Cardiovascular disorders and exposure to chemical pollutants.

Introduction: Exposure with some chemical can cause cardiovascular disorders. Occupational exposures with chemicals are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The Objective of this study was the determination of cardiovascular disorders in industries with occupational exposures. Materials and methods: Study was a cross-sectional method and was done on workers of related industries. The study was done with a physical examination and checklist by getting health and illness history and clinical tests about the risk factors and cardiovascular disorders. According to exposures the population of the study was divided into 3 groups. Data were analyzed with SPSS 16, by considering p < 0.05 as significant. Results: The frequency of unstable angina and stable angina were the most in group 1. The relative risk for unstable angina was 1.55 (1.46-1.61) in group 1 and for stable angina was 1.54 (1.47-1.62) in this group. The risk of thrombophlebitis was 8.48 (7.07-10.17) in group 2. Conclusions: Workers in industry with chemical pollutants had cardiovascular disorders. The occupational exposures, especially chemical agents are effective on cardiovascular system.

Atrial fibrillation incidence after coronary artery bypass graft surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention: the prospective AFAF cohort study.

Objectives. Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia in patients with ischemic heart disease. This study aimed to determine the cumulative incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting surgery during 30 days of follow-up. Design. This was a prospective multi-center cohort study on atrial fibrillation incidence following percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting for stable angina or non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Heart rhythm was monitored for 30 days postoperatively by in-hospital telemetry and handheld thumb ECG recordings after discharge were performed. The primary endpoint was the cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation 30 days after the index procedure. Results. In-hospital atrial fibrillation occurred in 60/123 (49%) coronary artery bypass graft and 0/123 percutaneous coronary intervention patients (p < .001). The cumulative incidence of atrial fibrillation after 30 days was 56% (69/123) of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and 2% (3/123) of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (p < .001). CABG was a strong predictor for atrial fibrillation compared to PCI (OR 80.2, 95% CI 18.1-354.9, p < .001). Thromboembolic stroke occurred in-hospital in one coronary artery bypass graft patient unrelated to atrial fibrillation, and at 30 days in two additional patients, one in each group. There was no mortality. Conclusion. New-onset atrial fibrillation during 30 days of follow-up was rare after percutaneous coronary intervention but common after coronary artery bypass grafting. A prolonged uninterrupted heart rhythm monitoring strategy identified additional patients in both groups with new-onset atrial fibrillation after discharge.

Differences in coronary angiographic findings and outcomes between men and postmenopausal women with stable chest pain.

BACKGROUND: Despite the significant increase in cardiovascular events in women after menopause, studies comparing postmenopausal women and men are scarce. METHODS: We analyzed data from a nationwide, multicenter, prospective registry and enrolled 2412 patients with stable chest pain who underwent elective coronary angiography. Binary coronary artery disease (b-CAD) was defined as the ≥50% stenosis of epicardial coronary arteries, including the left main coronary artery. RESULTS: Compared with the men, postmenopausal women were older (66.6 ±â€…8.5 vs. 59.5 ±â€…11.4 years) and had higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (49.0 ±â€…12.8 vs. 43.6 ±â€…11.6 mg/dl, P  < 0.01). The prevalence of diabetes did not differ significantly ( P  = 0.40), and smoking was more common in men than in postmenopausal women ( P  ≤ 0.01). At enrollment, b-CAD and revascularization were more common in men than in postmenopausal women (50.3% vs. 41.0% and 14.4% vs. 9.7%, respectively; both P  < 0.01). However, multivariate analyses revealed that revascularization [odds ratio (OR): 0.72; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.49-1.08] was not significantly related to sex and a similar result was found in age propensity-matched population (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.52-1.24). During the follow-up period, the secondary composite cardiovascular outcomes were lower in postmenopausal women than in men (OR: 0.55; 95% CI: 0.31-0.98), also consistent with the result using the age propensity-mated population (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.85). CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women experienced coronary revascularization comparable to those in men at enrollment, despite the average age of postmenopausal women was 7 years older than that of men.Postmenopausal women exhibit better clinical outcomes than those of men if optimal treatment is provided.

