Enhanced oral bioavailability of koumine by complexation with hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin: preparation, optimization, ex vivo and in vivo characterization.

Koumine (KME) is an active alkaloid extracted from Gelsemium elegans, and its diverse bioactivities have been studied for decades. However, KME exhibits poor solubility and low oral bioavailability, which hampers its potential therapeutic exploitation. This work aimed to develop optimized inclusion complexes to improve the bioavailability of KME. The KME/hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (KME/HP-ß-CD) inclusion complexes were prepared by the solvent evaporation method and later optimized using the Box-Behnken design. The optimal KME/HP-ß-CD was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The physicochemical characterization results revealed that the crystalline state of KME was transformed into an amorphous form, forming KME/HP-ß-CD inclusion complexes. Compared with KME, the solubility and in vitro release rate of KME/HP-ß-CD was significantly enhanced by 52.34- and 1.3-fold, respectively. Further research was performed to investigate the intestinal absorption characteristics and in vivo bioavailability in rats. The optimal KME/HP-ß-CD showed enhanced absorptive permeability and relative bioavailability increased more than two-fold compared to that of raw KME. These results indicate that the optimal KME/HP-ß-CD can be used as an effective drug carrier to improve the solubility, intestinal absorption, and bioavailability of KME.

Combinations of indole based alkaloids from Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and cisplatin inhibit cell proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) or kratom is a medicinal plant indigenous to Southeast Asia. The leaf of M. speciosa is used as a remedy in pain management including cancer related pain, in a similar way as opioids and cannabis. Despite its well-known analgesic effect, there is a scarce of information on the cancer-suppressing potential of M. speciosa and its active constituents. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the potential applicability of M. speciosa alkaloids (mitragynine, speciociliatine or paynantheine) as chemosensitizers for cisplatin in Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxic effects of the extracts, fractions and compounds were determined by conducting in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Based on the cytotoxic screening, the alkaloid extract of M. speciosa exhibited potent inhibitory effect on the NPC cell line NPC/HK1, and therefore, was chosen for further fractionation and purification. NPC cell lines NPC/HK1 and C666-1 were treated with combinations of cisplatin and M. speciosa alkaloids combinations in 2D monolayer culture. The effect of cisplatin and mitragynine as a combination on cell migration was tested using in vitro wound healing and spheroid invasion assays. RESULTS: In our bioassay guided isolation, both methanolic and alkaloid extracts showed mild to moderate cytotoxic effect against the NPC/HK1 cell line. Both NPC cell lines (NPC/HK1 and C666-1) were insensitive to single agent and combination treatments of the M. speciosa alkaloids. However, mitragynine and speciociliatine sensitized the NPC/HK1 and C666-1 cells to cisplatin at ~4- and >5-fold, respectively in 2D monolayer culture. The combination of mitragynine and cisplatin also significantly inhibited cell migration of the NPC cell lines. Similarly, the combination also of mitragynine and cisplatin inhibited growth and invasion of NPC/HK1 spheroids in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the spheroids did not rapidly develop resistance to the drug combinations at higher concentrations over 10 days. CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that both mitragynine and speciociliatine could be potential chemosensitizers for cisplatin. Further elucidation focusing on the drug mechanistic studies and in vivo studies are necessary to support delineate the therapeutic applicability of M. speciosa alkaloids for NPC treatment.

Xanthoceraside administration produces significant antidepressant effects in mice through activation of the hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway.

