Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Its Effects on Physical Activity, Sports Participation, and Athletes.

ABSTRACT: This article discusses the "bidirectional" relationship between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and physical activity. Intestinal symptoms and extraintestinal manifestations of IBD negatively impact a patient's ability to participate in sports. IBD also impacts athletic performance via its effects on muscle mass, muscle function, bone density, and fatigue. Surveys of IBD patients consistently show that IBD interferes with athletic participation. While IBD negatively affects physical activity, there is growing evidence that physical activity can be beneficial for IBD patients. Prospective studies have revealed that structured physical activities may positively influence inflammatory markers, disease activity, muscle strength, bone density, fatigue, stress, anxiety, and quality of life. This suggests that physical activity may be a simple and safe adjuvant therapy for IBD patients. Future studies assessing the optimal activity regimen are warranted. Finally, a cohort of professional athletes with IBD are described for the first time - football players in the National Football League.

Taxonomy of the Lateral Strain Patterns at the Sphenobasilar Synchondrosis for Osteopathic Cranial Manipulative Medicine.

Lateral strain is a type of nonphysiologic cranial dysfunction that occurs at the sphenobasilar synchondrosis. In this dysfunction, the sphenoid and occiput rotate in the same directions along 2 vertical axes. There is currently no consensus on the nomenclature for this cranial dysfunction. In this article, the authors provide a standard nomenclature for lateral strains using the historical writings of pioneers in osteopathic medicine, including William Gardner Sutherland, DO, Anne L. Wales, DO, and Harold Magoun, DO. The authors establish the following consensus: (1) Lateral strains are named for the side to which the basisphenoid shifts; (2) The more prominent greater wing of the sphenoid is on the same side to which the basisphenoid shifts; (3) In vault and fronto-occipital holds, the holds form a parallelogram shape, with the index fingers pointing to the same side as the more prominent greater wing; and (4) The hand that is on the side of the prominent greater wing will shift anteriorly while the hand on the opposite side will shift posteriorly.

Magnetic resonance imaging of impingement and friction syndromes around the knee.

The knee is a complex joint with its function dependent on a combination of osseous and soft tissue structures. Alteration in the relationship of these tissues, due to either acute or chronic repetitive injury with possible underlying congenital predisposing factors, can result in impingement between the structures resulting in pain, particularly on activity. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive review of the MRI features of various impingement syndromes around the knee.

Pre-operative templating in THA. Part I: a classification of architectural hip deformities.

INTRODUCTION: While numerous classifications of hip arthritis have been proposed, none considered the magnitude and direction of femoral head translation relative to the native acetabulum. A more precise classification of architectural hip deformities is necessary to improve preoperative templating and anticipate surgical challenges of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of the present study was to introduce a classification system to distinguish different types of architectural hip deformities, based on femoral head translation patterns, and to evaluate its repeatability using plain radiographs (qualitative) and Computed Tomography (CT) measurements (quantitative). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied pre-operative frontal and lateral hip radiographs and CT scans of 191 hips (184 patients) that received primary THA. The distance between the femoral head center (FC) and the acetabular center (AC) was measured, as well as femoral offset, acetabular offset, head center height, acetabular floor distance and femoral neck angle. The hips were classified qualitatively using frontal plain radiographs, and then quantitatively using CT scans (with an arbitrary threshold of 3 mm as Centered, Medialized, Lateralized, Proximalized or Proximo-lateralized. The agreement between qualitative and quantitative classification methods was compared for applying the same classification. RESULTS: Qualitative classification identified 120 centered (63%), 8 medialized (4%), 49 lateralized (26%), 3 proximalized (2%), and 11 proximo-lateralized (6%) hips, while quantitative classification identified 116 centered (61%), 8 medialized (4%), 51 lateralized (27%), 5 proximalized (3%), and 11 proximo-lateralized (6%) hips. The agreement between the two methods was excellent (0.94; CI 0.90-0.98). Medialization reached 9.7 mm, while lateralization reached 10.9 mm, and proximalization reached 8.5 mm. Proximalized and proximo-lateralized hips had more valgus necks, while medialized hips had more varus necks (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The classification system enabled repeatable distinction of 5 types of architectural hip deformities. The excellent agreement between quantitative and qualitative methods suggests that plain radiographs are sufficient to classify architectural hip deformities.

Digital tomography is an effective investigation for sternoclavicular joint pathology.

