Rio Negro Virus Infection, Bolivia, 2021.

In May 2021, an agricultural worker originally from Trementinal, Argentina, sought treatment for febrile illness in Tarija, Bolivia, where he resided at the time of illness onset. The patient tested negative for hantavirus RNA, but next-generation sequencing of a serum sample yielded a complete genome for Rio Negro virus.

Learning Approaches: Cross-Cultural Differences (Spain–Argentina) and Academic Achievement in College Students

Learning approaches describe the students’ degree of cognitive commitment to learning in diverse types of academic tasks and educational environments. Even though from a micro-level perspective different profiles of approaches have been identified in high-achievement undergraduates attending several majors, such profiles have not been examined from a macro-level approach in terms of distinct educational cultures. Therefore, the research involved two studies conducted on undergraduates from Argentina and Spain: The first one was aimed at analyzing the psychometric features of the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) whereas the second was focused on examining the learning approaches profiles of high and low achievers attending the same major (Psychology) in two different educational cultures (Spain and Argentina). The scale’s original internal structure, examined on a sample of 400 participants (50% Spanish), was verified except for one item, which was fatherly eliminated. The resulting structure was tested and proven verified in a new sample (N = 1,334; 58.3% Spanish) by confirmatory factor analysis, factorial invariance, and internal consistency studies. External validity evidence was examined as well. Additionally, norms to be used in the professional field were calculated.Profiles of learning approaches by academic achievement from each country were examined by latent class analysis. In both cases, high achievers reported higher and more frequent use of the Deep and Strategic approaches and lower and less frequent usage of the Surface one. Further studies should replicate these analyses in undergraduates attending other majors in order to test the hypothesis sustaining these findings’ generalization. (AU)

Los inicios de la bacteriología en Buenos Aires en el siglo XIX: transformaciones institucionales y políticas sanitarias / [The beginnings of bacteriology in Buenos Aires in the 19th century: institutional transformations and health policies]

En este trabajo se analiza el comienzo de la incorporación de la bacteriología a la política sanitaria en Buenos Aires durante las décadas de 1880 y 1890, y las transformaciones que este proceso implicó en el plano institucional y de la intervención estatal. En particular, indagamos en estos cambios a través de la creación y los primeros años de funcionamiento de dos espacios orientados a la producción y enseñanza de conocimientos bacteriológicos: el Laboratorio Bacte-riológico de la Asistencia Pública y la Sección Bacteriológica de la Oficina Sanitaria Argentina. A través del estudio de las trayectorias de los creadores y primeros integrantes de ambos espacios, un grupo de la élite médica agrupada en el Círculo Médico Argentino, y de los conocimientos que circularon al interior de ambas instituciones, reconstruimos el inicio del desarrollo de la bacteriología en Argentina y el modo en que se incorporó a las agendas gubernamentales. (AU)

La Farmacoepidemiología como una estrategia útil en diabetes mellitus: experiencia en un Centro Sanitario de Mendoza, Argentina / Pharmacoepidemiology as a useful strategy in diabetes mellitus: experience in a Health Center in Mendoza, Argentina

Introducción: La diabetes mellitus (DM) es de importancia para la salud pública y la Farmacoepidemiología constituye una herramienta útil para controlarla.Objetivo: Determinar frecuencia, comorbilidades, dispensación y consumo de medicamentos en un Centro de Atención Primaria de la Salud de Mendoza, Argentina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal, retrospectivo en 700 pacientes adultos, se determinó frecuencia de DM, comorbilidades, dispensación y consumo de medicamentos. Resultados: Se encontró asociación entre sexo masculino y riesgo de DM. La DM tipo 2 fue la más frecuente. La hipertensión arterial fue la comorbilidad asociada a DM. Fármacos más dispensados: insulina y metformina, fármacos más consumidos: metformina luego enalapril. Conclusiones: El análisis farmacoepidemiológico permitió detectar problemas relacionados con la DM, sus comorbilidades y tratamientos. Estos estudios favorecen la prevención y tratamiento de la DM. (AU)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is essential for public health, and Pharmacoepidemiology is a useful tool to control it.Objective: To determine frequency, comorbidities, dispensation, and consumption of medicines in a Primary Health Care Center of Mendoza, Argentina. Methodology: A descriptive, observational, cross-sectional, retrospective study was carried out in 700 adult patients, frequency of DM, comorbidities, dispensation, and consumption of medications was determined. Results: Association between male sex and the risk of DM was found. Type 2 DM was the most frequent. Hypertension was the comorbidity associated with DM. Most dispensed drugs: insulin and metformin, most consumed drugs: metformin then enalapril. Conclusion: The pharmacoepidemiological analysis allowed to detect problems related to DM, its comorbidities, and treatments.These studies favor the prevention and treatment of DM. (AU)