Management of Stable Angina in the Older Adult Population.

As society ages, the number of older adults with stable ischemic heart disease continues to rise. Older adults exhibit the greatest morbidity and mortality from stable angina. Furthermore, they suffer a higher burden of comorbidity and adverse events from treatment than younger patients. Given that older adults were excluded or underrepresented in most randomized controlled trials of stable ischemic heart disease, evidence for management is limited and hinges on subgroup analyses of trials and observational studies. This review aims to elucidate the current definitions of aging, assess the overall burden and clinical presentations of stable ischemic heart disease in older patients, weigh the available evidence for guideline-recommended treatment options including medical therapy and revascularization, and propose a framework for synthesizing complex treatment decisions in older adults with stable angina. Due to evolving goals of care in older patients, it is paramount to readdress the patient's priorities and preferences when deciding on treatment. Ultimately, the management of stable angina in older adults will need to be informed by dedicated studies in representative populations emphasizing patient-centered end points and person-centered decision-making.

Impact of policy alterations on elective percutaneous coronary interventions in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Establishing appropriate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in stable angina pectoris (SAP) has become a distinctive performance measure worldwide. Clinical guidelines call for documenting ischaemia in patients with SAP prior to elective PCI. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare introduced a new reimbursement policy in April 2018 to promote the appropriate and judicious implementation of PCI. The 2018 reimbursement changes clarified the required proof of ischaemia. Tests to evaluate functional ischaemia and coronary stenosis have been added as a requirement for reimbursement. We examined whether this reimbursement revision had an impact on PCI procedures for SAP in Japan. METHODS: We used administrative claims data in Japan's Diagnosis Procedure Combination database from April 2014 through March 2020. We used interrupted time series analyses with a control to ascertain the impacts on elective PCI procedures before and after the Japanese reimbursement revision. The primary outcome was the change in elective PCI procedures per month. Emergent PCI procedures served as a control group. RESULTS: A total of 773 240 PCI procedures were identified between April 2014 and March 2020: 388 817 and 180 462 elective PCIs before and after the reimbursement revision, respectively. After the 2018 reimbursement revision, significant trend changes were found in elective PCI procedures per month (-106.3, 95% CI -155.8 to -56.8, p<0.01), while the number of emergent PCIs remained stable throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: After revising the reimbursement tariff for elective PCIs in 2018, there was a significant reduction in elective PCI procedures per month.

Predictors and morphological properties of culprit healed plaques in patients with angina pectoris.

BACKGROUND: Plaque healing may serve a vital function in the natural progression of atherosclerotic disease. This study sought to investigate predictors and morphological characteristics of healed plaque (HP) among angina pectoris (AP) patients. METHODS: Patients who presented with AP and received preintervention optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging were consecutively selected for this single-center retrospective observational study. Patient's demographic and clinical information was collected from the hospital's electronic medical records. Coronary angiograms and OCT images were compared via offline software. RESULTS: A total of 390 patients were chosen as the final study population. HP was identified in 186 patients (47.7%) and was relatively less in cases of unstable angina pectoris (UAP) than in stable angina pectoris (SAP) (89/233 [38.2%] vs. 97/157[61.8%]). The HP group had greater prevalence rates of previous myocardial infarction and SAP and higher levels of triglycerides and uremia (median, 1.67 vs. 1.31 mmol/L [p = .01] and 364.22 ± 91.80 vs. 341.53 ± 77.64 µmol/L [p = .01], respectively). Using multivariate analysis, SAP and long lesion length were shown to be stand-alone indicators of HP. HP presented with more severe stenosis as well as a longer lesion length and had more vulnerable and more complex features. In HP lesions, UAP patients had more plaque ruptures and thrombosis, whereas SAP patients had lower uric acid levels and more multiple HPs(≥3 HPs). CONCLUSION: Clinical presentation of SAP and long lesion length were strong predictors for HP in patients with AP. Patients with HP presented with more severe stenosis, longer lesion lengths, greater inflammation, and vulnerability.

