Core data set para la generación de datos de la vida real en esclerosis múltiple: adaptación de una iniciativa global para América Latina / Core data set for real world data in multiple sclerosis: customization for latin america from a global task force recommendation

Introducción: Los objetivos primarios del core data set son reducir la heterogeneidad y promover la armonización entre las fuentes de datos en la esclerosis múltiple (EM), reduciendo así el tiempo necesario para ejecutar esfuerzos en la recolección de datos de vida real. Recientemente, un grupo liderado por la Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance ha desarrollado un core data set para la recolección de datos del mundo real en EM a nivel global. Nuestro objetivo ha sido adaptar y consensuar este conjunto de datos globales a las necesidades de América Latina para que pueda ser implementado por los registros ya desarrollados y en proceso de desarrollo en la región. Material y métodos. Se conformó un grupo de trabajo regionalmente y se adaptó el core data set creado globalmente (proceso de traducción al español, incorporación de variables regionales y consenso sobre variables que se iban a utilizar). El consenso se obtuvo a través de la metodología Delphi remoto de ronda de cuestionarios y discusión a distancia de las variables del core data set. Resultados: Veinticinco profesionales de América Latina llevaron adelante el proceso de adaptación entre noviembre de 2022 y julio de 2023. Se estableció un acuerdo sobre un core data set de nueve categorías y 45 variables, versión 2023, con la sugerencia de implementarlo en registros desarrollados o en vías de desarrollo y cohortes de EM en la región. Conclusión: El core data set busca armonizar las variables recolectadas por los registros y las cohortes de EM en América Latina con el fin de facilitar dicha recolección y permitir una colaboración entre fuentes. Su implementación facilitará la recolección de datos de vida real y la colaboración en la región.(AU)

Introduction: The primary objective of the core data set is to reduce heterogeneity and promote harmonization among data sources in EM, thereby reducing the time needed to execute real life data collection efforts. Recently, a group led by the Multiple Sclerosis Data Alliance has developed a core data set for collecting real-world data on multiple sclerosis (MS) globally. Our objective was to adapt this global data set to the needs of Latin America, so that it can be implemented by the registries already developed and in the process of development in the region. Material and methods: A working group was formed regionally, the core data set created globally was adapted (translation process into Spanish, incorporation of regional variables and consensus on variables to be used). Consensus was obtained through the remote Delphi methodology of a round of questionnaires and remote discussion of the core data set variables. Results: A total of 25 professionals from Latin America carried out the adaptation process between November 2022 and July 2023. Agreement was established on a core data set of nine categories and 45 variables, version 2023 to suggest its implementation in developed or developing registries, and MS cohorts in the region. Conclusion: The core data set seeks to harmonize the variables collected by registries and cohorts in MS in Latin America in order to facilitate said collection and allow collaboration between sources. Its implementation will facilitate real life data collection and collaboration in the region.(AU)

Effectiveness and safety of secukinumab updosing in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: data from the PURE registry.

Secukinumab is a fully human IgG1 antibody that selectively binds to and neutralizes the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-17A. Secukinumab is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for plaque psoriasis. There is a limited real-word evidence for dose optimisation of secukinumab based on clinical response. PURE is a multi-national, prospective, observational study in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis in Canada and Latin America, assessing the real-world safety and effectiveness of secukinumab and other indicated therapies. The aim of the current snapshot analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of on-label dose and updosed secukinumab in patients with plaque psoriasis enrolled in the PURE study. At the time of analysis, 676 patients received secukinumab, of which 84.6% (n = 572) remained on the on-label dose, while 15.4% (n = 104) were updosed. With on-label secukinumab, the absolute Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score was reduced from 13.6 at baseline to 1.2 over 36 months, with treatment persistence of 73% at 40 months. At Month 36, 73.2% of the patients receiving on-label secukinumab achieved Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) 0/1. With updosed secukinumab (300 mg every 2 weeks, 300 mg every 3 weeks, 450 mg every 4 weeks, or 450 mg every 3 weeks), 57.9% of the patients showed improvement in the absolute PASI score at the first visit after updosing, with treatment persistence of 50% at 12 months after updosing. At Month 15, 40% of patients receiving updosed secukinumab achieved IGA 0/1. Patients with previous biologic exposure (odds ratio [OR]: 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.03, 5.18, p < 0.0001) were more likely to be updosed while those with a body weight < 90 kg (OR: 0.49; 95% CI [0.31, 0.77], p = 0.0019) were less likely to be updosed. Previous biologic exposure (HR [hazard ratio]: 1.47; 95% CI [1.24, 1.75], p < 0.0001) and current biologic exposure (secukinumab vs. other indicated therapies: HR 0.57; 95% CI [0.43, 0.75], p = 0.0001) were significantly associated with time to secukinumab updosing. No new or unexpected safety signals were observed with updosed secukinumab. Secukinumab updosing was efficacious and well-tolerated in patients with psoriasis who failed to respond to the approved on-label regimen, suggesting that updosing may be a useful therapeutic option for approved dose non-responders.