Current available antidepressants have various adverse reactions and slow pharmacodynamics, so it is necessary to find novel antidepressants for effective treatment. Xanthoceraside (XAN), a novel triterpenoid saponin extracted from the fruit husks of Xanthoceras sorbifolium Bunge, has anti-amnesic and neuroprotective properties. The purpose and significance of this study is to assess whether XAN has antidepressant effects in mice using the forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model of depression. The effects of XAN treatment on the hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway and neurogenesis were examined. The antidepressant mechanism of XAN was explored using a BDNF inhibitor (K252a) and an anti-BDNF antibody. It was found that XAN administration significantly reversed the depressive-like behaviors of CUMS-treated mice. XAN treatment also significantly prevented the decreasing effects of CUMS on the hippocampal BDNF signaling and neurogenesis. The antidepressant effects of XAN in mice were blocked by both administration of K252a and anti-BDNF antibody. Collectively, these findings indicate that XAN possesses antidepressant effects in mice which are mediated by activation of hippocampal BDNF signaling pathway, thus providing the first evidence that XAN can be a potential antidepressant candidate.

Solid-lipid nanoparticle formulation improves antiseizure action of cryptolepine.

Following the high treatment gap and massive impact of epilepsy on global health particularly in low- and middle-income countries, our study aims to investigate cryptolepine, the major alkaloid of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta as well as its solid-lipid nanoparticle formulation for potential antiseizure activity. Cryptolepine was isolated and a solid-lipid formulation was prepared. Antiseizure activity of Solid-Lipid Nanoparticle formulation of cryptolepine (SLN-CRYP) was investigated using Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced model of seizure-like behaviors in Zebrafish with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg each of cryptolepine and SLN-CRYP. Drug receptor binding and permeability of the compound across the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) were also assessed. SLN formulation of cryptolepine increased its permeability to the BBB from 0.32 × 10-6 cm/s to 10.81 × 10-6 cm/s. 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of SLN-CRYP significantly reduced mean seizure score (P = 0.0018; F(6, 63) = 23.52) and significantly increased (P < 0.0001; F(6, 63) = 65.41) latency to onset of seizures. The total distance swam by fish administered with 2.5 and 5 mg/kg of SLN-CRYP was significantly (P < 0.000; F(6, 63) = 161.9) decreased. 5 mg/kg of cryptolepine also significantly decreased swimming distance. Cryptolepine exhibited inhibitory modulation of human voltage-gated calcium channels (Cav1.2), H1-receptor, Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptor and Sigma 2 receptor with a high Ki values of 6133.38 nM and 2945.0 nM, indicating less potent antagonism on Cav1.2 and Sigma 2 receptors compared to Nifedipine and Haloperidol respectively. This study reveals that the solid-lipid nanoparticle formulation of cryptolepine improves its BBB permeability and hence antiseizure activity.

Simultaneous determination of five alkaloids from Rauvolfia vomitoria in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a comparative pharmacokinetic study in normal and type 2 diabetic rats.

Rauvolfia vomitoria is widely distributed in the tropical regions of Africa and Asia, and has been used in traditional folk medicine in China. Indole alkaloids were found to be major bioactive components, while the effects of diabetes mellitus on the pharmacokinetic parameters of the components have not been reflected in vivo. In this study, an efficient and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of five ingredients of R. vomitoria in rats. Detection was implemented in multiple-reaction-monitoring mode with an electrospray positive-ionization source. Validation parameters were all in accordance with the current criterion. The established method was effectively employed to compare the pharmacokinetic behaviors of five alkaloids (reserpine, yohimbine, ajmaline, ajmalicine, and serpentine) between normal and type 2 diabetic rats. The single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of the five alkaloids were determined in normal and diabetic rats after oral administration of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. The results indicated that diabetes mellitus significantly altered the pharmacokinetic characteristics of yohimbine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine after oral administration in rats. This is an attempt to provide some evidence for clinicians that may serve as a guide for the use of antidiabetic medicine in clinical practice.

Formulation and Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Drug-in-Adhesive Patch for Transdermal Delivery of Koumine.

