Opportunistic meat-eating by urban folivorous-frugivorous monkeys.

The consumption of vertebrate tissues and eggs (hereinafter "meat") is relatively common among some primates that are highly frugivorous or eclectic omnivores, but rare or absent in those that are highly folivorous. The Neotropical howler monkeys (Alouatta spp.) belong in the latter group. Here we report the consumption of meat by free-ranging urban black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and discuss the potential role of the consumed meat as a source of energy, protein, or micronutrients. We studied three groups of howler monkeys (comprising four to seven individuals), living in city squares (0.6, 1.5, and 1.9 ha) in south Brazil, from July 2022 to May 2023 (65 days; 797 h of observations). All of the study groups were spontaneously supplemented daily by people with variable amounts and types of food provided. Meat was only offered in the two larger squares. The groups' diets included leaves (42-49% scan sampling feeding records), fruit (3-20%), and flowers (2-5%) from 13 to 20 plant species, and considerable amounts of supplemented food (27-50%). We recorded 33 individual events of ingestion of supplemented cooked meat, three individual events of dove egg predation, and three bird nest inspections without egg consumption. All members of the two groups in the larger squares, except an infant male, ingested meat at least once. Meat accounted for 1% of total scan feeding records of both groups with access to this supplement. We conclude that whereas the opportunistic consumption of meat probably contributed only minor amounts of energy and protein to the study subjects, it may have benefitted them with micronutrients that are scarce in plant foods.

Evaluation of Dental Enamel Thickness in Maxillary Teeth of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus by Cone Beam Computed Tomography.

Tooth enamel thickness is widely studied in primates and is important in differentiating taxa and in interpreting diet and feeding behavior. The objective of this study was to measure enamel thickness and discuss whether the results can be associated with different feeding patterns. Thirty-four syncraniums of Alouatta guariba clamitans, Alouatta caraya, and Sapajus nigritus were subjected to cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) scans, and the dental enamel was measured in different regions of the crown using the multiplanar reconstruction tool. The differences observed indicate that for many variables and teeth, A. guariba clamitans showed significantly higher values compared to the other 2 species, with the exception of the cuspid region. Although the A. guariba clamitans is a folivorous species, it showed thicker enamel for most of the variables. CBCT was efficient in performing the measurements, allowing analysis of the syncraniums.

Hematology and blood biochemistry in a declining population of mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata palliata) at La Pacifica, Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Alouatta palliata palliata are an ecologically flexible howler monkey subspecies that has recently been relisted as Endangered. Populations are declining through much of the subspecies' range, including at our study site at La Pacifica, Costa Rica. Our objectives were to screen blood hematology and biochemistry samples collected from this wild population to elucidate their baseline health. METHODS: We collected blood samples from 38 adult individuals from across the study site and analyzed 13 hematology and 14 biochemistry parameters. RESULTS: Most hematology and blood biochemistry parameter values were similar between males and females. However, mean hemoglobin was significantly lower, and mean white blood cell count was significantly higher in females; and mean calcium and mean creatinine were significantly lower in females compared to males. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the La Pacifica population appeared healthy based on the blood parameters analyzed from sampled individuals. Our results were also largely consistent with published data available from other populations of A. p. palliata, and with reference values for captive Alouatta caraya.

Fatal Simplexvirus humanalpha1 infection in howler-monkeys (Alouatta sp.) under human care: Clinical, molecular, and pathological findings.

