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2.
Transplantation ; 93(8): 751-6, 2012 Apr 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22453870

RESUMO

The humoral theory states that antibodies cause the rejection of allografts. From 1917 to 1929, extensive efforts were made to produce antibodies against tumors. It was finally realized that the antibodies were produced against the transplant antigens present on transplantable tumors, not against the tumor-specific antigens. To get around this problem, inbred mouse strains were developed, leading to identification of the transplant antigens determined by the H-2 locus of mice. The antibodies were hemagglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies. The analogous human leukocyte antigen system was established by analysis of lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies that were made by pregnant women, directed against mismatched antigens of the fetus. The human leukocyte antigen antibodies were then found to cause hyperacute rejection, acute rejection, and chronic rejection of kidneys. Antibodies appeared in almost all patients after rejection of kidneys. With Luminex single antigen bead technology, donor-specific antibodies could be identified before rise in serum creatinine and graft failure. Antibodies were shown to be predictive of subsequent graft failure in kidney, heart, and lung transplants: patients without antibodies had superior 4-year graft survival compared with those who did have antibodies. New evidence that antibodies are also associated with chronic failure has appeared for liver and islet transplants. Four studies have now shown that removal or reduction of antibodies result in higher graft survival. If removal of antibodies prevents chronic graft failure, final validation of the humoral theory can be achieved.


Assuntos
Anticorpos/história , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Imunologia de Transplantes , Transplante/história , Animais , Anticorpos/imunologia , Feminino , Antígenos H-2/história , Antígenos H-2/imunologia , Antígenos HLA/história , Antígenos HLA/imunologia , Teste de Histocompatibilidade/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Camundongos , Gravidez , Ratos
12.
Proc Am Philos Soc ; 145(3): 369-72, 2001 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-11858279
14.
Immunogenetics ; 46(1): 53-62, 1997.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-9148789

RESUMO

George D. Snell began defining and naming the H2 haplotypes many years ago by histogenetic typing. Since then, a few haplotypes have been given an additional letter, such as bc for strain 129, to show that they are minor variants from the prototype (b). But by and large, differences in nonclassical class I antigens have been known (only?) to those in the field without being acknowledged by a separate haplotype symbol. Thus, strains BALB/c and NZB/BlNJ are both considered H2d and strains C3H/HeJ and B10.BR are both called H2k, although each pair differs in the TL and Qa1 antigens. In parallel with the interest in nonclassical class I antigens, the need for an appropriate haplotype nomenclature is growing. The haplotypes that require splitting are b, d, k, q, and s; the symbol bc should be retained and used, and, for the other haplotypes, the suffix 2 denotes a Qa1a haplotype with highly TL-positive thymocytes.


Assuntos
Alelos , Genes MHC Classe I/fisiologia , Antígenos H-2/classificação , Antígenos H-2/genética , Haplótipos/imunologia , Terminologia como Assunto , Animais , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Sequência Conservada/imunologia , Variação Genética/imunologia , Antígenos H-2/história , História do Século XX , Camundongos
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