[Comparison of molluscicidal cost and effectiveness between 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules and 26% suspension concentrate of metalaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the molluscicidal effects and cost-effectiveness of 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules (NEG) and 26% suspension concentrate of metalaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt (MNSC) . METHODS: Two plots with high Oncomelania hupensis snail density were selected as research areas in Nanjing Chemical Industry Zone, and 5% NEG (40 g/m2) and 26% MNSC (40 g/m2) were used by the spraying method for snail control in the two plots, and their molluscicidal effects and cost-effectiveness were investigated and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between 5% NEG and 26% MNSC in the molluscicidal effects. The cost of 5% NEG was 1.25 times higher than that of 26% MN-SC per ten thousand square meters in snail control. CONCLUSIONS: The cost of 5% NEG is higher than that of 26% MNSC per ten thousand square meters in snail control. Their molluscicidal effects are similar.

Effect of variable power levels on the yield of total aerosol mass and formation of aldehydes in e-cigarette aerosols.

The study objective was to determine the effect of variable power applied to the atomizer of refillable tank based e-cigarette (EC) devices. Five different devices were evaluated, each at four power levels. Aerosol yield results are reported for each set of 25 EC puffs, as mass/puff, and normalized for the power applied to the coil, in mass/watt. The range of aerosol produced on a per puff basis ranged from 1.5 to 28 mg, and, normalized for power applied to the coil, ranged from 0.27 to 1.1 mg/watt. Aerosol samples were also analyzed for the production of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein, as DNPH derivatives, at each power level. When reported on mass basis, three of the devices showed an increase in total aldehyde yield with increasing power applied to the coil, while two of the devices showed the opposite trend. The mass of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein produced per gram of total aerosol produced ranged from 0.01 to 7.3 mg/g, 0.006 to 5.8 mg/g, and <0.003 to 0.78 mg/g, respectively. These results were used to estimate daily exposure to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein from EC aerosols from specific devices, and were compared to estimated exposure from consumption of cigarettes, to occupational and workplace limits, and to previously reported results from other researchers.

[Indoor air guide values for acetaldehyde. Announcement of the German Ad-hoc Working Group on Indoor Guidelines of the Indoor Air Hygiene Committee and of the States' Supreme Health Authorities]. / Richtwerte für Acetaldehyd in der Innenraumluft. Mitteilung der Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Innenraumrichtwerte der Kommission Innenraumlufthygiene und der Obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörden.

The German Ad-hoc Working Group on Indoor Guidelines of the Indoor Air Hygiene Committee and the States' Supreme Health Authorities is issuing indoor air guide values to protect public health. No suitable human studies are available for health evaluation of acetaldehyde in indoor air. In a well-documented subchronic inhalation animal study with rats assessed as reliable, local irritation effects were observed in nasal epithelia, most prominently in the olfactory epithelium with loss of olfactory neuronal cells. This study leads to a LOAEC of 48 mg acetaldehyde/m3 for continuous exposure for the endpoint nasal epithelium degeneration. By applying an interspecies factor of 1, a factor of 10 for interindividual variability, and a factor of 2 to account for the higher respiratory rate of children compared to adults, a health hazard guide value (RW II) of 1 mg acetaldehyde/m3 is obtained. A health precaution guide value (RW I) of 0.1 mg acetaldehyde/m3 is recommended.

Safety issues associated with processing soybeans in an enclosed habitat intended for long-duration space missions.

Soybeans have been selected to be grown in a habitat (BIO-Plex, Bioregenerative Planetary Life Support Systems Test Complex) designed to evaluate advanced life support systems for long-duration space missions. Soymilk and soy bread will be incorporated into this nutritious, plant-based food system. Because all consumables will be recycled and reused, food safety is a particular concern. Critical control points were identified to control microbiological hazards, particularly mycotoxins, and chemical hazards from antinutrients and volatiles emitted during processing of soymilk and soy bread. Volatile compounds, evolved during the manufacturing of soymilk and soy bread, were quantified by GC/MS to assess their impact on this closed loop system. All concentrations of volatiles evolved during soymilk production were below the 24-h Space Craft Maximum Allowable Concentration (SMAC), while acetaldehyde surpassed the SMAC criteria for soy bread. Recommendations were made for processing of soybeans in such environments to minimize risk to crew member health.

Acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts: an unreliable marker of alcohol abuse.

Acetaldehyde reacts with hemoglobin in vitro to produce acetaldehyde-hemoglobin adducts, but we could not detect these in the blood of 20 alcoholics, either by cation-exchange chromatography or agar gel electrophoresis. Thus, contrary to previous reports, this test is not a reliable marker of alcohol abuse. Nuclear magnetic resonance and gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis of acetaldehyde revealed the presence of aldehydic impurities. Formation of adducts in vitro may thus result from the reaction of hemoglobin with these impurities or with acetaldehyde condensation products (aldol) or from acetaldehyde condensation/dehydration products (crotonaldehyde).