Latin-American guidelines of recommendations at discharge from an acute coronary syndrome.

The diagnostic criteria, treatments at the time of admission, and drugs used in patients with acute coronary syndrome are well defined in countless guidelines. However, there is uncertainty about the measures to recommend during patient discharge planning. This document brings together the most recent evidence and the standardized and optimal treatment for patients at the time of discharge from hospitalization for an acute coronary syndrome, for comprehensive and safe care in the patient's transition between care from the acute event to the outpatient care, with the aim of optimizing the recovery of viable myocardium, guaranteeing the most appropriate secondary prevention, reducing the risk of a new coronary event and mortality, as well as the adequate reintegration of patients into daily life.

Los criterios diagnósticos, los tratamientos en el momento de la admisión y los fármacos utilizados en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo están bien definidos en innumerables guías. Sin embargo, existe incertidumbre acerca de las medidas para recomendar durante la planificación del egreso de los pacientes. Este documento reúne las evidencias más recientes y el tratamiento estandarizado y óptimo para los pacientes al momento del egreso de una hospitalización por un síndrome coronario agudo, para un cuidado integral y seguro en la transición del paciente entre la atención del evento agudo y el cuidado ambulatorio, con el objetivo de optimizar la recuperación de miocardio viable, garantizar la prevención secundaria más adecuada, reducir el riesgo de un nuevo evento coronario y la mortalidad, así como la adecuada reinserción de los pacientes en la vida cotidiana.

The low health literacy in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Health literacy (HL) impacts people's health and well-being. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), there are no general estimates of the prevalence of low HL. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of low HL among citizens of LAC and identify the tools used to measure it. METHODS: We included observational studies quantifying the prevalence of low HL in people living in LAC. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, LILACS, PsycINFO, Redalyc, SciELO, Web of Science, PQDT, and the reference lists of the included studies in June 2023. Two reviewers independently conducted the selection, extraction, and risk of bias assessment using the JBI Critical Appraisal Tools. Meta-analysis of proportions using random effects models was used to summarize the prevalence of low HL estimated. This prevalence was measured in each study using different classification methods: word recognition items, reading and numeracy comprehension items, and self-reported comprehension items. RESULTS: Eighty four studies involving 23,914 participants from 15 countries were included. We identified 23 tools to assess HL, and most of the studies were carried out in health services. The pooled prevalence of low HL were 44.02% (95%CI: 36.12-52.24) for reading and numeracy comprehension items, 50.62% (95%CI: 41.82-59.39) for word recognition items, and 41.73% (95%CI: 31.76-52.43) for self-reported comprehension items. CONCLUSION: Despite the variability in the prevalence of low HL and a diversity of tools, the average of low HL is of concern. Almost half of the participants in the included studies have low HL. Most of the studies targeted users of healthcare services. Further research investigating the prevalence of low HL in the general population and actions focused on health education, communication, and information are necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (CRD42021250286).

Clinical Practice Guidelines of the Latin American Federation of Endocrinology for the use of vitamin D in the maintenance of bone health: recommendations for the Latin American context.

INTRODUCTION: These guidelines aim to provide evidence-based recommendations for the supplementation of Vitamin D in maintaining bone health. An unmet need persists in Latin American regarding the availability of clinical and real-world data for rationalizing the use of vitamin D supplementation. The objective of these guidelines is to establish clear and practical recommendations for healthcare practitioners from Latin American countries to address Vitamin D insufficiency in clinical practice. METHODS: The guidelines were developed according to the GRADE-ADOLOPMENT methodology for the adaptation or adoption of CPGs or evidence-based recommendations. A search for high quality CPGs was complemented through a comprehensive review of recent literature, including randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and systematic reviews evaluating the effects of Vitamin D supplementation on bone health. The evidence to decision framework proposed by the GRADE Working Group was implemented by a panel of experts in endocrinology, bone health, and clinical research. RESULTS: The guidelines recommend Vitamin D supplementation for individuals aged 18 and above, considering various populations, including healthy adults, individuals with osteopenia, osteoporosis patients, and institutionalized older adults. These recommendations offer dosing regimens depending on an individualized treatment plan, and monitoring intervals of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and adjustments based on individual results. DISCUSSION: The guidelines highlight the role of Vitamin D in bone health and propose a standardized approach for healthcare practitioners to address Vitamin D insufficiency across Latin America. The panel underscored the necessity for generating local data and stressed the importance of considering regional geography, social dynamics, and cultural specificities when implementing these guidelines.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder among individuals of Hispanic and Latin American ancestry: Cultural considerations for assessment and psychotherapy.

