Evaluation of the Bioequivalence of Acarbose in Healthy Chinese People.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reference formulation and test formulation of acarbose are bioequivalent among healthy Chinese subjects based on evaluation of the pharmacodynamic end point. Two clinical trials with acarbose were conducted: study A, a pilot study (n = 12; 50 and 100 mg), and study B, a pivotal study (n = 60; 50 mg). In study A, there was a dose-dependent relationship between 50 mg acarbose and 100 mg acarbose and a significant difference compared with sucrose alone. In study B, after logarithmic conversion, a linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the maximum serum glucose value and area under the serum glucose-time curve from 0 to 2 hours. The geometric mean ratios (test formulation/reference formulation) were 92.68% and 95.70%, with 90% confidence intervals of 84.08%-102.17% and 84.21%-108.76%, respectively, falling between 80.00% and 125.00%. According to the geometric least-squares mean, the test formulation (or reference formulation) was statistically significantly different as a single sucrose (P < .001). The effective dose of acarbose in healthy Chinese volunteers was 50 mg. The reference and test formulations were bioequivalent.

Safety of a Novel Weight Loss Combination Product Containing Orlistat and Acarbose.

The safety of a novel modified-release oral capsule with orlistat and acarbose (MR-OA) was investigated in 67 obese middle-aged White men with a body mass index of 32 to 40 kg/m2 or 30 to 32 kg/m2 plus waist circumference >102 cm. The purpose of this investigation was to compare MR-OA with the existing conventional orlistat regarding systemic safety defined as plasma orlistat concentration at the end of the treatment period of 14 days. Participants took the MR-OA fixed-dose combination formulation 3 times a day together with a major meal. Three different doses of MR-OA were evaluated-60/20, 90/30, and 120/40 (mg orlistat/mg acarbose)-as well as 1 reference group who received the conventional orlistat, Xenical, with 120 mg of orlistat. Blood plasma was sampled on days 1 and 14. The orlistat plasma concentrations of the MR-OA dose showed a delayed absorption and were lower compared with conventional orlistat at the end of the study. All doses were safe and well tolerated without any unexpected adverse events and no serious adverse events. The delay in the rise of orlistat plasma concentration indicates that the modified-release properties of the MR-OA formulation are effective. The systemic exposure of orlistat resulting from MR-OA was similar, albeit a bit lower than the conventional orlistat with 120 mg of orlistat. We can therefore assume that the safety profile regarding the orlistat moiety of MR-OA is comparable to the conventional orlistat and a promising approach for weight control in obese patients. Further clinical evaluation is underway.

Acarbose improved survival for Apc+/Min mice.

Acarbose blocks the digestion of complex carbohydrates, and the NIA Intervention Testing Program (ITP) found that it improved survival when fed to mice. Yet, we do not know if lifespan extension was caused by its effect on metabolism with regard to the soma or cancer suppression. Cancer caused death for ~80% of ITP mice. The ITP found rapamycin, an inhibitor to the pro-growth mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) pathway, improved survival and it suppressed tumors in Apc+/Min mice providing a plausible rationale to ask if acarbose had a similar effect. Apc+/Min is a mouse model prone to intestinal polyposis and a mimic of familial adenomatous polyposis in people. Polyp-associated anemia contributed to their death. To address this knowledge gap, we fed two doses of acarbose to Apc+/Min mice. Acarbose improved median survival at both doses. A cross-sectional analysis was performed next. At both doses, ACA fed mice exhibited reduced intestinal crypt depth, weight loss despite increased food consumption and reduced postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin, indicative of improved insulin sensitivity. Dose-independent and dose-dependent compensatory liver responses were observed for AMPK and mTORC1 activities, respectively. Only mice fed the high dose diet exhibited reductions in tumor number with higher hematocrits. Because low-dose acarbose improved lifespan but failed to reduced tumors, its effects seem to be independent of cancer. These data implicate the importance of improved carbohydrate metabolism on survival.

Synthesis of sandwich-structured magnetic graphene-Zn-MOFs composites for quantitative determination of acarbose in rat plasma.

