Sorafenib-loaded silica-containing redox nanoparticles for oral anti-liver fibrosis therapy.

Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease resulting from repetitive or prolonged liver injury with limited treatment options. Sorafenib has been reported to be a potential antifibrotic agent; however, its therapeutic effect is restricted because of its low bioavailability and severe adverse effects in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In this study, we developed sorafenib-loaded silica-containing redox nanoparticles (sora@siRNP) as an oral nanomedicine to treat liver fibrosis. The designed siRNP were prepared by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers, which possess antioxidant nitroxide radicals as a side chain of the hydrophobic segment and porous silica particles in the nanoparticle core. The silica moieties in the core formed a crosslink between the self-assembling block copolymers to afford stable drug absorption, which could be useful in harsh GI conditions after oral drug administration. Based on in vitro evaluation, sora@siRNP exerted antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects against hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and low toxicity against normal endothelial cells. A pharmacokinetic study showed that siRNP significantly improved the bioavailability and distribution of sorafenib in the liver. In an in vivo study using a mouse model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, oral administration of sora@siRNP significantly suppressed the fibrotic area in comparison to free sorafenib administration. In mice with CCl4-induced fibrosis, free sorafenib administration did not suppress the expression of α-smooth muscle actin; however, mice treated with sora@siRNP showed significantly suppressed expression of α-smooth muscle actin, indicating the inhibition of HSC activation, which was confirmed by in vitro experiments. Moreover, oral administration of free sorafenib induced severe intestinal damage and increased leakage into the gut, which can be attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our antioxidant nanocarriers, siRNP, reduced the adverse effects of local ROS scavenging in the GI tract. Our results suggest that sora@siRNP could serve as a promising oral nanomedicine for liver fibrosis.

[Damage of seminiferous tubules in mouse testis caused by active immunization of actin-like protein 7a].

OBJECTIVE: To obtain recombinant sperm-protein actin-like protein 7a (ACTL7a) and detect the damage seminiferous tubules in mouse testis caused by anti-sperm antibodies generated by purified ACTL7a active immunization. METHODS: The recombinant expression plasmid pET30a-ACTL7a was constructed and then transformed into E. coli Rosseta (DE3). The protein expression was induced by isopropyl ß-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG), and the protein was purified by nickel ions chelating resin. Finally, the protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and harvested by excising the gel containing target. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were then immunized using purified ACTL7a protein. The antibody titers were determined by ELISA and the development of seminiferous tubules after active immunization was stained by PAS staining. RESULTS: Induced by IPTG, the target protein ACTL7a was expressed in E. coli. After purification, it was used to immunize the ICR mice. As shown by PAS staining, spermatid expulsion, pyknotic cells, absence of germ cells, and germ cells degenerated were seen in the seminiferous tubules in the immunized testes. CONCLUSIONS: The ACTL7a prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed. High-purity target protein was obtained after induction and purification. After the active immunization with the target protein, the seminiferous tubules in the mouse testes will be severely damaged.