BACKGROUND: Simplexvirus humanalpha1 (HuAHV-1) are common anthropozoonosis reported in marmosets but rare in howler monkeys (Alouatta sp.). METHODS: Necropsy of two brown-howler monkeys (A. caraya) and one red-howler monkey (A. guariba clamitans) from different zoo collections were performed. Fragments of all organs were examined through microscopy. Samples were submitted to IHC for Simplexvirus humanalpha 2 (HuAHV-2) [sin. Herpesvirus simplex type 2] and PCR. RESULTS: Grossly, only the A. guariba showed liver lesions characterized by multifocal, pinpoint white areas corresponding microscopically as random necrotizing herpetic hepatitis and ulcerative glossitis. Both A. caraya showed necrotizing meningoencephalitis with Cowdry A-type body inclusions within neurons and astrocytes. Immunolabeling for HuAHV-1/2 was observed in the tongue, liver, and brain. HuAHV-1 was confirmed in all samples by PCR, Sanger sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses. CONCLUSION: Necrotizing meningoencephalitis was appreciated in 2/3 of animals, and it is associated with neurologic signs. Along with ulcerative glossitis, a hallmark lesion in marmosets, it was present in one animal. Regarding herpetic hepatitis, it is not frequent in monkeys and occurs mainly in immunocompromised animals. HuAHV-1 infection was confirmed corroborating with a human source. This is the second report on captive black-howler monkeys and the first gross, histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular description of herpetic hepatitis and ulcerative glossitis in red-howler monkeys (A. guariba).

Hematological and serum biochemistry evaluation in howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) and capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): A comparative study.

BACKGROUND: Evaluation of blood parameters in captive non-human primates (NHPs) is crucial for monitoring their health and ensuring that their environment meets their physiological requirements. METHODS: We performed hemogram, serum biochemistry, and parasitological exams in 20 howler monkeys and 21 capuchin monkeys. RESULTS: In both species, over 50% of the individuals presented at least one parasite. There was a negative effect of age on red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell, platelets, total protein, globulin, and alkaline phosphatase, and a positive effect on the A:G ratio, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and mean platelet volume (MPV). Capuchin monkeys presented the highest platelets and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values and howler monkeys presented the highest MPV, aspartate aminotransferase, ALT, amylase, glucose, bilirubin, and triglycerides values. We observed an interaction between species and sex on RBC, Htc, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Species differences found in blood parameters may reflect differences in physiological adaptations associated with ecological and morphological traits and are clinically relevant for evaluating animal health and the suitability of breeding programs.

Influence of landscape structure on previous exposure to Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in free-living neotropical primates from southern Brazil.

The environments in which neotropical primates live have been undergoing an intense fragmentation process, constituting a major threat to the species' survival and causing resource scarcity, social isolation, and difficulty in dispersal, leaving populations increasingly vulnerable. Moreover, the proximity of wild environments to anthropized landscapes can change the dynamics of pathogens and the parasite-host-environment relationship, creating conditions that favor exposure to different pathogens. To investigate the previous exposure of free-living primates in Rio Grande do Sul State (RS), southern Brazil, to the bacterial agents Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus, we investigated agglutinating antibodies against 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. using the microscopic agglutination test and B. abortus acidified antigen test in primate serum samples; 101 samples from primates captured between 2002 and 2016 in different forest fragments were used: 63 Alouatta caraya, 36 Alouatta guariba clamitans, and 02 Sapajus nigritus cucullatus. In addition, the forest remnants where the primates were sampled were characterized in a multiscale approach in radii ranging from 200 to 1400 m to investigate the potential relationship of previous exposure to the agent with the elements that make up the landscape structure. The serological investigation indicated the presence of antibodies for at least one of the 23 serovars of Leptospira spp. in 36.6% (37/101) of the samples analyzed, with titers ranging from 100 to 1600. The most observed serovars were Panama (17.8%), Ballum (5.9%), Butembo (5.9%), Canicola (5.9%), Hardjo (4.9%), and Tarassovi (3.9%); no samples were seropositive for Brucella abortus. Decreased forest cover and edge density were the landscape factors that had a significant relationship with Leptospira spp. exposure, indicating that habitat fragmentation may influence contact with the pathogen. The data generated in this study demonstrate the importance of understanding how changes in landscape structure affect exposure to pathogenic microorganisms of zoonotic relevance. Hence, improving epidemiological research and understanding primates' ecological role in these settings can help improve environmental surveillance and conservation strategies for primate populations in different landscapes.