Estado nutricional y asistencia alimentaria en escolares urbanos de Tucumán, Argentina / Nutritional status and food assistance in urban school children from Tucuman, Argentina

Fundamentos: Este trabajo se propuso avanzar en el conocimiento de la situación nutricional infantil en Rio Chico, Tucumán, Argentina. Los objetivos fueron analizar el estado nutricional de la población escolar urbana e identificar factores asociados tales como la edad, el sexo, el nivel socioeconómico(NSE) y la asistencia alimentaria escolar (AAE). Asimismo, interesó valorar el perfil calórico de la AAE brindada. Métodos: El estudio fue cuantitativo y transverso e incluyó1605 niños y niñas de 6 a 12 años. Se calcularon prevalencias de estado nutricional adecuado, desnutrición, sobrepeso, obesidad y obesidad abdominal. Mediante pruebas de regresión logística se determinaron factores asociados a la malnutrición(edad, sexo, NSE y AAE). Se analizó el perfil calórico y porcentaje de adecuación de la AAE. Resultados: La posibilidad de presentar obesidad y obesidad abdominal fue mayor en las mujeres, en los escolares de NSE medio y en aquellos que no percibían AAE. El perfil calórico dela AAE evidenció desbalance en el aporte de macronutrientes. Conclusiones: Se evidenció un perfil de transición nutricional con predominancia de sobrepeso y obesidad en relación a la desnutrición. (AU)

Background: The purpose of this study was to providenew evidence of the nutritional situation of children fromRio Chico, Tucuman, Argentina. The objectives were toanalyze the nutritional status of urban school children andidentify associated factors such as age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES) and school food assistance (SFA). It also interested assess the energy profile of SFA provided in public institutions. Methods: The study was quantitative and cross-sectional and included 1605 boys and girls aged 6 to 12. Prevalence of adequate nutritional status, undernutrition, overweight, obesity and abdominal obesity were calculated. Using logistic regression tests, factors associated with malnutrition(age, sex, SES and SFA) were determined. The caloric profile and the percentage of adequacy of the SFA were analyzed. Results: The possibility of presenting obesity and abdominal obesity was higher in women, in school children with a medium SES and in those who did not receive SFA. The caloric profile of the SFA showed an imbalance in macronutrients contributions. Conclusions: A nutritional transition profile with a predominance of overweight and obesity in relation to undernutrition was evidenced. (AU)

Flourensia fiebrigii S.F. blake: A medicinal plant from the Argentinean highlands with potential use as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Flourensia fiebrigii is a plant used in traditional medicine in the Argentine Calchaquí Valley as purgative, expectorant, anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to analyze the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of F. fiebrigii leaf and stem, the phytochemical composition of leaves ethanolic extracts and to validate its traditional use as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The macroscopic and microscopic description of F. fiebrigii leaf and stem was carried out. Two extracts (immersions and tinctures) from leaves were obtained. The phytochemical analysis and UHPLC-OT-MS metabolome fingerprinting of both extracts were performed. The anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory activities of both extracts were determined using enzymatic inhibition assays of xanthine-oxidase (XOD), secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and lipoxygenase (LOX). RESULTS: The macroscopic and micrographic characters of F. fiebrigii were described to allow the botanical characterization of the plant species. The leaves extracts showed a high level of phenolic compounds with similar chromatographic patterns. Forty-five compounds were identified based on UHPLC-OT-MS including several sesquiterpenes, chalcones, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, a lignan and phenylpropanoids phenolic acids that have been identified for the first time in this plant species. F. fiebrigii extracts were able to inhibit the XOD activity and, consequently, the formation of uric acid and reactive oxygen species, primary cause of diseases, such as gouty arthritis (IC50 values of 1.10-2.12 µg/mL). Pro-inflammatory enzymes like sPLA2 and LOX were also inhibited by F. fiebrigii extracts (IC50 values of 22.00-2.20 µg/mL) decreasing the production of inflammation mediators. CONCLUSIONS: The present work validates the traditional medicinal use of F. fiebrigii as anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory through the use of enzymatic assays. The presence of several chemical compounds with demonstrated anti-rheumatic and anti-inflammatory properties also supports the bioactivity of the F. fiebrigii.