Rates of Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in England and Wales: Impact of COURAGE and ORBITA Trials.

Background There are limited data about how COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) and ORBITA (Objective Randomized Blinded Investigation With Optimal Medical Therapy of Angioplasty in Stable Angina) trials have impacted percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) practices at regional or national level. We evaluated temporal trends in elective PCI rates for stable angina and, specifically, examined the impact of the COURAGE and ORBITA trials on PCI practices in England and Wales. Methods and Results We used national PCI data comprising >1.2 million patients undergoing PCI between January 2006 and December 2019. Patient demographics, procedural details, and clinical outcomes were analyzed, and temporal trends in PCI rates for stable angina were compared before and after the publication of the COURAGE and ORBITA trials. Of 1 245 802 PCI procedures, 430 248 (34.5%) were performed for stable angina. Over the study period, the number of elective PCI procedures per year (30 823 in 2006 to 34 103 in 2019) and per 100 000 population estimates (50.7 in 2006 to 58.4 in 2019) remained stable. The proportion of patients undergoing elective PCI without angina symptoms almost doubled from 5.1% to 9.7%. The incidence rate of elective PCI volume after the COURAGE trial, published in 2007, was not different from before the trial was published (incidence rate ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 0.69-1.62]). It also remained stable after the publication of the ORBITA trial in 2017 (incidence rate ratio, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.74-1.23]). Conclusions In this nationwide analysis, rates of elective PCI for stable angina remained stable over 14 years. Publication of the COURAGE and ORBITA trials had no impact on elective PCI activity.

What Is the Role of Assessing Ischemia to Optimize Therapy and Outcomes for Patients with Stable Angina and Non-obstructed Coronary Arteries?

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is a leading global cause of ill-health and premature death. Clinical research into IHD is providing new insights into the pathophysiology, epidemiology and treatment of this condition. The major endotypes of IHD include coronary heart disease (CHD) and vasomotor disorders, including microvascular angina and vasospastic angina. Considering unselected patients presenting with stable chest pain, the pre-test probability of CHD is higher in men whereas the pre-test probability of a vasomotor disorder is higher in women. The diagnostic accuracy of diagnostic tests designed to assess coronary anatomy and disease and/or coronary vascular function (functional tests) differ for coronary endotypes. Clinical management should therefore be personalized and take account of sex-related factors. In this review, we consider the definitions of angina and myocardial ischemia. We then appraise the mechanistic links between myocardial ischemia and anginal symptoms and the relative merits of non-invasive and invasive diagnostic tests and related clinical management. Finally, we describe the rationale and importance of stratified medicine of IHD.

Comparison of guidelines for diagnosing suspected stable angina and the additional value of the calcium score.

Background The performance of current diagnostic algorithms of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in patients with stable chest pain and coronary artery calcium (CAC) remains a matter of debate. We compared their merits in patients with CAC and investigated the additional value of the CAC score to improve diagnostic accuracy and risk stratification. Methods and results Patient data were obtained from a prospective registry of 642 consecutive patients. Mean age 63 (SD 11) years, 50% male. According to the guidelines, low and intermediate/high pre-test probability groups were constructed. Patients were reclassified based on their CAC score. Obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) was observed in 14%. All models performed modestly in accurately predicting CAD (c-statistic <0.65). After addition of the CAC score, the c-statistic of the NICE model increased to 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.78) which was just non-significant compared to the ESC model (0.71 95% CI 0.67-0.74) and performed significantly better than ACC/AHA (0.68 (95% CI 0.64-0.72)). After reclassification more than 50% of patients were classified low risk in NICE and ESC, while the prevalence of obstructive CAD (4.8% and 5.2% respectively) did not increase. Conclusions Addition of the CAC score to the studied models improved the ability to safely rule-out obstructive CAD and identified other patients at high risk for future coronary artery events. These results suggest that incorporating CAC score will lead to substantially less downstream testing and lower costs.