Research specific to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) among individuals of Hispanic and Latin American (H/L) ancestry is limited, as are culturally relevant assessment and treatment recommendations. This article discusses the implications of underrepresentation of H/L populations in OCD research and emphasizes the need to consider issues related to assessment, treatment, and structural barriers that hinder delivery of culturally appropriate first-line psychotherapy. Recommendations for assessment and treatment are provided to aid clinicians in distinguishing culturally normative thoughts and behaviors from OCD, as well as to inform the implementation of psychotherapeutic interventions with cultural humility. This manuscript offers recommendations for future research to tackle health equity concerns with respect to assessment and treatment and structural factors limiting access to culturally appropriate psychotherapy. Wide-scale efforts are needed to comprehensively understand how H/L cultures intersect with various OCD presentations and to further disseminate treatments to populations that have historically lacked access to mental health care.

Psychometric Properties of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III in Latin American University Dental Students.

OBJECTIVE: The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III (FACES III) is a self-report instrument that enables the assessment of the dimensions of adaptability and cohesion within a family, establishing whether or not that family is functional and classifying it according to categories within those dimensions. The objective of this research was to determine the psychometric properties of this instrument using a sample of dental students from 5 Latin American countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The FACES III was administered to a sample of 2888 university dental students from Colombia (35.3%), Chile (34.6%), the Dominican Republic (19%), Argentina (6%), and El Salvador (5.1%). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the factorial structure of the scale, comparing 3 models proposed in the Latin American literature, establishing a multigroup analysis to examine invariance among countries. RESULTS: The results revealed a structure composed of 2 dimensions: cohesion and adaptability. These dimensions showed adequate structure and internal consistency. The invariance of the measurement model in the participating countries was confirmed. CONCLUSION: In general, this study offers evidence of the adequacy of the psychometric properties of FACES III in Colombian, Chilean, Dominican, Argentine, and Salvadoran dental students.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 22 (7 June 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), intermediate levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) activity have been observed in the Americas region. Additionally, a decrease in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity has been noted, currently at low levels. In both cases, the observed activity has been associated with positive cases of influenza and SARS-CoV-2. ILI activity has been primarily linked to moderate activity observed in North America and elevated activity observed in the Caribbean, while SARI activity has been particularly influenced by detected activity in North America. Regarding the circulation of respiratory viruses, a regional rise in SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed, remaining moderate compared to previous epidemic waves. Likewise, epidemic influenza activity has been observed for this time of year, with moderate Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity showing a decrease over the last four EWs. North America: ILI cases, following a slight decrease in previous EWs, have remained at medium-high levels, with most cases attributable to influenza. SARI cases have continued to decline. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic circulation levels, showing a slight decrease over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2), with lesser circulation of influenza B/Victoria. RSV activity has shown a decrease over the last four EWs, remaining at moderate levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the last four EWs to low levels compared to previous waves. By countries: In Canada, SARS-CoV-2 activity has markedly decreased over the last four EWs to medium-low levels. Influenza activity has remained at epidemic levels with a gradual decrease, and RSV activity has also decreased to moderate levels. In Mexico, influenza circulation has fluctuated at epidemic levels over the last four EWs, while SARS-CoV-2 circulation has remained at intermediate levels compared to previous waves. In the United States, influenza activity has remained consistently above the epidemic threshold, while RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activity have decreased to low levels over the last four EWs. ILI cases have remained stable at medium levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2, after reaching similar elevated levels as the previous season, have shown a downward trend over the last four EWs. Caribbean: Following the increase observed in previous EWs, ILI cases have shown a decrease in the last four weeks, with positive cases for influenza. SARI cases have remained on the decline, with the majority of positive cases attributable to influenza. Influenza activity has shown a decrease in the last four EWs, reaching low circulation levels. Over the last four EWs, predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline to low levels. By countries: Increased influenza activity has been observed in Suriname. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in Dominica, Haiti, Saint Lucia, Barbados, and Guyana. Central America: ILI activity has shown a slight decrease in the last four weeks, reaching low activity levels, with most positive cases attributable to influenza. SARI cases have also shown a decrease, reaching low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has increased over the last four EWs, although remaining at low levels. During this period, predominant viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has also remained at low levels. By countries: In El Salvador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the last four EWs to low levels. In Guatemala, an increase in ILI cases associated with influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 has been observed, reaching moderate activity levels, while SARI cases have remained at epidemic levels. In Honduras, after an increase in ILI and SARI cases associated with positive influenza cases observed in previous weeks, a decrease has been detected in the last four EWs, reaching levels below the epidemic threshold, while influenza activity has remained above this threshold. In Nicaragua, RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 activity have remained at low levels. In Panama, influenza activity has shown a pronounced increase to moderate levels, while ILI and SARI cases have remained low over the last four EWs. Andean Region: ILI activity has remained stable at low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to influenza. SARI cases have continued to decline to low levels, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and, to a lesser extent, influenza. Influenza activity has remained at low levels over the last four EWs. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H1N1)pdm09, with concurrent circulation of A(H3N2) and, to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline to moderate levels. By countries: In Bolivia, an increase in ILI and SARI cases has been observed, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold associated with positive cases for influenza. Influenza has shown a marked increase in activity, surpassing the elevated threshold. In Colombia, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased over the last four EWs to medium-low levels; SARI activity has been around the epidemic threshold during these last four EWs, with positive cases attributable to influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2 and RSV. In Ecuador, SARS-CoV-2 activity has increased to medium-high levels, influenza activity has remained below the epidemic threshold, and RSV activity has remained at moderate levels over the last four EWs. SARI activity has fluctuated around the moderate threshold, with positive SARI cases attributable to influenza, SARS-CoV-2, and, to a lesser extent, RSV. In Peru, after a marked increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity in previous weeks, a decrease has been shown in the last four EWs to low levels. In Venezuela, fluctuating influenza activity has been observed below the epidemic threshold over the last four EWs. Brazil and Southern Cone: SARI and ILI activity has remained on a decreasing trend and at low levels over the last four EWs, with the majority of positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has shown an increase over the last four EWs, reaching levels around the epidemic threshold in some countries. During this period, predominant influenza viruses have been A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 followed by B/Victoria. RSV activity has remained at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained on the decline with elevated levels. By countries: In Argentina, ILI and SARI levels have remained below the epidemic threshold. The positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2, while remaining at elevated levels, has shown a marked decline in the last four EWs. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at elevated levels, and influenza activity has shown an increase during the last four EWs, fluctuating around the epidemic threshold. In Chile, an increase in SARS-CoV-2 activity has been observed in the last four EWs at moderate levels, and there has been a rise in influenza activity, which remains around the epidemic threshold. ILI cases have remained at epidemic levels, and SARI cases below this threshold, with the majority attributable to SARS-CoV-2 and to a lesser extent to influenza. In Paraguay, SARS-CoV-2 circulation has shown a decline in the last four EWs, being at low levels, and influenza and RSV activity have remained low. SARI and ILI activity have stayed below the epidemic threshold. In Uruguay, SARI activity has continued at levels below the epidemic threshold, though with a slight increase in the last four weeks, with the majority of the few positive cases attributable to SARS-CoV-2.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles intermedios en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de ETI se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad moderada observada en Norteamérica y la actividad elevada observada en el Caribe, mientras que la actividad de IRAG se ha visto especialmente influenciada por la actividad detectada en Norteamérica. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional se ha observado un ascenso en la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 que se mantiene moderada en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año, y una actividad moderada del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, tras un ligero descenso en SE previas, se han mantenido en niveles medio-altos con la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han mantenido un descenso. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación mostrando un ligero descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 e influenza A(H3N2), con circulación en menor medida de influenza B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles moderados. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un decremento en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles bajos en comparación con ola previas. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un marcado descenso en las últimas cuatro SE hasta niveles mediobajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino y la actividad del VRS ha mantenido un descenso encontrándose en niveles medios. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles intermedios en comparación con olas previas. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido constante por encima del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 han mantenido un descenso hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI se han mantenido estables en niveles medios. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARS-CoV-2 tras alcanzar niveles elevados similares a la temporada previa han presentado una tendencia a la baja en las cuatro últimas SE. Caribe: Tras el incremento observado en SE previas, los casos de ETI han mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo los casos positivos a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han permanecido en descenso, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, alcanzando niveles bajos de circulación. Durante las cuatro últimas SE, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, y se ha observado circulación concurrente en menor medida de influenza tipo A(H3N2) y B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso hasta niveles bajos. Por países: Se ha observado una actividad aumentada de influenza en Surinam. Se ha observado una actividad elevada de SARS-CoV-2 en Dominica, Haití, Santa Lucia, Barbados y Guyana. América Central: La actividad de ETI ha mostrado un ligero descenso en las cuatro últimas semanas, encontrándose en niveles bajos de actividad y siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG han mostrado a su vez un descenso situándose en niveles bajos, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, aunque se mantiene en niveles bajos. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09, con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido a su vez en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 has descendido durante las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. En Guatemala, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI asociados a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2, encontrándose en niveles de actividad moderados, en cuanto a los casos de IRAG se mantienen en niveles epidémicos. En Honduras, tras el incremento en casos de ETI e IRAG asociados a casos positivos a influenza observado en semanas previas, se ha detectado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, alcanzando niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, mientras que la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por encima de este umbral. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 se han mantenido en niveles bajos. En Panamá, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un pronunciado incremento hasta niveles moderados, los casos de ETI e IRAG se han mantenido bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos siendo la mayor proporción de casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV- 2 y en menor medida influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 con circulación concurrente de A(H3N2) y en menor medida de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles medios. Por países: En Bolivia, se ha observado un incremento en los casos de ETI e IRAG con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico asociados a casos positivos a influenza. La influenza ha mostrado un marcado incremento en la actividad, superando el umbral elevado. En Colombia, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles medio-bajos; la actividad de IRAG se ha situado en torno al umbral epidémico durante estas últimas cuatro SE con los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2 y VRS. En Ecuador, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un incremento en la actividad situándose en niveles medio-altos, la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico y la actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles medios en las cuatro últimas SE. La actividad de IRAG ha fluctuado en torno al umbral moderado, los casos IRAG positivos han sido atribuibles a influenza, SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a VRS. En Perú tras un marcado incremento en la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 en semanas previas, se ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE hasta niveles bajos. En Venezuela durante las cuatro últimas SE se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de influenza por debajo del umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de IRAG y ETI ha permanecido con tendencia decreciente y en niveles bajos en las últimas cuatro SE, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza ha mostrado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles en torno al umbral epidémico en algunos países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09 seguidos de B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles elevados. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. El porcentaje de positividad de SARS-CoV-2, aunque permanece con niveles elevados, ha mostrado un marcado descenso en las cuatro últimas SE. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles elevados y la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un ascenso durante la cuatro últimas SE fluctuando en torno al umbral epidémico. En Chile, se ha observado un incremento en la actividad del SARS.CoV-2 en las cuatro últimas SE con niveles moderados, a su vez se ha observado un ascenso en la actividad de influenza que se mantiene en torno al umbral epidémico. Los casos de ETI se han mantenido en niveles epidémicos y los casos de IRAG por debajo de este umbral, siendo en su mayoría atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 y en menor medida a influenza. En Paraguay, la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, encontrándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza y VRS se han mantenido bajas. La actividad de IRAG y ETI se han mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha continuado con niveles por debajo del umbral epidémico, aunque con un ligero incremento en las cuatro últimas semanas siendo la mayoría de los escasos casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2.