Aneurisma aórtico torácico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto (Alouatta caraya) / Thoracic aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)

O aneurisma é uma dilatação anormal e permanente das artérias, resultante do enfraquecimento da parede do vaso adelgaçamento da camada média e enfraquecimento da camada elástica. Em animais, a maioria dos casos de aneurisma tem origem idiopática e são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de aneurisma aórtico com trombose associada em Bugio-preto(Alouatta caraya), bem como seus aspectos patológicos. O animal era adulto, macho, pertencente ao Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP), na cidade de Ananindeua-PA, foi encaminhado para exame necroscópico para investigação da causa mortis. No histórico do animal, não constava qualquer enfermidade. O animal apresentava bom escore de condição corporal com preservação da topografia anatômica dos órgãos. Entretanto, observou-se presença de aumento de volume localizado em aorta torácica, a 1,4 cm da base do coração. Na abertura aórtica foi observado dilatações de tamanhos variados e, no interior da maior dilatação, notou-se uma estrutura de coloração vermelho escuro, aderida, de aspecto seco e superfície áspera, medindo 1,5 cm. Aneurismas aórticos em primatas não humanos não são comuns, porém já foram reportados na literatura. O diagnóstico precoce utilizando exames complementares é importante, porém, ainda há recursos não empregados na rotina veterinária tornando ainda mais difícil o diagnóstico e prevenção. Por isso, na medicina veterinária, os aneurismas são detectados acidentalmente durante a necropsia. Com base nos achados anatomopatológicos, concluiu-se que o animal veio a óbito por trombose associada a aneurisma aórtico.

An aneurysm is an abnormal and permanent dilation of the arteries, resulting from the weakening of the vessel wall.thinning of the middle layer and weakening of the elastic layer. In animals, most cases of aneurysm are idiopathic. This paper aimed to report a case of aortic aneurysm with associated thrombosis in a black-and-gold howler monkey(Alouatta caraya), as well as its pathological aspects. The animal was an adult, male, belonging to the National Primate Center (CENP), in the city of Ananindeua-PA, that was referred for necroscopic examination to investigate the causa mortis. In the animal's history, there was no disease. The animal had a good body condition score with preservation of the anatomical topography of the organs. However, there was an increase in volume located in the thoracic aorta, 1.4 cm from the base of the heart. In the aortic opening, dilations of different sizes were observed, and inside the largest dilatation, a structure of dark red color, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm was noted in addition to dilations of different sizes. Inside the largest cavitation, a dark red structure was observed, adhered, with a dry appearance and rough surface, measuring 1.5 cm. Aortic aneurysms in non-human primates are incommon, but have been reported in the literature. Early diagnosis using complementary exams is important, however, there are still resources not used in the veterinary routine, making diagnosis and prevention even more difficult. Therefore, in veterinary medicine, aneurysms are accidentally detected during necropsy. Based on the anatomopathological findings, it was concluded that the animal died due to thrombosis associated with an aortic aneurysm.

Subacute multisystemic toxoplasmosis in a captive black-and-gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) indicates therapy challenging.

A 10-year-old black howler monkey presented with a 36-day subacute clinicopathological picture of fever, prostration, inappetence, intestinal hypomotility, and emaciation. Therapy was trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with streptomycin. The liver, lungs, lymph nodes, and spleen presented lesions. Toxoplasma gondii isolation and PCR determined the diagnosis, and indirect fluorescent antibody tests confirmed an increase in antibody titers.

Effect of age and sex in renal function by ultrasound and serum chemistry in two primate species (Alouatta caraya and Sapajus apella).

BACKGROUND: Comparative studies of kidney morphophysiology in nonhuman primates can help us investigate interspecies differences in growth and aging patterns. METHODS: We tested the effect of age and sex in renal morphophysiology in 21 Alouatta caraya and 21 Sapajus apella (age range = 0.5-26 years) by ultrasound, red blood cell (RBC) count, and kidney function tests. RESULTS: A. caraya had greater growth rate and absolute renal volume than S. apella, but the latter showed a greater relative renal volume and RBC count. There was a negative relationship between RBC and age, a positive relationship between creatinine and body mass, and an apparent negative relationship between creatinine and age only in S. apella. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that A. caraya has a faster aging mechanism than S. apella, and the higher relative kidney volume in S. apella is suggestive of high metabolic demands in this species.

