RESUMO
Since the first anatomic description of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in 1958, significant advancements have expanded the understanding of this condition. At the same time, new imaging tools and treatment modalities have contributed to an ever-changing armamentarium for the assessment and treatment of patients with HCM. The historical perspective of HCM discovery and the progress made in the last several decades shed light on the road still ahead, which is expected to lead to better forms of treatment and perhaps even prevention of this, at times, devastating disease.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/história , Técnicas de Ablação/história , Cateterismo Cardíaco/história , Estimulação Cardíaca Artificial , Procedimentos Cirúrgicos Cardíacos/história , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/genética , Desfibriladores Implantáveis , Ecocardiografia/história , Previsões , Marcadores Genéticos , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XX , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Mutação/genética , Fenótipo , Exame Físico/históriaRESUMO
During the past century, cardiac imaging technologies have revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of acquired and congenital heart disease. Many important contributions to the field of cardiac imaging were initially reported in Radiology. The field developed from the early stages of cardiac imaging, including the use of coronary x-ray angiography and roentgen kymography, to nowadays the widely used echocardiographic, nuclear medicine, cardiac computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) applications. It is surprising how many of these techniques were not recognized for their potential during their early inception. Some techniques were described in the literature but required many years to enter the clinical arena and presently continue to expand in terms of clinical application. The application of various CT and MR contrast agents for the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia is a case in point, as the utility of contrast agents continues to expand the noninvasive characterization of myocardium. The history of cardiac imaging has included a continuous process of advances in our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the cardiovascular system, along with advances in imaging technology that continue to the present day.
Assuntos
Cardiopatias Congênitas , Cardiopatias , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Radiografia/história , Radiologia/história , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Meios de Contraste/história , Ecocardiografia/história , Coração/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias Congênitas/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias Congênitas/história , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/história , Radiografia/instrumentação , Radiologia/instrumentação , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/históriaRESUMO
A critical indicator of tissue viability and function is blood delivery to the capillary bed (referred to as perfusion or tissue/capillary blood flow), so the measurement of this process has been pursued by many MR scientists. Perfusion MRI is currently an effective tool to non-invasively quantify cerebral blood flow (CBF) and to easily obtain its relative change due to neural activity or other stimulus. This article describes the author's experiences in perfusion MRI over the past quarter-century, including initial development of the field, development of a flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) MRI technique, development of a functional oxygen consumption MRI measurement approach, validation of the FAIR technique, characterization of perfusion changes induced by neural activity, and determination of arterial blood volume.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/história , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodosRESUMO
The development of functional brain magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been a boon for neuroscientists and radiologists alike. It provides for fundamental information on brain function and better diagnostic tools to study disease. In this paper, we will review some of the early concepts in high resolution gradient echo imaging with a particular emphasis on susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) and MR angiography (MRA). We begin with the history of our own experience in this area, followed by a discussion of the role of high resolution in studying the vasculature of the brain and how this relates to the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signal. We introduce the role of SWI and susceptibility mapping (SWIM) in fMRI and close with recommendations for future high resolution experiments.
Assuntos
Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Mapeamento Encefálico/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/história , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/história , Oxigênio/sangueAssuntos
Pneumopatias/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/história , Tórax/patologia , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Pulmão/anatomia & histologia , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Artéria Pulmonar/anatomia & histologia , Artéria Pulmonar/patologia , Tórax/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
In less than two decades, first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has undergone a wide range of changes with the development and availability of improved hardware, software, and contrast agents, in concert with a better understanding of the mechanisms of contrast enhancement. The following review provides a perspective of the historical development of first-pass CMR, the developments in pulse sequence design and contrast agents, the relevant animal models used in early preclinical studies, the mechanism of artifacts, the differences between 1.5T and 3T scanning, and the relevant clinical applications and protocols. This comprehensive overview includes a summary of the past clinical performance of first-pass perfusion CMR and current clinical applications using state-of-the-art methodologies.
Assuntos
Circulação Coronária , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Miocárdio/patologia , Animais , Artefatos , Meios de Contraste , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/diagnóstico , Doença da Artéria Coronariana/fisiopatologia , Teste de Esforço , Pessoal de Saúde , Cardiopatias/fisiopatologia , História do Século XX , Humanos , Interpretação de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/tendências , Microcirculação/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais , Infarto do Miocárdio/diagnóstico , Infarto do Miocárdio/fisiopatologia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
The author gives a historical account of stroke, the devastating statistics that still plague Americans, what the future holds, the current research, and possible areas for improvement and growth. Now with specialized imaging, diffusion-weighted and perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imagings may become the technique to rapidly diagnose brain attack. The cutting edge technology now involves balloons, coils, stents, angioplasty, and thrombolytics to save an ischemic penumbra. Of course, the overall goals remain early detection, intervention, and treatment, which today are individualized to each patient; community education of brain attack and what it looks like; and that time is brain survival. Therefore, a brain attack is a true 911 emergency.
Assuntos
Acidente Vascular Cerebral/história , Isquemia Encefálica/história , Angiografia Cerebral/história , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética/história , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/enfermagem , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/históriaRESUMO
Seventeen years after the introduction of x-ray digital subtraction angiography (DSA), gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) angiography techniques have become available for the performance of MR-DSA. For the purposes of this article, we will consider this to include two-dimensional and three-dimensional approaches using time-resolved and non-time-resolved applications. Magnetic resonance-DSA is one in a historical progression of techniques which have aimed to produce less invasive forms of angiography. After outlining some historical milestones, several current issues regarding current methods for MR-DSA are discussed.