La medicina social y las ciencias sociales en América Latina: tensiones conceptuales para la transformación de la salud pública en el siglo XX

[RESUMEN]. El desarrollo de la salud pública en América Latina durante el siglo XX combinó, desde el principio, el marco de la medicina social sobre los orígenes sociales, políticos y ambientales de la enfermedad con los aportes del trabajo de campo de la antropología médica. A pesar de la hegemonía del modelo médico, el surgimiento del marco de la medicina preventiva legitimó aún más la participación de los científicos sociales en el estudio de la multicausalidad de la enfermedad. Sin embargo, las limitaciones que trajo consigo la falta de contextualización histórica y política del modelo de la medicina preventiva dieron paso al movimiento latinoamericano de medicina social, basado en el materialismo histórico, y al desarrollo tanto de la epidemiología crítica como de la antropología médica crítica.

[ABSTRACT]. The development of public health in Latin America during the 20th century combined, early on, the social medicine framework on the social, political, and environmental origins of disease with the contributions of medical anthropological fieldwork. Despite the hegemony of the medical model, the surge of the preventive medicine framework further legitimized the involvement of social scientists in the study of the multicausality of disease. However, the limitations brought by the preventive medicine model’s lack of historical and political contextualization gave way to the Latin American social medicine movement, which was grounded in historical materialism, and the development of both critical epidemiology and critical medical anthropology.

[RESUMO]. Desde o início, a evolução da saúde pública na América Latina ao longo do século XX combinou o marco teórico da medicina social sobre as origens sociais, políticas e ambientais das doenças com as contribuições derivadas do trabalho de campo da antropologia médica. Apesar da hegemonia do modelo médico, o surgimento do modelo de medicina preventiva legitimou ainda mais a participação dos cientistas sociais no estudo da multicausalidade das doenças. Entretanto, as limitações causadas pela falta de contextualização histórica e política do modelo de medicina preventiva abriram espaço para o movimento latino-americano de medicina social, fundamentado no materialismo histórico, e para o desenvolvimento da epidemiologia crítica e da antropologia médica crítica.

Declaración de alergenos en el etiquetado de alimentos: panorama latinoamericano

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Identificar los países que tienen legislación relacionada con la declaración obligatoria de alergenos alimentarios, alimentos irradiados y transgénicos en el etiquetado nutricional de alimentos envasados. Métodos. Estudio exploratorio en el cual se revisaron los reglamentos sanitarios o normas técnicas de los alimentos de los países de América Latina con el fin de recopilar información sobre la declaración de alergenos, trazas de alergenos, alimentos irradiados y transgénicos. La búsqueda de la información se realizó a través de páginas gubernamentales de los países. Los resultados se presentan de manera descriptiva y narrativa. Resultados. De los 19 países revisados, 89% declara alergenos en su etiquetado nutricional, 76% incorpora la declaración de trazas en su legislación de manera explícita y 82% sigue las recomendaciones del Codex Alimentarius con algunas modificaciones en las categorías de alimentos. Conclusiones. La declaración de alergenos como medida de seguridad alimentaria, así como avanzar en mejorar la rotulación de trazas de alergenos y la disponibilidad universal de epinefrina son los desafíos pendientes de la Región.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Identify countries that have legislation on mandatory declarations of food allergens, irradiated foods, and transgenic foods on the nutritional labels of packaged foods. Methods. Exploratory study reviewing the health regulations and technical standards for foods in Latin American countries in order to gather information on declarations of allergens, trace allergens, irradiated foods, and transgenic foods. The information search was carried out through the countries’ government web pages. Presentation of the results is descriptive and narrative. Results. Of the 19 countries reviewed, 89% require a declaration of allergens on their nutrition labeling, 76% have legislation that explicitly require a statement on trace allergens, and 82% follow Codex Alimentarius recommendations with some modifications of food categories. Conclusions. Three pending challenges in the Region are: requiring statements on allergens as a food safety measure; making progress toward improved labeling of trace allergens; and ensuring universal availability of epinephrine.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Identificar os países que têm legislação relacionada à declaração obrigatória de alimentos alergênicos, irradiados e transgênicos na rotulagem nutricional de alimentos embalados. Métodos. Estudo exploratório com revisão dos regulamentos sanitários ou normas técnicas de alimentos dos países da América Latina, a fim de coletar informações sobre a declaração de alimentos alergênicos, traços de alergênicos, alimentos irradiados e transgênicos na rotulagem nutricional. A busca de informações foi realizada por meio dos sites governamentais dos países. Os resultados são apresentados de forma descritiva e narrativa. Resultados. Dos 19 países analisados, 89% declaram alergênicos na rotulagem nutricional, 76% incorporam explicitamente a declaração de traços na legislação e 82% seguem as recomendações do Codex Alimentarius, com algumas modificações nas categorias de alimentos. Conclusões. Entre os desafios pendentes na Região estão a implementação da declaração de alergênicos como medida de segurança alimentar e a melhoria da rotulagem de traços de alergênicos e da disponibilidade universal de epinefrina.