The aim of this study was to develop a suitable drug-in-adhesive patch for transdermal delivery of koumine. Acrylic polymer Duro-Tak® 87-4287, which contains hydroxyl groups, may significantly enhance the skin permeation of koumine from transdermal patches containing 0.93-3.72% koumine. Among permeation enhancers, 10% azone showed the greatest potential and increased the flux of koumine to 1.48-fold that of the control. Therefore, an optimized patch formulation containing 3.72% koumine and 10% azone in Duro-Tak® 87-4287 that offers good physical properties was selected for an in vivo pharmacokinetic study using rats. The maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) of koumine after transdermal administration (4 mg/patch) was 25.80 ± 1.51 ng/mL, which was in the range of those after oral administration (3 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg). The time to the maximal concentration (Tmax) and the half-life (t1/2) of the drug with transdermal administration were 3.96 ± 0.46 h and 21.10 ± 1.36 h, respectively, which were longer than those with oral administration. Furthermore, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-72 h) of 898.20 ± 45.57 ng·h/mL for the transdermal patch was much higher than that for oral administration (15 mg/kg). In conclusion, the drug-in-adhesive patch containing koumine provides a steady plasma koumine level and sustained release in vivo and can be an effective means of transdermal delivery for koumine.

Imaging and therapeutic applications of Zn(ii)-cryptolepine-curcumin molecular probes in cell apoptosis detection and photodynamic therapy.

Novel red Zn(ii) complex-based fluorescent probes featuring cryptolepine-curcumin derivatives, namely, [Zn(BQ)Cl2] (BQ-Zn) and [Zn(BQ)(Cur)]Cl (BQCur-Zn), were developed for the simple and fluorescent label-free detection of apoptosis, an important biological process. The probes could synergistically promote mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis and enhance tumor therapeutic effects in vitro and vivo.

Rutaecarpine may improve neuronal injury, inhibits apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating the expression of ERK1/2 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury is a more serious brain injury caused by the recovery of blood supply after cerebral ischemia for a certain period of time. Rutaecarpine (Rut) is an alkaloid isolated from Evodia officinalis with various biological activities. Previous studies have shown that Rut has a certain protective effect on ischemic brain injury, but the specific molecular mechanism is still unknown. METHODS: In this study, a rat model of CI/R was established to explore the effects and potential molecular mechanisms of Rut on CI/R injury in rats. RESULTS: The results showed that Rut alleviated neuronal injury induced by CI/R in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, Rut inhibited neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of caspase 3 and the expression of Bax. In addition, Rut alleviated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress caused by CI/R through inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory factors (IL-6 and IL-1ß), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and ROS, and increased the levels of anti-inflammatory factors (IL-4 and IL-10) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Biochemically, Western blot analyses showed that Rut inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and promoted the expression of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway-related proteins (Nrf2, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and NAD (P) H-quinone oxidoreductase 1) in a dose-dependent manner. These results show that Rut may alleviate brain injury induced by CI/R by regulating the expression of ERK1/2 and the activation of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these results suggest that Rut may be used as an effective therapeutic agent for damage caused by CI/R.

Dual-drug loaded micelle for combinatorial therapy targeting HIF and mTOR signaling pathways for ovarian cancer treatment.

Mutations in the tumor protein (TP53) and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway have been elucidated as driver mutations in ovarian carcinomas that transform into an invasive phenotype under hypoxic conditions. Chetomin (CHE) targets the hypoxic pathway while Everolimus (EVR) acts on the mTOR pathway. Poor aqueous solubilities of both compounds limit their clinical applications. Diblock copolymer nanoplatforms of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)2000-block-poly (lactic acid)1800 (mPEG2000-b-PLA1800) and (mPEG4000-b-PLA2200) were used to formulate individual and dual drug loaded micelles (DDM) using the solvent evaporation method. The CHE micelles (CHE-M) had a size of 21 nm with CHE loading of 0.5 mg/mL while the EVR micelles (EVR-M) and the DDM had a size around 35 and 39 nm, respectively, with EVR loading up to 2.3 mg/mL. The anti-proliferative effects of these micelles have been tested in vitro in three ovarian cell lines (ES2, OVCAR3 and TOV21G) with the DDM exhibiting a strong synergistic anti-proliferative effect in the ES2 and the TOV21G cells. The DDM were able to significantly induce tumor regression in ES2 ovarian xenograft mouse models by inhibiting angiogenesis and inducing apoptosis when compared to the individual micelles. The inhibition of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and the mTOR pathways has been elucidated using immunohistochemistry studies. In conclusion, we have developed a mPEG-b-PLA based micellar nanoplatform that could prevent drug resistance by delivering multiple drugs at therapeutically relevant concentrations for effectively treating ovarian carcinomas.