Replica on prevalence of congenital aural atresia in Argentina / Réplica sobre prevalencia de atresia aural congénita en Argentina

No disponible

Incipient Neighborhood and Socioeconomic Stratification Associated to Nutritional Status in Indigenous Qom Preschoolers from Formosa, Argentina.

Indigenous populations in Latin America are among the most socially vulnerable groups and their children often suffer severe deprivation in terms of access to proper nutrition, water, and shelter. This study describes the nutritional status of Qom preschoolers in general, and by neighborhood area and family's socioeconomic characteristics in a peri-urban village of Formosa, Argentina. Across-sectional study was carried out between January and December 2016, with 160 Qom children between 2 and 5 years of age. Interviews and anthropometric measures were conducted at the children's homes. Nutritional status was determined by body mass index. The prevalence of excess weight (overweight + obesity) and of stunting were associated with neighborhood area and socioeconomic level. The overall prevalence of stunting was 15.6% and it was found to be higher (25.8%) in areas of relatively lower access to material resources. The overall prevalence of excess weight reached 25%; however, neighborhood areas with greater access to material resources had a significantly higher prevalence of children with excess weight (41.2%). Despite the entire community living under the line of poverty, we found differences in nutritional status by neighborhood areas, suggesting an incipient social stratification and a deepening of inequalities in access to resources.

Traditional mycological knowledge and processes of change in Mapuche communities from Patagonia, Argentina: A study on wild edible fungi in Nothofagaceae forests.

Practices, perceptions, beliefs, and other forms of relationships between rural inhabitants and fungi have scarcely been studied in Patagonia. In this work, we analyze species richness, cultural importance, and modes of use of wild edible fungi in five Mapuche communities in northwest Patagonia of Argentina. Through an ethnobiological approach, we carried out semistructured interviews, walks in forests, and participant observations. Data were analyzed qualitative and quantitatively. Community members collected 17 species in environments with different degrees of human disturbance that they consumed fresh in situ, after some processing or stored for later consumption or trade. Indigenous morels such as Morchella aff. tridentina, M. aff. septimelata, and an unidentified species of Morchella had the greatest cultural importance at the regional level, followed by the exotic Suillus luteus and the native Cyttaria hariotti. Most of these species were frequently mentioned as having commercial value, continuity of use over time, and outstanding organoleptic properties. The remaining species currently have occasional use. The differential use of edible fungi, practices, transferences, and resignifications, as well as new technologies for storage, were analyzed. Regional knowledge about fungi reflects important features of Mapuche tradition but also the process of change in responding to complex and dynamic socioeconomic and ecological contexts.

Cutaneous myiasis in a traveler returning from Argentina.

Myiasis is a common travel-associated dermatosis. We describe a 52-year-old Italian man who acquired Dermatobia hominis when bitten by a mosquito during a visit to Argentina. He had a painful nodular lesion on the left cheek that had been present for about 3 weeks. The complete removal of the larva is the goal of medical treatment. Prescription of antibiotics to avoid secondary infections is not recommended. For psychological reasons and due to the failure of previous therapies, the lesion was excised. Travelers to endemic areas should be informed of preventive measures to reduce mosquito bites and transmission of the infestation.

Genetic admixture patterns in Argentinian Patagonia.

As in other Latin American populations, Argentinians are the result of the admixture amongst different continental groups, mainly from America and Europe, and to a lesser extent from Sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is known that the admixture processes did not occur homogeneously throughout the country. Therefore, considering the importance for anthropological, medical and forensic researches, this study aimed to investigate the population genetic structure of the Argentinian Patagonia, through the analysis of 46 ancestry informative markers, in 433 individuals from five different localities. Overall, in the Patagonian sample, the average individual ancestry was estimated as 35.8% Native American (95% CI: 32.2-39.4%), 62.1% European (58.5-65.7%) and 2.1% African (1.7-2.4%). Comparing the five localities studied, statistically significant differences were observed for the Native American and European contributions, but not for the African ancestry. The admixture results combined with the genealogical information revealed intra-regional variations that are consistent with the different geographic origin of the participants and their ancestors. As expected, a high European ancestry was observed for donors with four grandparents born in Europe (96.8%) or in the Central region of Argentina (85%). In contrast, the Native American ancestry increased when the four grandparents were born in the North (71%) or in the South (61.9%) regions of the country, or even in Chile (60.5%). In summary, our results showed that differences on continental ancestry contribution have different origins in each region in Patagonia, and even in each locality, highlighting the importance of knowing the origin of the participants and their ancestors for the correct interpretation and contextualization of the genetic information.