Attitudes towards urban howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Paraguay.

Increasing urbanisation is encroaching into natural habitats and sometimes forcing wildlife into urban centres. Whether or not wildlife can thrive in an urban environment is dependent on many factors, one of which is how the species is perceived by local people. This study focuses on the city of Pilar in south-west Paraguay, which is home to a population of urban-dwelling black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Using semi-structured interviews, we assessed peoples' attitudes towards the presence of howlers, whether they perceived the monkeys to cause problems in the city, what they believed were the biggest threats to the monkeys, and whether they felt that the presence of monkeys in the city was compatible with their way of life in the long term. Overall, we found that the majority of interviewees had positive attitudes towards the monkeys, believing that they brought benefits to the city and that they should be protected from potential risks in the urban environment. Our results provide the basis for collaborative, community-based development of management strategies for the long-term survival of these urban monkeys.

Comparative Stress Response of Black and Gold Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya) in Urban and Rural Environments of Northern Argentina.

The expansion of human populations associated with urbanization results in extensive modification of natural habitats. While many species cannot persist in these highly modified environments, some species adopt new strategies, which contribute to their survival. Several primate species have persisted in altered habitats, including members of the genus Alouatta. To improve our understanding of this interplay, we compared glucocorticoid (GCC) levels in male and female black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in urban and rural areas in northeastern Argentina. Fecal samples (n = 60) were collected from adults and hormone extracts were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Monkeys living in urban areas (females: 109.15 ± 18.83; males: 106.15 ± 10.48) had lower GCClevels than monkeys living in rural areas (females: 152.01 ± 19.50; males:139,82 ± 10.85). Interestingly, males living in urban areas had lower GCC levels compared to those living in rural areas, whereas no differences were observed in GCC levels between females living in urban and rural areas. While these results suggest that urban areas may provide a release from intergroup competition for male howler monkeys, future work is needed to better understand the dynamics of this association to best inform management and conservation of this vulnerable species.

Facial restoration after trauma - nasolabial in monkey bugio - Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) - first case report / [Restauração facial pós trauma nasolabial em macaco bugio - Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) - relato de caso]

In the last decades in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil, the reduction in the preservation of areas due to the degradation of the biome and destruction of the natural environment has caused animals, mainly in the order of non-human primates, to come closer to towns and highways, increasing the number of accidents and in some cases, deaths. New surgical techniques have been developed that favor these species as explained in this report. The howler monkey patient was traumatized in the facial region damaging important vital structures such as facial muscle groups responsible for swallowing food, chewing, breathing, defense, and communication (vocalization and mimicry), in addition to the cartilaginous nasal structures. However, reconstructive facial surgical techniques, used on humans, showed satisfactory results from an anatomical, functional, and aesthetic point of view in howler monkey, with acceptance of the animal with a safe postoperative period for a full recovery of the primate patient.(AU)

Nas últimas décadas, no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul - Brasil, a redução de áreas preservadas pela degradação de biomas e pela destruição de habitat naturais tem favorecido a aproximação de animais - muitos desses, primatas não humanos - em cidades e rodovias, aumentando o número de acidentes e, em alguns casos, de mortes. Novas técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido desenvolvidas, favorecendo essas espécies, como reportado neste trabalho. O paciente macaco bugio foi traumatizado em região facial, envolvendo importantes estruturas vitais, como grupos musculares faciais responsáveis pela apreensão alimentar, mastigação, respiração, defesa e comunicação (vocalização e mímicas), além das estruturas cartilaginosas nasais. No entanto, técnicas cirúrgicas reconstrutivas em face aplicadas e descritas em humanos apresentaram resultados satisfatórios dos pontos de vista anatômico, fisiológico e visual nos macacos bugio, com aceitação deles diante do estresse, com pós-operatório seguro, resultando na reabilitação do paciente primata.(AU)

Use of genetic tools to assess predation on reintroduced howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) in Northeastern Argentina.