Bufothionine Promotes Apoptosis via Triggering ER Stress and Synergizes with Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common type of malignant glioma. Bufothionine is one of the major active ingredients of Cinobufacini. Although the antitumor activities of bufothionine have been reported, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study showed that bufothionine exhibited antigrowth activities in GBM cell lines U87 and U373. Further investigation showed that bufothionine triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to promote apoptosis in U87 and U373 cells. Moreover, our results showed that bufothionine exhibited synergistic activities with Temozolomide (TMZ) to suppress the growth of U87 and U373 cells. The findings in the present study provide basis for further investigation of the therapeutic potential of bufothionine in GBM. Anat Rec, 302:1950-1957, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.

Acute Administration of Desformylflustrabromine Relieves Chemically Induced Pain in CD-1 Mice.

Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are cell membrane-bound ion channels that are widely distributed in the central nervous system. The α4ß2 subtype of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor plays an important role in modulating the signaling pathways for pain. Previous studies have shown that agonists, partial agonists, and positive allosteric modulators for the α4ß2 receptors are effective in relieving pain. Desformylflustrabromine is a compound that acts as an allosteric modulator of α4ß2 receptors. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of desformylflustrabromine on chemically induced pain. For this purpose, the formalin-induced pain test and the acetic acid-induced writhing response test were carried out in CD-1 mice. Both tests represent chemical assays for nociception. The results show that desformylflustrabromine is effective in producing an analgesic effect in both tests used for assessing nociception. These results suggest that desformylflustrabromine has the potential to become a clinically used drug for pain relief.

Prelimbic neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition exerts antidepressant-like effects independently of BDNF signalling cascades.

OBJECTIVES: NMDA antagonists and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors induce antidepressant-like effects and may represent treatment options for depression. The behavioural effects of NMDA antagonists seem to depend on Tyrosine kinase B receptor (TrkB) activation by BDNF and on mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). However, it is unknown whether similar mechanisms are involved in the behavioural effects of NOS inhibitors. Therefore, this work aimed at determining the role of TrkB and mTOR signalling in the prelimbic area of the ventral mPFC (vmPFC-PL) in the antidepressant-like effect of NOS inhibitors. METHODS: Pharmacological treatment with LY235959 or ketamine (NMDA antagonists), NPA or 7-NI (NOS inhibitors), BDNF, K252a (Trk antagonist) and rapamycin (mTOR inhibitor) injected systemically or into vmPFC-PL followed by behavioural assessment. RESULTS: We found that bilateral injection of BDNF into the vmPFC-PL induced an antidepressant-like effect, which was blocked by pretreatment with K252a and rapamycin. Microinjection of LY 235959 into the vmPFC-PL induced antidepressant-like effect that was suppressed by local rapamycin but not by K252a pretreatment. Microinjection of NPA induced an antidepressant-like effect insensitive to both K252a and rapamycin. Similarly, the antidepressant-like effects of a systemic injection of ketamine or 7-NI were not affected by blockade of mTOR or Trk receptors in the vmPFC-PL. CONCLUSION: Our data support the hypothesis that NMDA blockade induces an antidepressant-like effect that requires mTOR but not Trk signalling into the vmPFC-PL. The antidepressant-like effect induced by local NOS inhibition is independent on both Trk and mTOR signalling in the vmPFC-PL.

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of gelsenicine in mice by UPLC-MS/MS.