Frequency of Lipid-Rich Coronary Plaques in Stable Angina Pectoris versus Acute Coronary Syndrome (from the Lipid Rich Plaque Study).

The multicenter prospective Lipid Rich Plaque (LRP) registry showed that nonculprit (NC) lipid-rich plaques identified by near-infrared spectroscopy (maxLCBI4mm >400) with an intravascular ultrasound plaque burden (PB) >70% and/or minimum lumen area (MLA) <4 mm2 within the maxLCBI4mm segment were more frequently associated with major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 2 years. The aim of this sub-study was to report the relationship between initial clinical presentation and subsequent NC-MACE. Patients enrolled in the LRP study were stratified post hoc as having a stable angina pectoris or silent ischemia presentation versus acute coronary syndrome, excluding patients presenting with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Among the 1552 patients, 717 presented with stable angina pectoris or silent ischemia. Patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome were more likely to be younger and Black, current smokers, and have less chronic kidney disease. Of the scanned nonculprit vessels, there was no difference between the 2 clinical presentation groups regarding lipidic content, and the rate of lipid-rich plaques (maxLCBI4mm >400) was 31.9% in both groups. Finally, there was no difference in NC-MACE at 2 years' follow-up, although within each group (stable versus acute coronary syndrome), the NC-MACE rate associated with maxLCBI4mm >400 was significantly higher than maxLCBI4mm ≤400 (stable 13.8% vs 6.5%; acute patients 11.6% vs 6.3%, respectively). In conclusion, in patient groups that present with stable angina pectoris or silent ischemia versus acute coronary syndrome, the NC lipidic content was similar, as was NC-MACE, through 2 years of follow-up.

State of the art approach to managing angina and ischemia: tailoring treatment to the evidence.

Stable angina represents a chronic and often debilitating condition that affects daily activities and quality of life in patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Current European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend a four-step approach for the medical treatment of patients taking into consideration hemodynamic variables (heart rate and blood pressure) and the presence or absence of left ventricular dysfunction. However, CCS patients often have several comorbidities and risk factors. Thus, a tailored approach that takes into consideration patient risk factors and comorbidities may have additional benefits beyond angina relief. This is a state of the art review of stable angina treatment based on the currently available evidence.

International Observational Analysis of Evolution and Outcomes of Chronic Stable Angina: The Multinational CLARIFY Study.

BACKGROUND: Although angina is common in patients with stable coronary artery disease, limited data are available on its prevalence, natural evolution, and outcomes in the era of effective cardiovascular drugs and widespread use of coronary revascularization. METHODS: Using data from 32 691 patients with stable coronary artery disease from the prospective observational CLARIFY registry (Prospective Observational Longitudinal Registry of Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease), anginal status was mapped each year in patients without new coronary revascularization or new myocardial infarction. The use of medical interventions in the year preceding angina resolution was explored. The effect of 1-year changes in angina status on 5-year outcomes was analyzed using multivariable analysis. RESULTS: Among 7212 (22.1%) patients who reported angina at baseline, angina disappeared (without coronary revascularization) in 39.6% at 1 year, with further annual decreases. In patients without angina at baseline, 2.0% to 4.8% developed angina each year. During 5-year follow-up, angina was controlled in 7773 patients, in whom resolution of angina was obtained with increased use of antianginal treatment in 11.1%, with coronary revascularization in 4.5%, and without any changes in medication or revascularization in 84.4%. Compared to patients without angina at baseline and 1 year, persistence of angina and occurrence of angina at 1 year with conservative management were each independently associated with higher rates of cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.32 [95% CI, 1.12-1.55] for persistence of angina; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.37 [95% CI, 1.11-1.70] for occurrence of angina) at 5 years. Patients whose angina had resolved at 1 year with conservative management were not at higher risk of cardiovascular death or myocardial infarction than those who never experienced angina (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.82-1.15]). CONCLUSIONS: Angina affects almost one-quarter of patients with stable coronary artery disease but resolves without events or coronary revascularization in most patients. Resolution of angina within 1 year with conservative management predicted outcomes similar to lack of angina, whereas persistence or occurrence was associated with worse outcomes. Because most patients with angina are likely to experience resolution of symptoms, and because there is no demonstrated outcome benefit to routine revascularization, this study emphasizes the value of conservative management of stable coronary artery disease. Registration: URL: https://www.isrctn.com; Unique identifier: ISRCTN43070564.

Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes Following Coronary Revascularization in Men-vs-Women with Unprotected Left Main Disease.

Gender differences have been recognized in several aspects of coronary artery disease (CAD). However, evidence for gender differences in long-term outcomes after left main coronary artery (LMCA) revascularization is limited. We sought to evaluate the impact of gender on outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) for unprotected LMCA disease. We evaluated 4,320 patients with LMCA disease who underwent CABG (n = 1,456) or PCI (n = 2,864) from the Interventional Research Incorporation Society-Left MAIN Revascularization registry. The primary outcome was a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Among 4,320 patients, 968 (22.4%) were females and 3,352 (77.6%) were males. Compared to males, females were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension and insulin-requiring diabetes, more frequently presented with acute coronary syndrome, but had less extensive CAD and less frequent left main bifurcation involvement. The adjusted risk for the primary outcome was not different after PCI or CABG in females and males (hazard ratio [HR] 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73-1.63 and HR 0.97; 95% CI: 0.80-1.19, respectively); there was no significant interaction between gender and the revascularization strategy (P for interaction = 0.775). In multivariable analysis, gender did not appear to be an independent predictor for the primary outcome. In revascularization for LMCA disease, females and males had a comparable primary composite outcome of death, MI, or stroke with either CABG or PCI without a significant interaction of gender with the revascularization strategy.

Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes in Men versus Women Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

There has been a significant decrease in mortality associated with coronary artery disease (CAD) in recent decades, although at discordant rates between men and women. Using a well-established multicenter registry, we sought to examine the impact of gender on long-term mortality stratified by indication for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Data from 54,440 consecutive patients (12,805, 23.5% women) undergoing PCI from the Victorian Cardiac Outcomes Registry (2013 to 2018) were analyzed. We aimed to compare gender-related differences of patients undergoing PCI for stable angina pectoris (SAP), non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) and ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The primary outcome was long-term all-cause mortality. Female patients were older across all indications (SAP: 67 vs 71 years, NSTEACS: 64 vs 69 years, STEMI 61 vs 67 years; p value for all <0.001), with age-adjusted higher rates of diabetes mellitus (p value for all <0.02) and renal impairment (p value for all <0.001), and were more likely to have femoral artery access for intervention (p value for all <0.001). Unadjusted in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates were comparable between men and women across all indications. Compared to men, women had a higher rate of unadjusted long-term mortality (9.0% vs 7.37%; p <0.001). However, after adjusting for variables significant on univariate analysis, female gender was independently associated with improved long-term survival (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.87; p <0.001). In conclusion, contrary to previous studies, despite being older with a differing clinical profile and interventional approach, women undergoing PCI have a long-term survival advantage.

Prevalence of the presystolic wave in echocardiography and its association with the extent of coronary artery disease in patients with chronic stable angina.