Despite strong support from the media, the reintroduction of animals into natural environments does not always achieve its goal. Alouatta caraya is the primate species facing the greatest hunting pressure due to the illegal pet trade in Argentina. Confiscations of this species are common, as is the voluntary surrender of animals by owners no longer able or willing to care for them. These animals ultimately arrive at rehabilitation centers and, in many cases, are released into natural environments that may differ from the original sites where they were captured. Until recently, the lack of genetic analysis of the individuals involved led to biased relocation decisions. We followed the reintroduction of 12 A. caraya individuals in a protected area (Isla Palacio, Misiones, Argentina). The presence of potential predators such as pumas (Puma concolor) and jaguars (Panthera onca) in this area was confirmed by camera traps, footprints and feces. After the disappearance of four A. caraya at the reintroduction site, we investigated the applicability of genetic assignment tests based on genotypic data to accurately identify predated individuals. Genetic analyses allowed us to determine the predator species (P. onca) and to identify the predated individuals as two of the reintroduced animals. This procedure is promising for identifying the remains of predated individuals, and can contribute to the design of reintroduction policies based on scientific evidence.

Passive acoustic monitoring of the diel and annual vocal behavior of the Black and Gold Howler Monkey.

Passive acoustic monitoring, when coupled with automated signal recognition software, allows researchers to perform simultaneous monitoring at large spatial and temporal scales. This technique has been widely used to monitor cetaceans, bats, birds, and anurans but rarely applied to monitor primates. Here, we evaluated the effectiveness of passive acoustic monitoring and automated signal recognition software for detecting the presence and monitoring the roaring behavior of the Black and Gold Howler Monkey (Alouatta caraya) over a complete annual cycle at one site in the Brazilian Pantanal. The diel pattern of roaring activity was unimodal, with high vocal activity around dawn. The howler monkey showed a clear seasonal pattern of roaring activity, with most of the roars detected during the wet season (74.9%, peak activity during November and December). The maximum vocal activity occurred during the period of maximum flowering and fruit production in the study area, suggesting a potential role of roaring in defending major feeding sites, which is in agreement with the findings of previous studies on the species. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that roaring may serve different purposes. Vocal activity was negatively associated with relative air humidity, which might be related to lower vocal activity on wetter and rainy days, while vocal activity was not related to minimum air temperature. Automated signal recognition software allowed us to detect the species in 89% of the recordings in which it was vocally active, but with a reduced time cost, since the time investment for data analyses was 2% of recording time. The good performance of the recognizer might be related to the long and loud roars of the howler monkey. Further research should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of automated signal recognition for detecting the calls of different species of primates and under different environmental conditions.

Bertiella sp. (Meyner, 1895) infection of Alouatta caraya (Humboldt, 1812) in urban and natural environments in Ñeembucú, southwest Paraguay.

Bertiella sp., a cestode known to infect a variety of hosts, including nonhuman primates and humans, was identified in Paraguay as early as 1895, but no systematic analysis of wild primates' gastrointestinal parasites has ever been carried out in Paraguay. Increased urbanization in southwest Paraguay has pushed the Paraguayan howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) into anthropogenic habitats, particularly in the city of Pilar (Ñeembucú department), giving rise to greater potential for zoonotic transmission between wild primates and humans. From July to December 2018, fecal samples were noninvasively collected from 48 howlers inside Pilar (urban environment), the Pilar Military Base (intermediate environment), and a ranch 27 km outside Pilar in the humid Chaco (natural environment) and analyzed for Bertiella eggs and proglottids using macro-analysis and formol-ether sedimentation. Howlers living in the urban environment had the highest rates of Bertiella infection (50% prevalence), with considerably lower infection rates in the intermediate environment (6.25% prevalence) and natural habitats (0% prevalence). A χ2 goodness-of-fit test indicated a significant difference between the three habitat types (p = .007, χ2 = 10.005, df = 2). While the habitat seems to impact the frequency of infection, Bertiella was not observed to select for other factors such as age or sex of the primate host. Here we identified a significant increase in the frequency of Bertiella infection in an urban environment, which can then be further transmitted to new hosts with more direct primate contact. Bertiella infection has already been documented in humans in Paraguay, all of which were associated with close primate contact. As howlers move into more urban habitats due to urbanization and habitat fragmentation, Bertiella could be introduced into this new ecosystem and has the potential to cause further infections in humans.