Gelsenicine is an indole alkaloid isolated from Gelsemium elegans Benth. In recent years, the role of G. elegans Benth preparations in anti-tumor, analgesic, dilatation and dermatological treatment has attracted attention, and it has been applied clinically, but it is easy to cause poisoning with its use. An UPLC-MS/MS method was established to determine the gelsenicine in mouse blood, and the pharmacokinetics of gelsenicine after intravenous (0.1 mg/kg) and intragastric (0.5 and 1 mg/kg) administration was studied. Deltalin was used as internal standard; a UPLC BEH C18 column was used for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate (0.1% formic acid) with a gradient elution flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis of gelsenicine in electrospray ionization positive interface. Proteins from mouse blood were removed by acetonitrile precipitation. A validation of this method was performed in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration guidelines. In the concentration range of 0.05-100 ng/mL, the gelsenicine in the mouse blood was linear (r > 0.995), and the lower limit of quantification was 0.05 ng/mL. In the mouse blood, the intra-day precision RSD was <12%, the inter-day precision RSD was <15%, the accuracy ranged from 89.8 to 112.3%, the average recovery was >76.8%, and the matrix effect was between 103.7 and 108.4%, which meet the pharmacokinetic research requirements of gelsenicine. The UPLC-MS/MS method is sensitive, rapid and selective, and has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of gelsenicine in mice. The absolute bioavailability of gelsenicine is 1.13%.

Development of a model for investigation of perennial ryegrass toxicosis in sheep.

AIMS To develop a clinical model of perennial ryegrass toxicosis (PRGT) based on feeding a known dose of lolitrem B and ergotamine, and to produce a consistent clinical presentation for assessment of disease pathophysiology, neurological changes and neurohistopathology. METHODS Male lambs, aged between 10-12 months, were randomly assigned to either Treatment (n=9) or Control (n=9) groups. Lambs in the Treatment group received feed containing a novel endophyte-infested perennial ryegrass seed, commencing on Day 0 of the Feeding phase with a low induction dose, then increasing after 3 days to provide 0.16 mg/kg live bodywight (LBW)/day of lolitrem B and 0.054 mg/kg LBW/day ergotamine. Lambs were examined daily and when defined signs of PRGT were observed they were transferred to the Testing phase. Neurological examinations, assessment of gait, surface electromyography (EMG) and mechanosensory nociceptive threshold testing were carried out and blood samples collected during both phases of the trial, with a full necropsy, histopathological examination and measurement of faecal cortisol metabolites (FCM) performed on Day 2 of the Testing phase. RESULTS Typical clinical signs of PRGT, including ataxia of vestibulocerebellar origin leading to stumbling, were observed in all Treatment lambs. The median interval from the start of the Feeding phase to entry into the Testing phase was 21 (min 18, max 34) days. Histopathological characterisation of neurological lesions included the presence of Purkinje cell vacuolation, pyknotic granular layer neurons and proximal axonal Purkinje cell spheroids. Lesions were most apparent within the vestibulocerebellum. Mean root-mean-square voltages from triceps EMG increased in Treatment lambs between Feeding phase Day 0 and Testing phase Day 2 (p<0.001). Daily water intake during the Testing phase for the Treatment group was less than in Control group lambs (p=0.002), and concentrations of FCM at necropsy were higher in Treatment compared to Control lambs (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Lolitrem B and ergotamine dosing in feed on a live weight basis combined with neurological/gait assessment provides an effective model for investigation of PRGT and potential therapeutics. Assessment of gait changes using defined criteria and RMS voltages from EMG appear to be useful tools for the assessment of the severity of neurological changes.

Koumine Attenuates Neuroglia Activation and Inflammatory Response to Neuropathic Pain.