Tobacco industry strategies to influence the regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products in Latin America and the Caribbean / Estrategias de la industria tabacalera para influir en la regulación de los productos de tabaco y nicotina novedosos y emergentes en América Latina y el Caribe / Estratégias da indústria do tabaco para influenciar a regulamentação de produtos novos e emergentes de tabaco e nicotina na América Latina e no Caribe

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. To document tobacco industry strategies to influence regulation of new and emerging tobacco and nicotine products (NETNPs) in Latin America and the Caribbean. Methods. We analyzed industry websites, advocacy reports, news media and government documents related to NETNPs, focusing on electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. We also conducted a survey of leading health advocates. We applied the policy dystopia model to analyze industry action and argument based strategies on NETNP regulations. Results. Industry actors engaged in four instrumental strategies to influence NETNP regulation coalition management, information management, direct involvement in and access to the policy process, and litigation. Their actions included: lobbying key policy-makers, academics and vaping associations; providing grants to media groups to disseminate favorable NETNP information; participating in public consultations; presenting at public hearings; inserting industry-inspired language into draft NETNP legislation; and filing lawsuits to challenge NETNP bans. The industry disseminated its so-called harm reduction argument through large/influential countries (e.g., Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico). Industry discursive strategies claimed NETNPs were less harmful, provided safer alternatives, and should be regulated as so-called harm reduction products or have fewer restrictions on their sale and use than those currently in place. Conclusion. Our analysis provides a better understanding of industry strategies to undermine tobacco and nicotine control. To help counter industry efforts, health advocates should proactively strengthen government capacities and alert policy-makers to industry attempts to create new regulatory categories (so-called reduced-risk products), provide misleading information of government authorizations of NETNPs, and co-opt so-called harm-reduction messages that serve the industry’s agenda.

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Documentar las estrategias de la industria tabacalera para influir en la regulación de los productos de tabaco y nicotina novedosos y emergentes (PTNNE) en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. Se analizaron los sitios web de la industria, los informes de defensa de la salud, los medios de información y los documentos gubernamentales relacionados con los PTNNE, prestando especial atención a los cigarrillos electrónicos y los productos de tabaco calentado. También se realizó una encuesta a líderes de la promoción de la salud. Aplicamos el modelo de distopía política para analizar las estrategias de acción y argumentación de la industria en relación con la regulación de los PTNNE. Resultados. Las partes interesadas de la industria recurrieron a cuatro estrategias instrumentales para influir en la regulación de los PTNNE: gestión de coaliciones, gestión de la información, participación directa y acceso al proceso de formulación de políticas, y litigios. Sus acciones incluyeron: trabajar con los principales responsables de la formulación de políticas, académicos y asociaciones de vapeo; conceder subvenciones a grupos de medios de comunicación para que difundan información favorable a los PTNNE; participar en consultas públicas; realizar presentaciones en audiencias públicas; introducir un lenguaje inspirado por la industria en la legislación sobre los PTNNE; y presentar demandas judiciales para dificultar las prohibiciones de los PTNNE. La industria difundió su argumentación, denominada de reducción de daños, en países grandes e influyentes como, por ejemplo, Argentina, Brasil y México. Las estrategias discursivas de la industria afirmaban que los PTNNE eran menos nocivos, proporcionaban alternativas más seguras y debían regularse del mismo modo que los denominados productos de reducción de daños o tener menos restricciones que las vigentes en la actualidad para su venta y consumo. Conclusión. Este análisis permite comprender mejor las estrategias de la industria para socavar el control del tabaco y la nicotina. Para contribuir a contrarrestar los esfuerzos de la industria, los defensores de la salud deberían fortalecer activamente las capacidades gubernamentales y alertar a los responsables políticos de los intentos de la industria de crear nuevas categorías reglamentarias (los denominados productos de riesgo reducido), proporcionar información engañosa sobre las autorizaciones gubernamentales de los PTNNE y apropiarse de los denominados mensajes de reducción de daños que responden a la agenda de la industria.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Documentar as estratégias usadas pela indústria do tabaco para influenciar a regulamentação de produtos novos e emergentes de tabaco e nicotina (NETNPs, sigla em inglês) na América Latina e no Caribe. Métodos. Foram analisados sites do setor, relatórios de ativistas, notícias em meios de comunicação e documentos governamentais relacionados aos NETNPs, com foco em cigarros eletrônicos e produtos de tabaco aquecido. Também foi realizada uma pesquisa com ativistas importantes na área da saúde. O modelo de distopia política foi utilizado para analisar as ações e as estratégias baseadas em argumentos do setor para a regulamentação de NETNPs. Resultados. Os agentes do setor utilizaram quatro estratégias instrumentais para influenciar a regulamentação de NETNPs: gestão de coalizões; gestão de informações; envolvimento direto e acesso ao processo de formulação de políticas; e ações legais. As ações dos agentes incluíram: trabalhar com os principais formuladores de políticas, acadêmicos e associações de cigarros eletrônicos; conceder subsídios a grupos de comunicação para disseminar informações favoráveis aos NETNPs; participar de consultas públicas; fazer apresentações em audiências públicas; inserir linguagem gerada pela indústria na legislação de NETNPs; e entrar com ações judiciais para contestar proibições de NETNPs. O setor disseminou seu argumento de “redução de danos” em países grandes e influentes (por exemplo, Argentina, Brasil e México). As estratégias discursivas do setor afirmavam que os NETNPs eram menos prejudiciais, ofereciam alternativas mais seguras e deveriam ser regulamentados como “produtos de redução de danos” ou ter menos restrições à venda e ao uso do que as atualmente em vigor. Conclusão. Nossa análise oferece uma melhor compreensão das estratégias usadas pelo setor para enfra- quecer o controle do tabaco e da nicotina. Para ajudar a combater os esforços do setor, os ativistas em saúde devem fortalecer de forma proativa a capacidade dos governos e alertar os formuladores de políticas sobre as tentativas da indústria de criar novas categorias regulatórias (os chamados “produtos de risco reduzido”), fornecer informações enganosas sobre as autorizações governamentais de comercialização dos NETNPs e cooptar mensagens de “redução de danos” para atender aos interesses do setor.