In this study, sandwich-structured magnetic graphene composites with Zn metal-organic framework layer coated on both two sides (denoted as magG@Zn-MOFs) were synthesized. The composites have large specific surface of 114 m2 g⁻1, uniform porous structure and rapid magnetic separation within 10 s. The magG@Zn-MOFs composites were used for extraction of acarbose in plasma prior to its quantitative analysis by LC-MS/MS. The established method has good linearity (10-1000 ng mL-1), satisfactory recovery (94.3-107.5%), low detection limit (as low as 2.5 ng mL-1), good intra-day precision (RSD 3.5-5.3%) and inter-day precision (RSD 6.3-8.1%). Finally, the method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of acarbose in rats.

Conductive Polymer Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Biofluid Analysis.

We present a conductive polymer spray ionization (CPSI) method for the direct mass spectrometric analysis of hydrophilic drugs, saccharides, peptides, and proteins in biofluids. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were introduced into poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to fabricate a conductive composite substrate CNT/PMMA in the shape of a triangle (8 mm wide and 10 mm long) with its apex pointed toward the inlet of a mass spectrometer. In comparison with a traditional paper spray substrate, the conductive polymer absorbs less hydrophilic compounds owing to its hydrophobic nature. When aqueous biofluid samples are loaded, they also exhibit less diffusion on this nonporous surface. Only 1.0-2.0 µL solvent suffices to extract the components in a dried biofluid spot and to form charged microdroplets (4.5 kV high voltage applied). Furthermore, the hydrophobic polymer surface only needs to overcome weak surface tension to emit charged microdroplets, so that the signal has a typical duration of 7.5 min. For sunitinib, acarbose, melamine, and angiotensin II, the ion intensity of the target compound from the conductive polymer support is significantly higher than paper spray, typically by a factor of 20 to 100. These results suggest that the CNT/PMMA conductive polymer spray has great potential in the analysis of hydrophilic drugs, saccharides, peptides, and proteins in biofluids.

Acarbose bioequivalence: exploration of new pharmacodynamic parameters.

To investigate bioequivalence (BE) testing of an acarbose formulation in healthy Chinese volunteers through the use of recommended and innovative pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Following the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance, a randomized, cross-over study of acarbose test (T) and reference (R) (Glucobay®) formulations was performed with a 1-week wash-out period. Preliminary pilot studies showed that the appropriate dose of acarbose was 2 × 50 mg, and the required number of subjects was 40. Serum glucose concentrations after sucrose administration (baseline) and co-administration of sucrose/acarbose on the following day were both determined. Three newly defined PD measures of glucose fluctuation (glucose excursion (GE), GE' (glucose excursion without the effect of the homeostatic glucose control), and fAUC (degree of fluctuation of serum glucose based on AUC)), the plateau glucose concentration (C(ss)), and time of maximum reduction in glucose concentration (T (max)) were tested in the evaluation. The adequacy of the two parameters recommended by the FDA, ΔC(SG,max) (maximum reduction in serum glucose concentration) and AUEC((0-4h)) (reduction in the AUC((0-4h)) of glucose between baseline and acarbose formulation) was also evaluated. The T (max) values were comparable, and the 90% confidence intervals of the geometric test/reference ratios (T/R) for ΔC(SG,max), C(ss), GE, and fAUC were all within 80-125%. The parameter GE' was slightly outside the limits, and the parameter AUEC((0-4h)) could not be computed due to the presence of negative values. In acarbose BE evaluation, while the recommended parameter ΔC(SG,max) is valuable, the combination of C(ss) and one of the newly defined glucose fluctuation parameters, GE, GE', and fAUC is preferable than AUEC((0-4h)). The acarbose test formulation can be initially considered to be bioequivalent to Glucobay®.

[Current approaches to treatment of secondary sulfonylamide drug resistance in Type II diabetes mellitus]. / Sovremennye podkhody k lecheniiu vtorichnoi sul'fanilamidnoi rezistentnosti pri sakharnom diabete II tipa.

A differentiated approach toward treating secondary sulfanilamide resistance in patients with type II diabetes and proposed therapeutic regimens simple enough to be adopted in the management of the patients in question permit achieving satisfactory hypoglycemic effect maintaining an acceptable level of glucose in the blood.