A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Vehicle-Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Moisturizer Containing Licochalcone A, Decanediol, L-Carnitine, and Salicylic Acid for Prevention of Acne Relapse in Asian Population.

Many topical agents are available for treating the acute phase of acne; however, few agents have been proven beneficial during the maintenance phase. Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of moisturizer containing licochalcone A, 1,2-decanediol, L-carnitine, and salicylic acid during the maintenance phase of mild to moderate acne in Thai patients. Methods. One hundred and ten patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were initially treated with a fixed combination of adapalene 0.1%/benzoyl peroxide 2.5% gel once daily for 8 weeks. Fifty patients who achieved at least 50% reduction in lesion counts or at least a 2-grade improvement in the Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) grade from baseline were enrolled in the maintenance phase, which was an investigator-masked, left-right comparison, randomized, controlled, intraindividual study. Moisturizers with and without the active study ingredients were applied twice a day to each side of the face, respectively, for 12 weeks. Assessments included acne lesion counts, acne severity by IGA scoring, skin bioengineering measurements, and skin tolerability as assessed by both patient and physician. Results. The treatment group had a significant reduction in the mean counts of noninflammatory, inflammatory, and total lesions compared to the vehicle group at week 12 and also between baseline and week 12. There was no significant difference in the mean scores for skin dryness, stinging/burning, or pruritus at any time point between groups. Conclusions. Moisturizer containing licochalcone A, 1,2-decanediol, L-carnitine, and salicylic acid reduced acne lesions and prevented the development of new lesions during the maintenance phase. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT04002024.

Novel Polymeric Tazarotene 0.045% Lotion for Moderate-to-Severe Acne: Pooled Phase 3 Analysis by Race/Ethnicity.

Background: Acne vulgaris and inflammation-associated sequelae are highly prevalent in black and Hispanic populations. In a phase 2 study, a novel polymeric emulsion formulation of tazarotene 0.045% lotion had relatively fewer adverse events than tazarotene 0.1% cream, but with comparable efficacy. The objective was to evaluate tazarotene 0.045% lotion by race and ethnicity in the pivotal trials. Methods: In two phase 3, double-blind, 12-week studies (NCT03168334; NCT03168321), participants with moderate-to-severe acne were randomized 1:1 to tazarotene 0.045% lotion or vehicle lotion (N=1,614). This pooled, post hoc analysis included subsets of participants that self-identified as white (n=1191) or black (n=262) and Hispanic (n=352) or non-Hispanic (n=1262). Coprimary endpoints were inflammatory/noninflammatory lesion counts and treatment success (defined as at least a 2-grade reduction from baseline in Evaluator's Global Severity Score and a score of 'clear' or 'almost clear'). Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and cutaneous safety and tolerability were evaluated. Results: At week 12, tazarotene 0.045% lotion led to significantly greater percent reductions in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions compared with vehicle in white, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic participants (P<0.05, all). Black participants had significantly greater reductions in noninflammatory lesions following treatment with tazarotene 0.045% versus vehicle (P<0.05). Treatment success rates in all subpopulations were higher with tazarotene 0.045% lotion (29.4-34.1%) versus vehicle (16.4-23.1%). TEAE rates were similar across tazarotene-treated groups and most were mild-to-moderate in severity. The incidence of hyperpigmentation decreased in black tazarotene-treated participants from baseline to week 12. Conclusions: Tazarotene 0.045% lotion demonstrated efficacy and was well tolerated across racial and ethnic subpopulations in this pooled analysis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2020;19(7) doi:10.36849/JDD.2020.5125.

Efficacy and Safety of Ablative Resurfacing With A High-Energy 1,064 Nd-YAG Picosecond-domain Laser for the Treatment of Facial Acne Scars in Asians.

OBJECTIVES: There have been few studies regarding the use of a picosecond-domain laser for acne scars in Asians. This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a high-energy 1,064 nm Nd:YAG picosecond-domain laser for ablation and resurfacing of facial acne scars in Asians. METHODS: Subjects were treated with a 1,064 nm picosecond laser (8 mm spot, 0.7-1.0 J/cm2 , 5 Hz) every 4 weeks for three sessions. Two blinded dermatologists evaluated the pre- and 3-month post-treatment images with a 10-point improvement scale. Subject pain, global improvement, and satisfaction were also assessed. The Facial Acne Scar Quality of Life (FASQoL) questionnaire was used to evaluate the subjects' quality of life. RESULTS: Twenty subjects aged 18-50 years with Fitzpatrick skin type III-V were enrolled. The median dermatologist-rated improvement score was 3 out of 10. Subjects were satisfied to very satisfied with global improvement. Subjects' quality of life significantly improved with a median FASQoL score of 10 after treatment compared with 21 before treatment (P < 0.001). Adverse effects were limited to erythema, pain, and edema without postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. CONCLUSIONS: The 1,064 nm picosecond-domain laser with ablative resurfacing parameters is safe and effective for the treatment of acne scars in Asians. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for the Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris: Impact of Gender and Race on Efficacy and Safety

