[From educational and health tourism for children to social tourism: vacation camps in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina]. / Del turismo escolar y sanitario infantil al turismo social: colonias de vacaciones en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

The early twentieth century saw the rise of vacation camps for frail children as educational and health-giving experiences provided by medical and philanthropic organizations. This article analyzes some of these early experiences, seen here as the predecessors of social tourism, in the Province of Buenos Aires. A combination of written sources are examined, mainly institutional reports, periodicals such as the Monitor de la Educación Común - published by the Consejo Nacional de Educación (National Board of Education) - or laws, with photographs and plans for different examples. I argue that these buildings were both physical and cultural "brands" in the places where they were located, and that their architectural structure encapsulated ideas about leisure space and cures in unique natural environments.

Four responsibilities of the tuberculosis nurse, circa 1919.

Specialization in public health nursing practice was beginning to occur early in the 20th century. In a 1919 paper published in The Public Health Nurse, Mary Van Zile argued that there were four essential functions of the tuberculosis nurse. Later that year, Janet Scott reported on the results of a partnership between the tuberculosis dispensary, the Lions Club, and other Oklahoma City community organizations, which illustrated the application of Van Zile's principles, and the expanding scope of public health nursing practice.

Sickening nurses: fever nursing, nurses' illness, and the anatomy of blame, New Zealand 1903-1923.

In the early twentieth century, patients with infectious fevers represented a danger to the health of others including their nurses. This research describes the training New Zealand nurses received in fever nursing during the period 1903-1923, and considers how they applied hospital cross-infection principles in emergency tent fever camps in remote rural areas. It examines the reaction of nurses, hospital boards, and physicians to nurses who succumbed with their patients' fevers. It therefore reveals attitudes to nurses, prevailing ideas about responsibility for nurses' health, and elements in the emerging professional culture of nursing. Although some measures protected them against epidemic fevers, nurses were held responsible for their own health. A complex anatomy of blame is evident against those who sickened; the nature of the blame shifted, depending on the observer, disease, and practice setting. Physicians blamed nurses, especially when they sickened with typhoid fever. The country's chief nurse and other nurses blamed those who jeopardized their health through ill-spent leisure time. Sick nurses could be absolved from blame for the lax discipline evident through their failure to observe cross-infection principles if their practice setting was the fever camp. Willingness to work in difficult circumstances showed they embodied the ideal of sacrifice that, like discipline, was part of the emerging nursing culture.

[Fight for the development of pediatric diabetology in Belgium]. / Lutte pour le développement de la diabétologie pédiatrique en Belgique.

In Belgium, the first educative vacation camp for diabetic children was organized in 1969 by Helmut Loeb, using as a model the French camps of Henri Lestradet which existed since 1953. Diabetic children were trained in self-monitoring and self-treatment, with a normal diet. From that moment specialized pediatricians having acquired their experience in the vacation camps, surrounded by a multidisciplinary team, began to manage diabetic children instead of internists. However this fight was difficult and, in 1977, an organization especially devoted to diabetic children was created. Finally, in 1997, the Social Security recognized the specificity of pediatric centers for diabetic children and adolescents.

Organized camping: a historical perspective.

Organized camping has been part of the fabric of American culture for more than 150 years. Today, organized camps serve more than 11 million youth annually, a significant departure from the first camps that were created to address the challenges of urban living during the Industrial Revolution. This article provides a brief historical perspective of organized camp and its evolution.