Lineamientos técnicos para la entrega domiciliar de medicamentos a usuarios de Farmacias Especializadas del minsal, en el marco de la emergencia por covid-19 / Technical guidelines for the home delivery of medicines to users of Specialized Pharmacies in the minsal, in the framework of the emergency by covid-19

La situación generada por la pandemia de COVID-19 exige la adopción de medidas que incrementen la protección de la salud de las personas, en busca de disminuir el flujo de personas ante la emisión del decreto ejecutivo No. 12 del Órgano Ejecutivo en el ramo de salud, relativo a la cuarentena domiciliar anunciada por el Señor Presidente de la República de El Salvador. Ante la emergencia nacional por COVID-19, se establecen las siguientes disposiciones para la entrega domiciliar de medicamentos a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles con recetas repetitivas, emitidas en hospitales de referencia de las Farmacias Especializadas, con propósito disminuir la afluencia de pacientes en los establecimientos de salud en el contexto de la pandemia. Este esfuerzo será realizado en coordinación con Correos de El Salvador para garantizar el abastecimiento de medicamentos a los usuarios de las Farmacias Especializadas del país, por lo que es fundamental disponer de lineamientos que aseguren la correcta distribución domiciliar, para asegurar la calidad de los cuidados y disminuir el riesgo potencial de contagiarse de COVID-19, sin descuidar el abastecimiento de medicamentos para las personas con patologías crónicas.

The situation generated by the COVID-19 pandemic requires the adoption of measures that increase the protection of people's health, seeking to decrease the flow of people due to the issuance of Executive Decree No. 12 of the Executive Branch in the field of health, relative to the household quarantine announced by the President of the Republic of El Salvador. In the face of the national emergency for COVID-19, the following provisions are established for the home delivery of medications to patients with chronic non-communicable diseases with repetitive prescriptions, issued in reference hospitals of Specialized Pharmacies, with the purpose of reducing the influx of patients in the health facilities in the context of the pandemic. This effort will be carried out in coordination with Correos de El Salvador to guarantee the supply of medicines to users of the country's Specialized Pharmacies, for which reason it is essential to have guidelines that ensure the correct distribution at home, to ensure the quality of care and decrease the potential risk of getting COVID-19, without neglecting the supply of medicines for people with chronic diseases.

Lineamientos técnicos para la farmacovigilancia de los medicamentos de uso off-label utilizados en pacientes ingresados por covid-19 / Technical guidelines for the pharmacovigilance of off-label drugs used in patients entered by covid-19