Despite decades of studies, the currently available drugs largely fail to control neuropathic pain. Koumine-an alkaloidal constituent derived from the medicinal plant Gelsemium elegans Benth.-has been shown to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of koumine. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of koumine were explored by using chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) neuropathic pain model in vivo and LPS-induced injury in microglia BV2 cells in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis were used to assess the modulator effect of koumine on microglia and astrocyte activation after CCI surgery. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to evaluate the levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Western blot analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were used to examine the modulator effect of koumine on microglial M1 polarization. We found that single or repeated treatment of koumine can significantly reduce neuropathic pain after nerve injury. Moreover, koumine showed inhibitory effects on CCI-evoked microglia and astrocyte activation and reduced proinflammatory cytokine production in the spinal cord in rat CCI models. In BV2 cells, koumine significantly inhibited microglia M1 polarization. Furthermore, the analgesic effect of koumine was inhibited by a TSPO antagonist PK11195. These findings suggest that the analgesic effects of koumine on CCI-induced neuropathic pain may result from the inhibition of microglia activation and M1 polarization as well as the activation of astrocytes while sparing the anti-inflammatory responses to neuropathic pain.

Isobolographic analysis of co-administration of two plant-derived antiplasmodial drug candidates, cryptolepine and xylopic acid, in Plasmodium berghei.

BACKGROUND: Increasing resistance to current anti-malarial therapies requires a renewed effort in searching for alternative therapies to combat this challenge, and combination therapy is the preferred approach to address this. The present study confirms the anti-plasmodial effects of two compounds, cryptolepine and xylopic acid and the relationship that exists in their combined administration determined. METHODS: Anti-plasmodial effect of cryptolepine (CYP) (3, 10, 30 mg kg-1) and xylopic acid (XA) (3, 10, 30 mg kg-1) was evaluated in Plasmodium berghei-infected male mice after a 6-day drug treatment. The respective doses which produced 50% chemosuppression (ED50) was determined by iterative fitting of the log-dose responses of both drugs. CYP and XA were then co-administered in a fixed dose combination of their ED50s (1:1) as well as different fractions of these combinations (1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32) to find the experimental ED50 (Zexp). The nature of interaction between cryptolepine and xylopic acid was determined by constructing an isobologram to compare the Zexp with the theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Additionally, the effect of cryptolepine/xylopic acid co-administration on vital organs associated with malarial parasiticidal action was assessed. RESULTS: The Zadd and Zexp were determined to be 12.75 ± 0.33 and 2.60 ± 0.41, respectively, with an interaction index of 0.2041. The Zexp was significantly (P < 0.001) below the additive isobole indicating that co-administration of cryptolepine and xylopic acid yielded a synergistic anti-plasmodial effect. This observed synergistic antiplasmodial effect did not have any significant deleterious effect on the kidney, liver and spleen. However, the testis were affected at high doses. CONCLUSION: The co-administration of cryptolepine and xylopic acid produces synergistic anti-malarial effect with minimal toxicity.

Kinase activity in the olfactory bulb is required for odor memory consolidation.

Long-term fear memory formation in the hippocampus and neocortex depends upon brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling after acquisition. Incremental, appetitive odor discrimination learning is thought to depend substantially on the differentiation of adult-born neurons within the olfactory bulb (OB)-a process that is closely associated with BDNF signaling. We sought to elucidate the role of neurotrophin signaling within the OB on odor memory consolidation. Male mice were trained on odor-reward associative discriminations after bilateral infusion of the kinase inhibitor K252a, or vehicle control, into the OB. K252a is a partially selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptors, including the TrkB receptor for BDNF, though it also inhibits other plasticity-related kinases such as PKC and CaMKII/IV. K252a infusion into the OB did not impair odor acquisition or short-term (2 h) memory for the learned discriminations, but significantly impaired long-term (48 h) odor memory (LTM). This LTM deficit also was associated with reduced selectivity for the conditioned odorant in a reward-seeking digging task. Infusions of K252a immediately prior to testing did not impair LTM recall. These results indicate that kinase activation in the OB is required for the consolidation of odor memory of incrementally acquired information.

