An international survey of clostridial sera and vaccines.

The papers present the results of a survey of the usage, assay and specification of veterinary clostridial sera and vaccines in 23 countries. Thirteen of the countries use up to 8 different antisera. All the countries use vaccines, which are prepared from 13 species and types of clostridia. Vaccines containing up to 8 such components are commonly employed. Criteria for the design and interpretation of assays are discussed and evidence for efficacy summarized.