El Sistema Nacional de Farmacovigilancia está conformado por todas las instituciones del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Salud (SNIS), así como también por los profesionales de salud y las personas naturales o jurídicas responsables del registro sanitario, fabricación, importación, distribución y comercialización de medicamentos; quienes son los responsables de detectar y notificarlos los eventos al CNFV, a través del Sistema de Notificación en línea de Farmacovigilancia (SIFAVES). El 31 de diciembre del 2019, la OMS notifica un brote de casos de neumonías, de etiología desconocida, en Wuhan, provincia de Hubel, China; ante tal situación el Gobierno de El Salvador, el 23 de enero de 2020, decreto Emergencia Sanitaria por la probable llegada de casos sospechosos de 2019-nCoV y se inicia con los preparativos para la atención de casos sospechosos y confirmados, de lo que posteriormente se denominó como agente causal el COVID-19. Al momento no existe en el mundo ningún tratamiento eficaz y seguro para curar la enfermedad COVID-19, ni existe ninguna vacuna para prevenirla. Ante la necesidad apremiante de brindar una alternativa terapéutica esperanzadora para los pacientes infectados y evitar la mortalidad por dicha enfermedad, en el mes de marzo del 2020, el Ministerio de Salud dicta los "Lineamientos técnicos para la atención clínica de personas con enfermedad COVID-19" segunda edición, con la participación de profesionales expertos, interdisciplinarios e interinstitucionales; en la cual evaluaron y establecieron el uso off-label de "medicamentos para limitar la progresión clínica de la enfermedad y disminuir la carga viral" de las personas con enfermedad COVID-19, considerando los resultados prometedores de estudios existentes y las experiencias en el manejo clínico de pacientes en otros países que actualmente atraviesan una crisis, en la atención de pacientes, por la pandemia de COVID-19. Este hecho marca la necesidad consecuente, de diseñar una farmacovigilancia intrahospitalaria especial, para ser implementada en todos los hospitales que utilicen el esquema de medicamentos off-label, establecido en los "Lineamientos técnicos para la atención clínica de personas con enfermedad COVID-19". El presente documento describe los aspectos técnicos y logísticos necesarios a tener en cuenta para implementar la farmacovigilancia especial intrahospitalaria, sobre el uso de medicamentos off-label autorizados, según el "plan de acciones reguladoras para la implementación de opciones 8 terapéuticas y diagnósticas en situaciones de riesgo sanitario en El Salvador" para el manejo clínico de pacientes con enfermedad COVID-19; también, es una herramienta de apoyo para los profesionales de la salud que estarán en la primera línea de atención hospitalaria para la detección, identificación o sospecha de posibles reacciones adversas, interacciones medicamentosas u otros riesgos asociados al uso de estos, así mismo para la prevención de errores de medicación en el manejo de los pacientes y la notificación oportuna de dichos eventos.

The National Pharmacovigilance System is made up of all the institutions of the National Integrated Health System (SNIS), as well as health professionals and natural or legal persons responsible for sanitary registration, manufacture, import, distribution and marketing of medicines; who are responsible for detecting and reporting events to the CNFV, through the Online Pharmacovigilance Notification System (SIFAVES). On December 31, 2019, the WHO reports an outbreak of pneumonia cases of unknown etiology in Wuhan, Hubel province, China; In such a situation, the Government of El Salvador, on January 23, 2020, issued a Health Emergency decree for the probable arrival of suspected cases of 2019-nCoV and began with preparations for the care of suspected and confirmed cases, which was subsequently denominated as causal agent COVID-19. Currently, there is no effective and safe treatment in the world to cure COVID-19 disease, nor is there a vaccine to prevent it. Given the pressing need to provide a hopeful therapeutic alternative for infected patients and avoid mortality from said disease, in March 2020, the Ministry of Health issued the "Technical Guidelines for the clinical care of people with COVID-19 disease "second edition, with the participation of expert, interdisciplinary and inter-institutional professionals; in which they evaluated and established the off-label use of "medications to limit the clinical progression of the disease and decrease the viral load" of people with COVID-19 disease, considering the promising results of existing studies and experiences in management Clinician of patients in other countries currently experiencing a crisis, in patient care, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This fact marks the consequent need to design a special in-hospital pharmacovigilance, to be implemented in all hospitals that use the off-label medication scheme, established in the "Technical Guidelines for the clinical care of people with COVID-19 disease". This document describes the technical and logistical aspects necessary to take into account to implement special in-hospital pharmacovigilance, on the use of authorized off-label drugs, according to the "plan of regulatory actions for the implementation of therapeutic and diagnostic options 8 in situations of health risk in El Salvador "for management clinic of patients with COVID-19 disease; also, it is a support tool for health professionals who will be in the first line of hospital care for the detection, identification or suspicion of possible adverse reactions, drug interactions or other risks associated with their use, as well as for prevention. of medication errors in patient management and timely notification of such events.