Background: There has been an increasing interest in gender and racial differences both in the pathogenesis and treatment of acne vulgaris (acne), and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a major concern in patients of color. Female acne patients report more anxiety and depression with acne improvement positively influencing Quality of Life (QoL) than their male counterparts, and there are differences in acne presentation. The first lotion formulation of tretinoin was developed using novel polymeric emulsion technology to provide an important alternative option to treat these acne patients, especially those who may be sensitive to the irritant effects of other tretinoin formulations. Objective: To determine the impact of gender and race on the efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.05% lotion in treating moderate or severe acne. Methods: Post hoc analysis of 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase 3 studies in moderate-to-severe acne. Subjects (aged 9 to 58 years, N=1640) were randomized (1:1) to receive tretinoin 0.05% lotion or vehicle, once-daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy assessments included changes in baseline inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions and treatment success (at least 2-grade reduction in Evaluator's Global Severity Score [EGSS] and clear/almost clear). Quality of Life was assessed using the validated Acne QoL scale. Safety, adverse events (AEs), cutaneous tolerability, and hypo-/hyper-pigmentation (using a 4-point scale where 0=none and 3=severe) were evaluated at each study visit. Results: At week 12, mean percent reduction in inflammatory lesion counts were 56.9% and 53.4% respectively in female and male patients compared with 47.1% and 39.4% with vehicle (P≤0.001), with females statistically significant to males at week 8 [P=0.026]). Mean percent reduction in noninflammatory lesion counts in females and males were 51.7% and 46.1% respectively, compared with 34.9% and 29.7% with vehicle (P<0.001), with females statistically significant to males at week 12 (P=0.035). Treatment success was achieved by 23.6% and 16.1% of female and male patients treated with tretinoin 0.05% lotion by week 12 (P≤0.001 vs vehicle) with females statistically significant compared with males (P=0.013). Significant differences in inflammatory lesion count reductions were reported in Caucasian patients from week 8, and Black African/American male patients at week 12. Only male patients reported significant differences in both races in terms of noninflammatory lesions, and only Caucasian patients reported significant differences in treatment success. Female patients treated with tretinoin 0.05% lotion had statistically significant improvements in each Acne QoL domain (except role-social) compared with vehicle. Improvements in QoL in male subjects were only statistically different for acne symptoms. Tretinoin 0.05% lotion was well-tolerated in both genders. There were more treatment-related AEs in the female subpopulation, with a significantly greater incidence of skin dryness (P=0.006), that was more common in the younger Caucasian females. Conclusions: Tretinoin 0.05% lotion has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in moderate-to-severe acne. Treatment was significantly more effective in females than males. Tretinoin 0.05% lotion was well tolerated by both genders, although there was a higher incidence of treatment-related AEs, especially skin dryness, in females. There were racial and gender differences in QoL and beneficial effects on PIH in those patients most at risk. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(11):1128-1138.

Differences in isotretinoin start, interruption, and early termination across race and sex in the iPLEDGE era.

BACKGROUND: iPLEDGE is the mandatory regulatory program for isotretinoin in the United States, aimed to prevent isotretinoin-related teratogenicity. However, little is known about potential unintended impact of the program, including delay in isotretinoin initiation, course interruption, and premature termination, which may vary across sex and racial domains. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether differences in isotretinoin start, interruption, and completion exist across sex and racial domains and whether iPLEDGE regulations contribute to such differences. METHODS: Retrospective review of isotretinoin courses of patients prescribed isotretinoin for acne at the Brigham & Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital from 2008-2016. RESULTS: 418 patients were included in analysis after being tightly matched across age and gender. 43.5% of non-white patients ended their course early compared to 30.1% of white patients (p = 0.010). iPLEDGE -related barriers were the most commonly specified reasons for delayed starting and interruption. CONCLUSION: iPLEDGE may disproportionately contribute to access barriers for non-white patients. Continued evaluation of iPLEDGE is needed to minimize unintended barriers to access.