"Acá yo soy un pibe normal" - Narrativas sobre la espera y el acceso a derechos entre varones trans en Argentina / "Aqui eu sou um cara normal" - narrativas sobre a espera e o acesso a direitos entre homens trans na Argentina / "I'm a normal guy here" - narratives about waiting and access to rights between trans men in Argentina

Resumen Este artículo interpreta narrativas de varones trans acerca del acceso al acompañamiento médico especializado, y de la búsqueda de rectificación de registros civiles en Argentina; obtenidas a partir de una investigación realizada entre 2017 y 2018. Partiendo de una breve contextualización del escenario argentino, en términos de los derechos trans después la aprobación y regulación de la Ley de Identidad de Género, se presenta parte del material de campo producido a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas a varones trans, argentinos y brasileños, que viven en Argentina. El texto busca traer elementos empíricos para dar continuidad a las reflexiones que he realizado acerca de la espera como una categoría analítica fundamental para interpretar las experiencias trans en la actualidad.

Resumo Neste trabalho, interpreto narrativas de homens trans a respeito do acesso ao acompanhamento médico especializado e da busca pela retificação de registros civis na Argentina, a partir de uma pesquisa realizada entre 2017 e 2018. A partir de uma breve contextualização do cenário argentino em termos dos direitos trans após a aprovação e regulamentação da Lei de Identidade de Gênero, apresento parte do material de campo produzido a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas junto a homens trans argentinos e também brasileiros que vivem na Argentina. O texto busca trazer elementos empíricos para dar continuidade a reflexões que tenho levantado a respeito da espera como uma categoria analítica fundamental para interpretar as experiências trans, na atualidade.

Abstract In this work, I interpret narratives of trans men about access to specialized medical attention and the search for rectification of civil documents in Argentina, based on an investigation conducted between 2017 and 2018. From a brief contextualization of the Argentine scenario in terms of trans rights after the approval and regulation of the Gender Identity Law, I present part of the field material produced from semi-structured interviews conducted with Argentinean and Brazilian men living in Argentina. The text seeks to bring empirical elements to give continuity to the reflections that I have raised regarding waiting as a fundamental analytical category to interpret trans experiences, nowadays.

Erotización infantil y gramáticas afectivas: discursos sobre la infancia en la era 2. 0 en Argentina / Child erotization and affective grammar: discourses about childhood in the 2. 0 era in Argentina / Erotização infantil e gramáticas afetivas: discursos sobre a infância na era 2. 0 na Argentina

Resumen Basado en el análisis sociosemiótico de los discursos, deudor de Bajtin, Foucault y Angenot, el presente trabajo se propone abordar las diversas significaciones de la (a)sexualidad infantil en los discursos de prevención del acoso sexual de niños, niñas y adolescentes a través de internet -grooming- en la Argentina actual. En primera instancia, indagaremos en el espesor histórico del dispositivo de (a)sexualización infantil, regido por el modelo de estratificación de la sexualidad por edad. En segundo lugar, atenderemos cómo, en la industria cultural contemporánea, esas normas se ven desplazadas por otra tópica: la "hipersexualización" de la infancia. Ambas figuras cobran una particular complejidad en los discursos de prevención del grooming, que proponen un modo de gobierno fuertemente punitivo de la agencia sexual infantil.

Abstract Based on the sociosemiotic analysis of discourses inspired by Bajtin, Foucault and Angenot, the present work addresses the different meanings of child (a)sexuality in the sexual harassment of children and adolescents prevention discours on the internet-or grooming-in Argentina. We investigate the history of the (a)sexualization device of children, governed by the stratification model of sexuality by age. We will also analyze how in contemporary cultural industry these norms are displaced by another topic: the "hyper-sexualization" of childhood. Both figures are particularly complex in the grooming prevention discourses, which propose a strongly punitive mode of governing the sexual agency of children.