INTRODUCTION: Since mortality and morbidity of coronary artery disease are high, there is a need for non-invasive diagnostic methods for early diagnosis and prediction of ischemic heart disease (IHD) outcome. This study aimed to assess the relationship between angiographic findings, the Presystolic wave (PSW) and some of the ischemic related parameters in echocardiography of the patients with chronic stable angina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the patients with chronic angina pectoris who referred to a tertiary hospital for coronary angiography in Mashhad, Iran. Demographic and medical history of the patients, as well as echocardiography findings, including ejection fraction (EF), regional wall motion abnormalities (RWMA), PSW and diastolic function were recorded. Angiographic findings, including SYNTAX score were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 220 patients (132 males and 88 females) with the mean age of 62.43 ± 11.40 years old participated in this study. The prevalence of PSW was 49.1%. The absence of the PSW was related to more RWMA (P =.002), and higher stages of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) (P =.029) and higher SYNTAX score (P =.001). There was a significant association between the absence of the PSW and EF categories, especially in severe LV systolic dysfunction (LVEF < 30%) (P =.001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study revealed that PSW is strongly associated with the SYNTAX score. The absence of the PSW may indicate patients at high-risk clinical status (higher SYNTAX score, severe systolic dysfunction, more RWMA, and higher stages of LVDD).

Approach to stable angina in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Chronic kidney disease is one of the major risk factors for coronary artery disease. Both end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and advanced chronic kidney disease patients have atypical presentations of coronary artery disease (CAD) due to modifications in cardinal symptoms and clinical presentation. Data on evaluation and management of coronary artery or stable angina is limited in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients due to a limited number of trials. There are sparse data supporting either percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass graft in advanced CKD patients. RECENT FINDINGS: The ISCHEMIA-CKD trial to date is the most extensive prospective randomized study looking at advanced CKD patients study looking at advanced CKD stage 4/5 patients randomized to medical treatment alone vs. invasive strategy for moderate to severe myocardial ischemia. There was no evidence found that an initial invasive strategy compared with conservative strategy with maximal medical management resulted in reduced risk of death or nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients with advanced CKD and coronary artery disease with stable angina. SUMMARY: In this review, we will discuss the existing data on assessment and management of stable coronary artery disease/stable angina. And how this extrapolates to the application in advanced CKD patients awaiting kidney transplant.

Relation of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients With a Coronary Chronic Total Occlusion to Coronary Collaterals and Mortality.

A chronic total occlusion (CTO) is frequently identified in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The prognostic implications of intermittent hypoxia from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) on patients with a CTO, and effects on collateral recruitment are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, vascular effects, and prognostic implications of the presence of OSA in patients with a CTO. Patients with a CTO between July 2010 and December 2019 were reviewed. Electronic medical records were accessed to determine documented patient history of OSA, demographics, and clinical course. Patients with robust collateral recruitment were defined as Rentrop grade 2 or 3. A total of 948 patients were included in the study, of which 127 (13.4%) had a documented history of OSA. These patients were younger (67.0 years vs 70.6 years, p < 0.01), had a higher body mass index (29.6 kg/m2 vs 26.7 kg/m2, p < 0.0001), higher rates of hypertension (91.3% vs 83.2%, p < 0.05), higher rates of smokers (63.3% vs 49.0%, p < 0.01) and more use of ß-blockers (79% vs 68.5%, p < 0.05) and statins (92.7% vs 82.1%, p < 0.01). A documented history of OSA was independently associated with robust collaterals (OR 3.0 95%CI 1.5 to 5.8, p < 0.01) and lower mortality (HR 0.3 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, p < 0.01) with a mean survival of 10.8 years, as compared to 8.1 years (log rank p < 0.0001). In conclusion, in patients with a CTO, documented OSA is independently associated with more robust coronary collaterals and lower mortality. The possible cardioprotective implications of intermittent hypoxia in OSA, as well as treatment effect requires further investigation.

Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Insulin-Treated Versus Non-Insulin Treated Diabetes Mellitus.