Acne and Rosacea: Special Considerations in the Treatment of Patients With Latin American Ancestry

Acne is a common disease among patients with Latin American ancestry. Its presentation is very similar to that in all skin types, but nodulocystic acne is more frequent in patients with oily and darker skin than in white Caucasians. Acne sequelae in patients with Latin American ancestry and with darker skin include postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) and atrophic and hypertrophic scars or keloids, with PIH being the most common complication affecting the quality of life of patients. Lately, more attention has been paid to rosacea in patients with darker skin. It has been seen that some of the patients, especially women, diagnosed with adult acne and who did not respond to treatment, were actually patients with rosacea. It is important to recognize the clinical characteristics of this disease in patients with darker skin in whom erythema and telangiectasia are difficult to observe. Here, we present the most relevant clinical characteristics of both diseases, as well as their treatment in patients with darker skin with Latin American ancestry. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(3 Suppl):s124-126.

Novel Tretinoin 0.05% Lotion for Once-Daily Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acne Vulgaris in a Hispanic Population

Background: Acne vulgaris (acne) is the most common dermatologic disease seen in a racially, geographically, politically, culturally, and socioeconomically diverse Hispanic population. Despite their growing demographics in the US, there are few studies evaluating acne treatment in this population. Potential for skin irritation and dryness, as well as pigmentary changes are key concerns. The first lotion formulation of tretinoin was developed using novel polymerized emulsion technology to provide an important alternative option to treat these acne patients who may be sensitive to the irritant effects of other tretinoin formulations. Objective: To determine the efficacy and safety of tretinoin 0.05% lotion in treating moderate-to-severe acne in a Hispanic population. Methods: Post hoc analysis of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled Phase 3 studies in moderate or severe acne. Hispanic subjects (aged 11 to 50 years, N=766) were randomized (1:1) to receive tretinoin 0.05% lotion or vehicle, once-daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy assessments included changes in baseline inflammatory and noninflammatory lesions and treatment success (at least 2-grade reduction in Evaluator's Global Severity Score [EGSS] and clear/almost clear). Safety, adverse events (AEs), and cutaneous tolerability were evaluated throughout using a 4-point scale where 0=none and 3=severe. Results: At week 12, mean percent reduction in inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts were 60.1% and 53.0%, respectively, compared with 51.1% and 38.7% with vehicle (P≤0.001) in the Hispanic population. Treatment success was achieved by 19.6% of subjects by week 12, compared with 12.7% on vehicle (P=0.015). The majority of AEs were mild and transient. There were four serious AEs (SAEs) reported (two each group) unrelated to treatment. Incidence of treatment-related AEs with tretinoin 0.05% lotion was lower than in the overall study population; the most frequently were application site pain (2.0%), dryness (1.4%), and erythema (1.2%). Local cutaneous safety and tolerability assessments were generally mild-to-moderate at baseline and improved by week 12. There were slight transient increases in scaling and burning over the first four weeks. Hyperpigmentation severity reduced progressively with treatment. Conclusions: Tretinoin 0.05% lotion was significantly more effective than its vehicle in achieving treatment success and reducing inflammatory and noninflammatory acne lesions in a Hispanic population. The new lotion formulation was well-tolerated, and all treatment-related AEs were both mild and transient in nature. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(1):32-38.

Overall and subgroup prevalence of acne vulgaris among patients with hidradenitis suppurativa.

BACKGROUND: Evidence establishing a link between acne vulgaris (AV) and hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is limited, and the burden of AV in adults with HS is unknown. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of AV among adults with HS and determine the strength of this association. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis identifying adults with AV among patients with and without HS by using electronic health record data from a population-based sample of more than 55 million patients. RESULTS: The prevalence of AV among adults with HS was 15.2% (7315 of 48,085) compared with 2.9% (497,360 of 16,899,470) for adults without HS (P < .001). The prevalence was greatest among patients with HS who were female (5870 of 35,790 [16.4%]), were 18 to 44 years old (5260 of 28,870 [18.2%]), were nonwhite (3120 of 17,825 [17.5%]), were obese (5430 of 35,135 [15.5%]), and had polycystic ovarian syndrome (685 of 2385 [28.7%]). Patients with HS had 4.51 [95% confidence interval, 4.40-4.63] times the odds of having AV than did patients without HS, with the higher likelihood of having AV persisting across all subgroups of patients with HS. The association between HS and AV was generally stronger for patients who were male, and 65 years of age or older. LIMITATIONS: Influence of disease severity in HS, or in acne, on the strength of the association could not be assessed. CONCLUSION: Patients with HS may benefit from assessment of acne status and optimization of comanagement strategies.