Resumo Baseado na análise sócio semiótica dos discursos, inspirada em Bajtin, Foucault e Angenot, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo abordar os diferentes significados da (a)sexualidade infantil nos discursos de prevenção do assédio sexual de crianças e adolescentes na internet - ou grooming - na Argentina. No primeiro caso, investigaremos a espessura histórica do dispositivo de (a)sexualização infantil, regido pelo modelo de estratificação da sexualidade por idade. Em segundo lugar, veremos como, na indústria cultural contemporânea, essas normas são substituídas por outro tópico: a "hipersexualização" da infância. As duas figuras possuem uma particular complexidade nos discursos de prevenção de grooming, que propõem um modo de governo fortemente punitivo da agência sexual infantil.

Transethnic meta-analysis of rare coding variants in PLCG2, ABI3, and TREM2 supports their general contribution to Alzheimer's disease.

Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 were recently associated with the susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Caucasians. Frequencies and AD-associated effects of variants differ across ethnicities. To start filling the gap on AD genetics in South America and assess the impact of these variants across ethnicity, we studied these variants in Argentinian population in association with ancestry. TREM2 (rs143332484 and rs75932628), PLCG2 (rs72824905), and ABI3 (rs616338) were genotyped in 419 AD cases and 486 controls. Meta-analysis with European population was performed. Ancestry was estimated from genome-wide genotyping results. All variants show similar frequencies and odds ratios to those previously reported. Their association with AD reach statistical significance by meta-analysis. Although the Argentinian population is an admixture, variant carriers presented mainly Caucasian ancestry. Rare coding variants in TREM2, PLCG2, and ABI3 also modulate susceptibility to AD in populations from Argentina, and they may have a European heritage.

Demand for larger Y-STR reference databases in ethnic melting-pot countries: Argentina as a test case.

The Y chromosome behaves as a single locus. Its genetic information is useful in forensic casework, deficiency kinship testing, and population genetics studies. Continuous increases of loci number within commercial kits forced modification of worldwide reference databases. In Pan American countries, like Argentina, diverse parental ethnic groups contributed to the extant admixed urban populations. We report 509 additional haplotypes of 23 Y-STRs from donors inhabiting urban areas of six Argentinean provinces: Buenos Aires, Santiago del Estero, Santa Cruz, Rio Negro, Santa Fe, and Formosa. To better understand the demographic landscape of the admixed urban paternal lineages, structural analysis was performed using published data from other Argentinean provinces. AMOVA by Rst distance and inferred haplogroups by two predictive online software methods based on haplotypes yielded complementary results with respect to detected population structure, probably due to the different proportions of the Native American Q3-M3 haplogroup in the studied samples. This situation, which is common to most North, Meso, and South American countries, underscores the need for the additional step of typing specific SNPs for haplogroup diagnosis. We propose organizing Y-STR haplotype reference databases according to the most frequent haplogroups detected in a given admixed population.

Cross-cultural examination of negative alcohol-related consequences: Measurement invariance of the Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire in Spain, Argentina, and USA.

The present study examined measurement invariance of the 48-item, 8-factor, Young Adult Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire (YAACQ) across nationality in college students from the United States, Spain, and Argentina. We also compared latent mean differences and criterion-related validity (i.e., correlation with other alcohol-related outcomes) across countries. Last month drinkers (1,511) from the United States (n = 774, 70.5% female), Argentina (n = 439, 50.6% female), and Spain (n = 298, 72.1% female) completed an online survey measuring alcohol use, drinking motives, college alcohol beliefs, and negative alcohol-related consequences. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported configural and scalar invariance of a 47-item, 8-factor YAACQ across countries. Overall, the correlation analysis supported criterion-related validity (i.e., strong bivariate correlations between the 8 subscales and alcohol consumption, drinking motives and college alcohol beliefs) across countries. Some nonsignificant bivariate correlations and differences in the magnitude of the correlations across countries are discussed. Our findings expand previous work, mostly focused on U.S. samples, by supporting the YAACQ as an adequate measure to assess alcohol-related consequences in youths across countries marked by unique cultural traditions, attitudes, and policies pertaining to alcohol. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Ethnopsychopharmacology study of patients' beliefs regarding concerns about and necessity of taking psychiatric medications.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine whether or not cultural differences influence beliefs about the necessity of taking prescribed psychiatric drugs and concern about their adverse effects in psychiatric outpatients in Spain, Argentina, and Venezuela. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 1,372 adult psychiatric outpatients using 2,438 psychotropic drugs and was designed to assess outpatients' beliefs about their prescribed medication. Patients completed sociodemographic, clinical questionnaires, and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire Specific Scale and registered scores ranging from 1 to 5 on each of two subscales: concern and necessity. A "necessity-concern differential" was obtained by calculating the difference (range -4 to +4). RESULTS: The global score, including all drugs in the total sample, had a mean necessity score of 3.50 ± 0.95, a mean concern score of 2.97 ± 0.99, and a mean differential score of 0.54 ± 1.42. The concern and necessity mean scores varied significantly across these three culturally Hispanic countries, probably across drug classes, and were associated with treatment duration. On the other hand, age and education played a very limited role. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the diverse effects of culture and society on these attitudes is highly relevant for the development of responsive mental health services in multicultural societies.