There are conflicting data on whether patients with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (ITDM) have poorer outcomes compared with non-insulin treated diabetic (non-ITDM) patients following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We therefore compared clinical outcomes following PCI in ITDM versus non-ITDM patients. We prospectively collected data on 4,579 patients with diabetes underwent PCI between 2005 and 2014 in a large multicenter registry and dichotomized them as having ITDM (n = 1,111) or non-ITDM (n = 3,468). The non-ITDM group was further divided into diet control only (diet-DM; n = 786) and those taking oral hypoglycemic agents (OHG-DM; n = 2,639), and clinical outcomes were compared with ITDM patients. Median follow-up for long-term mortality was 4.2 years (IQR 2.0 to 6.6 years). ITDM patients were more likely to be female, obese, and have severe renal impairment (all p <0.001). Procedural characteristics were similar other than a greater use of drug-eluting stents in ITDM patients. On multivariable analysis, ITDM was an independent predictor of 12-month major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE; OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to1.55, p = 0.03). Dividing the non-ITDM group further by treatment, a progressively higher rate of 12-month MACCE across the 3 groups was observed (13.5% vs 17.9% vs 21.8%; p <0.001). Long-term mortality was similar in the diet-DM and OHG-DM groups, but significantly higher in the ITDM group on Kaplan-Meier analysis (log-rank p <0.001). In conclusion, there is a clear gradient of adverse outcomes with escalation of therapy from diet control to OHGs to insulin.

[Analysis of the causes of repeat stenosis of the coronary arteries after elective stenting in patients with stable angina pectoris].

AIM: Coronary stenting is the evidence-based treatment approach of stable angina. The objective was to determine the incidence of restenosis or atherosclerosis progression which led to the need for coronary angiography according to a single center registry data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The procedure and clinical data of 3732 (2897 males) consecutive stable coronary artery disease patients undergoing coronary stenting, over five years between March 2010 and September 2014, were subject of this study. Over the next 4 years, 1487 (1173 males) patients were re-evaluated due to angina reoccurrence. 699 patients demonstrated the indications for coronary angiography. RESULTS: The restenosis of the previously stented segment was detected in 84 (12%) cases, the progression of coronary atherosclerosis in 306 (44%), the combination of restenosis and atherosclerosis progression in 63 (9%), and the absence of these complications in 245 (35%) cases. The progression of coronary atherosclerosis was the leading indication for the repeat angiography and revascularization (44 and 58%, respectively); p0.05. The basal level of hsCRP2 mg/l had a prognostic significance for the development of combined event (the restenosis and atherosclerosis progression): AUC 0.65 (0.500.75), OR 3.0 (1.17.9), p0.05. CONCLUSION: The progression of coronary atherosclerosis was the leading indication for the repeat angiography and repeat revascularization during 2 years after coronary stenting. The hsCRP level 2 mg/l at baseline had a prognostic significance for the development of restenosis in previously stented segment and coronary atherosclerosis progression.

Correlation of Serum Adipolin with Epicardial Fat Thickness and Severity of Coronary Artery Diseases in Acute Myocardial Infarction and Stable Angina Pectoris Patients.

OBJECTIVE: Adipolin/C1q/TNF-related protein-12 is a family of CTRPs highly expressed in adipose tissue with glucose-lowering and anti-inflammatory effects. Various risk factors have been suggested in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, such as a decrease in anti-inflammatory or an increase in inflammatory factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation of adipolin with anthropometric, angiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical parameters. SUBJECT AND METHODS: A total of 90 patients who were candidates for angiography were included in the study and divided into 3 groups: 30 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 30 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), and 30 subjects as a control group with a history of chest pain but normal angiography. Anthropometric, angiographic, echocardiographic, and biochemical parameters were measured in all subjects. RESULTS: Serum adipolin levels were significantly decreased in patients with AMI compared with the SAP and control groups (p < 0.001 for both). In addition, there was a negative association between serum levels of adipolin and epicardial fat thickness (EFT) and Gensini score in CAD patients. The results of multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that EFT values were independently associated with serum adipolin levels. CONCLUSION: The current study showed an independent association of adipolin with EFT for the first time in patients with AMI. Decreased adipolin levels in patients with AMI may be involved in the process of atherosclerosis, which requires further study.