Treatment of Moderate Acne Vulgaris in Fitzpatrick Skin Type V or VI: Efficacy and Tolerability of Fixed Combination Clindamycin Phosphate 1.2%/Benzoyl Peroxide 3.75% Gel.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris (acne) is the most common skin disease in patients who have darker skin with most frequent sequelae of post inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). METHODS: Open label study in 20 patients (mean age 32 years) with Fitzpatrick Skin Type V or VI and with moderate facial acne treated with clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel (CL-BP 3.75%) once-daily for 16 weeks. Assessments included improvement in Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) of acne severity, PIH severity and distribution, and lesion count reduction. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed throughout. RESULTS: Significant reductions in inflammatory, noninflammatory and total lesions occurred within the first 4 weeks compared to baseline. At week 16, percent changes from baseline were 76%, 62%, and 71%, respectively (all P less than equal to .0002). There was also a significant reduction in IGA to week 16 (P equals.0001); 70% (N=14) of patients were 'clear' or 'almost clear' and all patients experienced at least a 1-grade improvement in IGA. Additionally, PIH severity and distribution were also significantly reduced by week 16. In 40% of patients PIH severity was rated as 'none' or 'slight'; 19 (95%) and 15 (75%) of patients experienced at least a 1-grade improvement in PIH severity or distribution. Ten patients experienced a total of 21 AEs. There were no serious AEs. Only one AE was possibly related to study drug (facial tattoo tightening) and resolved with no residual effects at the end of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Fitzpatrick Skin Type V and VI treated with clindamycin phosphate 1.2%/ benzoyl peroxide 3.75% gel experienced significant reductions in facial acne severity, lesion counts and PIH severity/distribution. Tolerability was excellent. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018;17(10):1107-1112.

Treating Acne in Patients With Skin of Color.

Patients with skin of color are more likely to develop acne and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH). Many therapies for acne have demonstrated efficacy in darker skin types and in the treatment of PIH. Semin Cutan Med Surg 37(supp3):S71-S73 © 2018 published by Frontline Medical Communications.

Concomitant Use of 1,550-nm Nonablative Fractional Laser With Low-Dose Isotretinoin for the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris in Asian Patients: A Randomized Split-Face Controlled Study.

BACKGROUND: Nonablative fractional laser (NAFL) has been shown to improve the appearance of inflammatory acne and acne scars. Isotretinoin is effective for the treatment of moderate-to-severe cases of recalcitrant acne. However, the recommended dose of isotretinoin can have profound effects. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of performing NAFL treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris under treatment with low-dose oral isotretinoin. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eighteen patients who received 10-mg oral isotretinoin per day completed 3 sessions of NAFL treatment on one half of the face and presented for each scheduled follow-up appointment. RESULTS: Low-dose isotretinoin was effective in managing papules and nodule lesions (p < .001). Comedo lesions were significantly improved on NAFL-treated half-faces, compared with untreated half-faces (p < .05) as well as on the appearance of atrophic boxcar scars (superficial boxcar scar, p < .05; deep boxcar scar, p < .01). The most common side effects of oral isotretinoin were xerostomia and cheilitis. The most common discomforts associated with NAFL treatment were mild transient erythema and edema in the treated area. CONCLUSION: The combination of NAFL with low-dose isotretinoin is a safe and effective treatment for moderate-to-severe acne.

Optimizing the use of topical retinoids in Asian acne patients.

Acne vulgaris is a common disease among people in Asia. International guidelines and treatment recommendations emphasize the central role of topical retinoids in the management of acne. However, topical retinoids remain underutilized in clinical practise, which may be in part due to fear of retinoid-associated dermatitis/lack of experience, particularly in Asian patients. There is a perception that Asian skin has a greater tendency toward sensitivity compared with Caucasian skin. In our clinical experience, topical retinoid therapy can be used with excellent effect to treat Asians with acne. This article discusses available published work regarding the use of topical retinoids in Asian populations, and presents tips for utilizing these important agents in daily practise. Optimizing use of topical retinoids may improve adherence and, in turn, therapeutic outcomes and patient satisfaction.