Prospective Study of Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Mutation Prevalence in Patients With Advanced Prostate Cancer From Latin America: Challenges and Future Approaches.

PURPOSE: The prevalence of homologous recombination repair gene mutations (HRRm) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is unknown. Prevalence of homologous Recombination repair (HRR) gene mutatiOns in patientS with metastatic castration resistant ProstatE Cancer in LaTin America (PROSPECT) aimed to determine this prevalence and to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study across 11 cancer centers in seven LAC countries. After informed consent, all eligible participants underwent genomic testing by provided blood samples for germline HRR testing; they also provided PC tissue blocks if available for somatic HRR testing. RESULTS: Between April 2021 and April 2022, 387 patients (median age, 70 years [49-89], 94.3% Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0-1) with mCRPC were enrolled in the study. Almost 40% of them had a family history of cancer, and the overall time from their initial PC and mCRPC diagnosis was 3 years and 1 year, respectively. The overall prevalence of germline HRRm was 4.2%. The mutations detected included the genes CHEK2 (n = 4, 1%), ATM (n = 3, 0.8%), BRCA2 (n = 3, 0.8%), BRIP1 (n = 2, 0.5%), RAD51B (n = 2, 0.5%), BRCA1 (n = 1, 0.3%), and MRE11 (n = 1, 0.3%). The prevalence of somatic HRRm could not be assessed because of high HRR testing failure rates (79%, 199/251) associated with insufficient DNA, absence of tumor cells, and poor-quality DNA. CONCLUSION: Despite the study's limitations, to our knowledge, PROSPECT was the first attempt to describe the prevalence of HRRm in patients with PC from LAC. Notably, the germline HRRm prevalence in this study was inferior to that observed in North American and European populations. The somatic HRR testing barriers identified are being addressed by several projects to improve access to HRR testing and biomarker-based therapies in LAC.

Pesticide contamination of lactating mothers' milk in Latin America: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of contamination by pesticides and their metabolites in the milk of lactating mothers in Latin America. METHODS: In this systematic review, the PubMed, LILACS, Embase, and Scopus databases were searched up to January 2022 to identify observational studies. The Mendeley software was used to manage these references. The risk of bias assessment was evaluated according to the checklist for prevalence studies and writing design, by the Prisma guidelines. RESULTS: This study retrieved 1835 references and analyzed 49 studies. 69.38% of the analyzed studies found a 100% prevalence of breast milk contamination by pesticides among their sample. Main pesticides include dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its isomers (75.51%), followed by the metabolite dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) (69.38%) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (46.93%). This study categorized most (65.30%) studies as having a low risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows a high prevalence of pesticide contamination in the breast milk of Latin American women. Further investigations should be carried out to assess contamination levels in breast milk and the possible effects of these substances on maternal and child health.