Lineamientos técnicos para el manejo de personas en cuarentena en centros de contención, segunda edición / Technical guidelines for the management of people in quarantine in containment centers, Second edition

Ante la Emergencia por el COVID-19, en el país se establece desde el 15 de marzo del corriente año y con el objeto de prevenir la diseminación de dicha enfermedad, la estrategia de "Cuarentena preventiva por 30 días" a todos los viajeros que ingresen al país, procedentes de países que ya tienen casos y por ende circulación del virus SARS CoV2, por lo que se hace necesario establecer las directrices a seguir en los centros de contención y en los hospitales que atiendan a personas con sospecha o confirmados con COVID-19, que se convierten en los lugares donde se atenderá a la población antes mencionada.

In the face of the Emergency due to COVID-19, the country has established, since March 15 of this year, and in order to prevent the spread of said disease, the strategy of "Preventive Quarantine for 30 days" to all travelers entering to the country, from countries that already have cases and therefore circulation of the SARS CoV2 virus, so it is necessary to establish the guidelines to be followed in the containment centers and in the hospitals that care for people with suspicion or confirmed with COVID- 19, which become the places where the aforementioned population will be served.

Genetic assignment of illegally trafficked neotropical primates and implications for reintroduction programs.

The black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) is a neotropical primate threatened by habitat loss and capture for illegal trade in Argentina. Using multilocus microsatellite genotypes from 178 A. caraya individuals sampled from 15 localities in Argentina, we built a genotype reference database (GRDB). Bayesian assignment methods applied to the GRDB allowed us to correctly re-assign 73% of individuals to their true location of origin and 93.3% to their cluster of origin. We used the GRDB to assign 22 confiscated individuals (17 of which were reintroduced), and 3 corpses to both localities and clusters of origin. We assigned with a probability >70% the locality of origin of 14 individuals and the cluster of origin of 21. We found that most of the confiscated individuals were assigned to one cluster (F-Ch-C) and two localities included in the GRDB, suggesting that trafficked A. caraya primarily originated in this area. Our results reveal that only 4 of 17 reintroduced individuals were released in sites corresponding to their cluster of origin. Our findings illustrate the applicability of genotype databases for inferring hotspots of illegal capture and for guiding future reintroduction efforts, both of which are essential elements of species protection and recovery programs.

Lineamientos técnicos para la dispensación de medicamentos a usuarios de la red de establecimientos del minsal en el marco de la emergencia por coronavirus (covid-19) / Technical guidelines for the dispensing of medicines to users of the minsal network of establishments in the framework of the coronavirus emergency (covidI-19)

La situación generada por la pandemia de coronavirus COVID-19, exige la adopción de medidas que incrementen la protección de la salud de las personas, con el adecuado funcionamiento de establecimientos del primer nivel de atención y hospitales. Debido a la suspensión de la consulta externa programada de primera vez y subsecuentes ante la emergencia nacional por COVID-19, se establecen las siguientes disposiciones para la emisión de recetas repetitivas, dispensación o entrega de medicamentos a pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y otras en las que apliquen la indicación de este tipo de recetas, las mismas tienen como propósito disminuir la afluencia de pacientes en los establecimientos de salud en el contexto de la pandemia. La atención de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas y su control terapéutico con administración de medicamentos es una de las prestaciones más frecuentes en los establecimientos de salud, por lo que es fundamental disponer de lineamientos que aseguren la correcta prescripción y dispensación, para asegurar la calidad de los cuidados y disminuir el riesgo potencial de contagiarse de COVID-19, sin descuidar el abastecimiento de medicamentos para las personas con patologías crónicas.

The situation generated by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic requires the adoption of measures that increase the protection of people's health, with the proper functioning of first-level facilities and hospitals. Due to the suspension of the external consultation scheduled for the first time and subsequent before the national emergency by COVID-19, the following provisions are established for the issuance of prescriptions Repetitive, dispensing, or delivering medications to patients with chronic illnesses transferable and others in which the indication of this type of recipes apply, they have as purpose to decrease the influx of patients in health facilities in the context of pandemic. The care of patients with chronic diseases and their therapeutic control with administration of medicines is one of the most frequent benefits in health facilities, making it It is essential to have guidelines that ensure the correct prescription and dispensing, to ensure the quality of care and decrease the potential risk of getting COVID-19, without neglecting the supply of medicines for people with chronic diseases.