Clinical efficacy and safety of benzoyl peroxide for acne vulgaris: Comparison between Japanese and Western patients.

Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) has been well established as a common medication for acne vulgaris in many countries (e.g. in Europe and the USA), where clinical data have been accumulated over a long time. In Japan, the use of BPO for acne treatment was approved in 2014, and the results of clinical trials in Japanese patients have recently been reported. This review compares clinical study results between Japanese and Western patients. Clinical studies that had been performed in Western countries were searched on the basis of the criteria, double-blind studies of BPO monotherapy and comparison with a vehicle group. Two reports of Japanese studies were also selected by using the same criteria. Efficacy was assessed by comparing the mean difference between the BPO and the vehicle groups for reduction rate in the number of lesions from baseline, and there were no differences between Japanese and Western patients. Safety assessment also showed that the incidence of adverse events was higher in Japanese patients than in Western patients, but the characteristics of the adverse events were not different. Therefore, we conclude that there are no significant differences in the efficacy and safety of BPO between these patient populations. The efficacy and safety of long-term use in Japanese patients are also expected to be applicable to those in Western patients.

Treatment of Facial Acne Scarring With Fractional Carbon Dioxide Laser in Asians, a Retrospective Analysis of Efficacy and Complications.

BACKGROUND: Fractional carbon dioxide (CO2) laser resurfacing unites the idea of fractional photothermolysis with an ablative 10,600-nm wavelength. This technology permits effective treatment of acne scarring, with shorter recovery and a decreased side effect profile as compared to traditional CO2 laser resurfacing. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to study the efficacy and safety of fractional CO2 laser for acne scars in Asian patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of all patients treated with the fractional CO2 laser for facial acne scarring between January 2, 2008, and December 31, 2010, at the National Skin Centre, Singapore. Data reviewed included sex, age, and severity of acne, type of scarring, previous treatment history, frequency of treatments, adverse events, and efficacy. RESULTS: Two hundred and ten fractional CO2 laser treatments for facial acne scars were performed on 107 patients (65 men and 42 women, Fitzpatrick skin Types II to V) during the study period. Sixteen of 107 patients experienced (15.0%) adverse events. The adverse events include hyperpigmentation (6.4%), blistering (4.0%), crusting (2.9%), aggravation of inflammatory acne lesions (1.7%), and scarring (0.6%). There were no reported side effects of hypopigmentation, bacterial or viral infection. Follow-up results after final laser treatment showed that 66.4% of patients reported Grade 1 skin texture improvement, that is, <25% (n = 71); 30.0% had Grade 2 improvement, that is, 25% to 50% improvement (n = 31); 3.7% had Grade 3 improvement, that is, 51% to 75% improvement (n = 4); and 0.9% had Grade 4 improvement, that is, >75% improvement (n = 1). CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of a fractional CO2 laser in the treatment of acne scars in Asian. Future studies are required to establish optimum treatment parameters and achieve better clinical results.

Refining the ideas of "ethnic" skin.

Skin disease occur worldwide, affecting people of all nationalities and all skin types. These diseases may have a genetic component and may manifest differently in specific population groups; however, there has been little study on this aspect. If population-based differences exist, it is reasonable to assume that understanding these differences may optimize treatment. While there is a relative paucity of information about similarities and differences in skin diseases around the world, the knowledge-base is expanding. One challenge in understanding population-based variations is posed by terminology used in the literature: including ethnic skin, Hispanic skin, Asian skin, and skin of color. As will be discussed in this article, we recommend that the first three descriptors are no longer used in dermatology because they refer to nonspecific groups of people. In contrast, "skin of color" may be used - perhaps with further refinements in the future - as a term that relates to skin biology and provides relevant information to dermatologists.

Refining the ideas of "ethnic" skin

Abstract: Skin disease occur worldwide, affecting people of all nationalities and all skin types. These diseases may have a genetic component and may manifest differently in specific population groups; however, there has been little study on this aspect. If population-based differences exist, it is reasonable to assume that understanding these differences may optimize treatment. While there is a relative paucity of information about similarities and differences in skin diseases around the world, the knowledge-base is expanding. One challenge in understanding population-based variations is posed by terminology used in the literature: including ethnic skin, Hispanic skin, Asian skin, and skin of color. As will be discussed in this article, we recommend that the first three descriptors are no longer used in dermatology because they refer to nonspecific groups of people. In contrast, "skin of color" may be used - perhaps with further refinements in the future - as a term that relates to skin biology and provides relevant information to dermatologists.

