se correspondió con la reducción precoz de la fractura antes del proceso de organización e invasión fibrótica del conducto infraorbitario, la delicadez durante el proceso de desimpactación-reducción y la propia liberación del nervio.

A hundred patients with zygomatic fracture were studied; they were admitted and operated in the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of the "Saturnino Lora" Provincial Educational Hospital at Santiago de Cuba during a triennium (1987-1989). Data were obtained on the infraorbitarynerve dysfunction related to the kind of fracture and the therapeutical results of such dysfunctions. Among the most significant findings there is the success of the method of secondary decompression for the infraorbitary nerve, related to the return of the complete sensitiveness, or at least an improved sensitiveness in 10 of the 14 operated patients, in which this sensitiveness was completely lost or quite decreased after the reduction of the fractures. The favorable prognosis of the regeneration of such nerve corresponded with the early reduction of the fracture, before the organization process and fibrotic invasion of the infraorbitary duct, the daintiness during the deimpaction-reduction process, and the liberation of the nerve.