Assuntos
Toxicologia Forense/métodos , Alucinógenos/análise , Unhas/química , Abuso de Fenciclidina/etiologia , Fenciclidina/análise , Adolescente , Adulto , Alucinógenos/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Fenciclidina/metabolismo , Abuso de Fenciclidina/diagnóstico , Abuso de Fenciclidina/metabolismo , Detecção do Abuso de Substâncias/métodosAssuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Drogas Ilícitas , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Benzodiazepinas/efeitos adversos , Benzodiazepinas/farmacologia , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cannabis/efeitos adversos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/efeitos adversos , Estimulantes do Sistema Nervoso Central/farmacologia , Atenção à Saúde/organização & administração , Dopamina/metabolismo , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Entorpecentes/efeitos adversos , Entorpecentes/farmacologia , Nicotina/efeitos adversos , Nicotina/farmacologia , Núcleo Accumbens/efeitos dos fármacos , Núcleo Accumbens/metabolismo , Abuso de Fenciclidina/diagnóstico , Abuso de Fenciclidina/tratamento farmacológico , Abuso de Fenciclidina/etiologia , Abuso de Fenciclidina/psicologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/etiologia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
In this review phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamines and hallucinogens, using LSD as the prototype, are considered as two distinct classes of abused drugs. Within these classes drugs that are found on the street are discussed, and a current epidemiological summary is provided. The abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs are evaluated by considering four major determinants of their abuse. First, is the ability of a drug to function as a positive reinforcer and increase the probability of operant behavior leading to its delivery. Animal data describing the reinforcing effects of PCP are reviewed with respect to the influence of variables controlling drug-reinforced behavior; however, there are no animal models of hallucinogen-reinforced behavior. Several methods of quantifying reinforcing efficacy are discussed. A second determinant is the subjective effects of the respective drugs. These effects are described and compared across drugs based on clinical reports in humans and drug discrimination studies in animals. A third determinant is the behavioral and physiological toxicity that results from acute and chronic use of these drugs. Clinical reports and results of sensitive tests that have been developed for laboratory animals are reviewed. A fourth determinant is the dependence potential that exists with these drugs, measured by tolerance development and the extent to which behavioral and physiological disturbances occur when drug use is terminated.
Assuntos
Alucinógenos , Abuso de Fenciclidina/etiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etiologia , Afeto/efeitos dos fármacos , Nível de Alerta/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Alucinógenos/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Fenciclidina/efeitos adversosAssuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Abuso de Fenciclidina/etiologia , Fenciclidina/farmacologia , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Anticonvulsivantes/farmacocinética , Dibenzocicloeptenos/farmacocinética , Maleato de Dizocilpina , Humanos , Receptores de N-Metil-D-AspartatoAssuntos
Anticonvulsivantes , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Dibenzocicloeptenos/síntese química , Abuso de Fenciclidina/etiologia , Fenciclidina/análogos & derivados , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Fenômenos Químicos , Química , Dibenzocicloeptenos/farmacocinética , Maleato de Dizocilpina , Humanos , Conformação Molecular , Fenciclidina/farmacocinética , Receptores da Fenciclidina , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Phencyclidine (1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine, PCP) self-administration has been demonstrated in rhesus monkeys, baboons, dogs and rats. Generally, an orderly inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for rates of self-injection has been observed. Total drug intake appears to increase slightly with increases in unit dose; however, this increase is much less than might be expected with other CNS depressants such as barbiturates or morphine. Additionally, several arylcyclohexylamine analogues of PCP and some members of the benzomorphan and dioxolane classes referred to collectively as "phencyclinoids" are self-administered by primates and dogs. New data are presented in this review profiling the self-administration of some of these drugs in rats, as well as a characterization of the self-administration of higher unit doses of PCP than previously reported. Also, preliminary results of the assessment of the reinforcing efficacy of some PCP analogues measured by the progressive ratio procedure are presented.