Acne Knowledge of Hispanic Parents of Teenagers with Mild to Moderate Acne.

We performed a cross-sectional study of Hispanic and non-Hispanic parents of children with acne using a survey designed to determine their level of awareness of acne and its treatment; 82% of Hispanic parents and 40% of non-Hispanic parents agreed that a health care provider should treat mild acne (p < 0.001). Hispanic parents of adolescents with acne agreed more frequently than non-Hispanic parents that children with mild and moderate acne should be taken to a health care provider for treatment, but they tended not to visit health care providers. Future studies should aim to determine the reasons for this discrepancy, after which culturally sensitive educational programs can be developed to address this disparity.

The efficacy and safety of combined microneedle fractional radiofrequency and sublative fractional radiofrequency for acne scars in Asian skin.

BACKGROUND: Microneedle fractional radiofrequency has been reported to be effective for improving wrinkles, enlarged pores and various scars. Sublative fractional radiofrequency has been shown to induce both fractional ablation of epidermis and upper dermal remodelling, which had rejuvenation effects in photoaged skin. Both modalities may have the potential synergy to improve acne scars. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined microneedle and sublative fractional radiofrequency for acne scars in Asian skin. METHODS: Twenty subjects comprised 11 males and 9 females (mean age 23.65 ± 2.94, skin phototype III-IV) with moderate to severe acne scars. The subjects received three consecutive combined microneedle and sublative fractional radiofrequency at 4-week intervals over 12 weeks. Both blinded dermatologists and subjects assessed the clinical improvement based on the standardized photography and questionnaires, respectively. The quartile grading scale was utilized and defined as follows: grade 1, 0-25% improvement; grade 2, 26-50% improvement; grade 3, 51-75% improvement and grade 4, 76-100% improvement. RESULTS: All 20 subjects were assessed to have grade 2 or more clinical improvement by physicians; four (20%) had grade 4, 10 (50%) had grade 3, and six (30%) had grade 2 improvement. The subjects' grading also showed a good concordance as indicated by Kappa index of 0.695. The mean duration of post-therapy crusting was 5.2 days and post-therapy erythema lasted 2.5 days. CONCLUSION: Combined microneedle and sublative fractional radiofrequency can have a positive therapeutic effect with no serious complications and may provide a new therapeutic approach on acne scars in Asians.

Systemic exposure to benzoic acid and hippuric acid following topical application of clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed-dose combination gel in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris.

Clindamycin 1%/benzoyl peroxide 3% fixed-dose combination gel (CLDM/BPO3%) is a topical product for the treatment of acne vulgaris. In this study, plasma and urine concentrations of benzoic acid (BA) and hippuric acid (HA) were analyzed to estimate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of BPO after application of CLDM/BPO3% twice-daily for 7 days in Japanese patients with acne vulgaris. Seven-day repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% appears to be safe in this patient population. Concentrations of plasma and urine BA were below the limit of quantification before and after repeated application in most of the 12 adult male patients. Mean difference in Cmax and AUC0-last for plasma HA indicated increased exposures after repeated application, but with wide 90% confidence intervals. Mean Ae0-12 for urine HA was similar before and after repeated application. Repeated application of CLDM/BPO3% is thus unlikely to result in accumulation of BA and HA. The study suggests negligible systemic exposure to BPO metabolites from CLDM/BPO3% after 7-day repeated application in male patients with acne vulgaris.

The spectrum of skin diseases in a black population in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Precise knowledge of the prevalence and spectrum of skin diseases in a population allows for effective planning for provision of dermatology services and distribution of resources. There are no published data on the epidemiology of skin disorders in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the prevalence of skin diseases in black African patients attending a predominantly black private healthcare facility and profiled the patients. METHODS: Clinical charts of all black African patients seen between January 2003 and December 2010 in a private practice in Durban were reviewed. The diseases seen were described and the prevalence calculated. RESULTS: A total of 6664 patient charts were reviewed. The five most common conditions were acne, eczemas, dyschromias, infections, and hair disorders. These data agree with reports from other parts of the world. LIMITATIONS: Selection bias was presented by a single private practice, thus data may not be fully representative of our population. CONCLUSION: Acne, eczemas, dyschromias, infections, and hair disorders are, in that order, the five most common disorders encountered.