Chetomin induces apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer cells by promoting calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is poorly diagnosed and unresponsive to conventional hormone therapy. Chetomin (CHET), a fungal metabolite synthesized by Chaetomium cochliodes, has been reported as a promising anticancer and antiangiogenic agent but the complete molecular mechanism of its anticancer potential remains to be elucidated. In our study, we explored the anti-neoplastic action of CHET on TNBC cells. Cytotoxicity studies were performed in human TNBC cells viz. MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells by Sulforhodamine B assay. It exhibited antiproliferative response and induced apoptosis in both the cell types. Cell cycle analysis revealed that it increases the sub G0/G1 phase cell population. Modulation of mitochondrial membrane potential, activation of caspase 3/7 and a remarkable increase in the expression of cleaved PARP and increased chromatin condensation was observed after CHET treatment in MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Additionally, an elevated level of intracellular Ca2+ played an important role in CHET mediated cell death response. Calcium overload in mitochondria led to release of cytochrome c which in turn triggered caspase-3 mediated cell death. Inhibition of calcium signalling using BAPTA-AM reduced apoptosis confirming the involvement of calcium signalling in CHET induced cell death. Chetomin also inhibited PI3K/mTOR cell survival pathway in human TNBC cells. The overall findings suggest that Chetomin inhibited the growth of human TNBC cells by caspase-dependent apoptosis and modulation of PI3K/mTOR signalling and could be used as a novel chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of human TNBC in future.

Analgesic effects and pharmacologic mechanisms of the Gelsemium alkaloid koumine on a rat model of postoperative pain.

Postoperative pain (POP) of various durations is a common complication of surgical procedures. POP is caused by nerve damage and inflammatory responses that are difficult to treat. The neuroinflammation-glia-steroid network is known to be important in POP. It has been reported that the Gelsemium alkaloid koumine possesses analgesic, anti-inflammatory and neurosteroid modulating activities. This study was undertaken to test the analgesic effects of koumine against POP and explore the underlying pharmacologic mechanisms. Our results showed that microglia and astroglia were activated in the spinal dorsal horn post-incision, along with an increase of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1ß, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α). Both subcutaneous and intrathecal (i.t.) koumine treatment after incision significantly prevented mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, inhibited microglial and astroglial activation, and suppressed expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, the analgesic effects of koumine were antagonized by i.t. administration of translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) antagonist PK11195 and GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. Together, koumine prevented mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia caused by POP. The pharmacologic mechanism of koumine-mediated analgesia might involve inhibition of spinal neuroinflammation and activation of TSPO. These data suggested that koumine might be a potential pharmacotherapy for the management of POP.

Co-delivery of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in a microemulsion-based hyaluronic acid hydrogel for enhanced analgesic effects on mouse pain models.

The aim of this study was to improve the analgesic effect of evodiamine and rutaecarpine, using a microemulsion-based hydrogel (ME-Gel) as the transdermal co-delivery vehicle, and to assess hyaluronic acid as a hydrogel matrix for microemulsion entrapment. A microemulsion was formulated with ethyl oleate as the oil core to improve the solubility of the alkaloids and was loaded into a hyaluronic acid-structured hydrogel. Permeation-enhancing effects of the microemulsion enabled evodiamine and rutaecarpine in ME-Gel to achieve 2.60- and 2.59-fold higher transdermal fluxes compared with hydrogel control (p<0.01). The hyaluronic acid hydrogel-containing microemulsion exhibited good skin biocompatibility, whereas effective ME-Gel co-delivery of evodiamine and rutaecarpine through the skin enhanced the analgesic effect in mouse pain models compared with hydrogel. Notably, evodiamine and rutaecarpine administered using ME-Gel effectively down-regulated serum levels of prostaglandin E2, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α in formaldehyde-induced mouse pain models, possibly reflecting the improved transdermal permeability of ME-Gel co-delivered evodiamine and rutaecarpine, particularly with hyaluronic acid as the hydrogel matrix.