Refracting Affects: Affect, Psychotherapy, and Spirit Dis-Possession.

The notion of affect has generated much confusion in anthropology given its focus on that which seems to escape our language. The evanescent features of affects have irritated many anthropologists who consider affect theory as an empirically weak or esoteric hermeneutics. In this article, I respond to these critiques by developing an anthropology of therapy that foregrounds the role of affects. My intent is to explore the possible contribution of affect theory to medical and psychological anthropology. I draw from my ethnography on couple's therapy in Argentina to suggest that we cannot understand therapeutic efficacy if we focus only on language and discourse. I ask what it means to regard affects as late modern spirits and take psychotherapy as a modern ritual of "affect dispossession." I propose to ask how affects, like spirits, can haunt our present rendering our lives barely livable. Focusing on a session of therapy in Buenos Aires, I describe how a therapist channels the spirit of impasse that colonizes the lives of her patients. Developing an enchanted hermeneutics, I engage with Eve Sedgwick's call for an other-than-paranoid social theory by engaging the imagination as an important organ of perception in the medical anthropology of affects.

Blood pressure levels among Indigenous children living at different altitudes.

The objective was to compare blood pressure (BP) levels in 2 groups of Indigenous Argentine school children from similar ethnic backgrounds but living at different altitudes. One hundred and fifty-two (46.3%) children (age, 4-14 years) from San Antonio de los Cobres (SAC), at 3750 m above sea level, and 176 children (53.7%) from Chicoana (CH), at 1400 m above sea level, participated in this cross-sectional study. Data for children's anthropometry, BP, glucose, lipids, vitamin D, and insulin, as well as mothers' height and weight were assessed. Hypertension was defined as BP ≥ 95th percentile. The prevalence of overweight/obesity among children was significantly lower in SAC (n = 17, 11.2%) than in CH (n = 74, 42%) (body mass index (BMI) > 85th percentile per US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention norms). However, the prevalence of hypertension was significantly higher among children in SAC (n = 15, 9.9%) than among those in CH (n = 2, 1.1%). Children were divided into 4 groups by mean arterial BP quartiles for comparison by ANOVA. As mean arterial BP increased, age, BMI, glucose, triglycerides, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and insulin levels increased significantly. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that children's mean arterial BP was significantly associated with altitude adjusted for confounding variables (R2 = 0.42). Furthermore, when mean arterial BP was replaced by systolic BP (R2 = 0.51) or diastolic BP (R2 = 0.33), similar results were obtained. Our results suggest that Indigenous children who live permanently at high altitude have higher levels of BP, adjusted for confounding variables. Routine BP measurements conducted in the SAC community could be essential for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.

Cross-cultural examination of different personality pathways to alcohol use and misuse in emerging adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Previous research has identified different, but not mutually exclusive, etiological pathways (i.e., the positive affect regulation pathway, the negative affect regulation pathway and the deviance proneness pathway) to alcohol use and misuse in which personality characteristics play a key role. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to simultaneously and cross-culturally examine all these personality pathways to alcohol use in a large sample of young adult drinkers (N = 1280) from the US, Argentina, and Spain. METHOD: Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the models. Multi-group models were conducted to test model invariance across countries and gender groups. RESULTS: In the whole sample, low conscientiousness and extraversion were related to alcohol outcomes through enhancement drinking motives (i.e., positive affect regulation pathway), low emotional stability was related through coping drinking motives (i.e., negative affect regulation pathway), and low conscientiousness and low agreeableness were related through antisocial behavior (i.e., deviance proneness pathway). The model was invariant between gender groups. Some minor, yet significant, differences across countries arose. Specifically, antisocial behavior was a significant mediator of the association between agreeableness and alcohol use, but only in the US subsample. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that risky-personality pathways for alcohol use and alcohol-related problems may be generalized across gender groups and cultures in young adults.