OBJECTIVE: Plain radiographs of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) are difficult to interpret, and a CT or MRI scan is the usual investigation of choice. At our hospital, we use digital SCJ tomograms as our first-line investigation for all SCJ pathologies. We wanted to ascertain whether this is a safe and appropriate first-line imaging investigation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed every patient who had undergone an SCJ digital tomogram (DT) over a 4-year period. We cross-referenced each patient with their records to assess the reason for referral, result, requirement for further investigation, diagnosis and management. RESULTS: We identified 132 SCJ tomograms over the study period. Twelve patients were referred from other hospitals with pre-existing imaging and were excluded. The reasons for radiological investigation in the remaining 120 patients were pain/lump without trauma (54.2%), pain/lump with trauma (30.8%) and post-operative review (15%). Of the 102 patients who had DT as their initial investigation, the most common diagnoses identified included osteoarthritis, normal SCJ, fracture and dislocation among others. Only 18 (17.6%) of these patients required further investigation with CT and/or MRI. CONCLUSION: Our study is the first to assess digital tomography in SCJ pathology. We have shown that digital tomograms are an accurate and economically beneficial investigation for SCJ pathology and propose that it should be used as a first-line imaging investigation.

The prevalence of a prominent anterior inferior iliac spine.

INTRODUCTION: Impingement of the prominent anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) against the femoral neck has recently been described as another type of impingement. The purpose of this study is to provide a distribution of AIIS types using the classification proposed by Hetsroni and thus report on the prevalence of prominent types. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 400 patients were included in the study with an average age 27.3 ± 6.9 years (range 18-40). All patients received a whole-body polytrauma computer tomography (CT) scan in the emergency room (ER) upon arrival. The classification of AIIS proposed by Hetsroni et al., which describes three morphological types, was used. Type II and III were grouped as prominent types. The measurements were performed in all three planes by two examiners. RESULTS: Male to female ratio was 71:29. Type I was observed in 367 (91.7%) patients. Type II was observed in 31 (7.8%) patients and type III was observed in 2 (0.5%) patients, unilaterally. Prominent types were much more prevalent in men (10.5%) than in women (2.6%). The CT assessment demonstrated excellent intra- and interreliability (overall: 0.926, I/II: 0.906, III: 1.000). CONCLUSION: A young population demonstrates a prevalence of a prominent AIIS of 11.5%. Prominent AIIS is more common in men than in women.

La artrosis y la ateroesclerosis de la articulación / Osteoarthritis and atherosclerosis in joint disease

No disponible

Treatment strategy for amyloid hip arthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: The number of hemodialysis patients has been progressively increasing in our country. On the other hand, chronic hip arthropathy associated with long-term hemodialysis is a devastating problems affecting patients' quality of life. In our previous study, we proposed a classification system for radiological abnormalities seen in hemodialysis-related hip lesions. The purpose of the study was to propose the surgical strategy for hip disorders caused by long-term hemodialysis. METHODS: Patients with a history of hemodialysis for more than 10 years, 191 hip lesions in 165 consecutive patients who visited our institute due to hip symptoms. Various abnormalities were identified in 116 out of 191 hips. A retrospective assessment of the patient record and radiographs was performed for the included subjects examining the natural course of the disease process as well as the results of surgical treatment. RESULTS: Seventy-six hip lesions (69.0%) were conservatively managed at the time of the initial visit. Surgeries were performed for 75 hips (64.7%) during the study period. Among those, surgical treatment was indicated for 40 hips at the time of the initial visit. On the other hand, surgeries were performed for 35 hips during the subsequent follow-up period due to progression of the disease process. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis of our surgical experiences by the retrospective chart review, we have established a flowchart of the treatment strategy for chronic hip arthropathy in long-term hemodialysis patients. STUDY DESIGN: This study is retrospective clinical study.

The Diagnosis and Initial Treatment of Patellofemoral Disorders.

Our purpose is to provide simple guidelines for the diagnosis and early care of patellofemoral disorders. Any clinician who treats knee problems, including family practitioners, rheumatologists, orthopedic surgeons, or physical therapists, must know how to make the correct diagnosis, or at least a presumptive diagnosis, at the initial visit. This can avoid unneeded and costly tests, ineffective treatment, and even damaging exercises and unnecessary surgery. The diagnosis of patellofemoral disorders is confusing because they can have many causes. That is, the etiology of patellofemoral disorders is multifactorial. To dispel this confusion and simplify the process, we use a clinical classification based on etiology. Within that framework are 7 key abnormalities or factors that can cause both patellofemoral pain and instability: vastus medialis obliquus deficiency, medial patellofemoral ligament laxity, lateral retinaculum tightness, increased quadriceps angle, hip abductor weakness, patella alta, and trochlear dysplasia. At the initial evaluation, the clinician can assess for these abnormalities through history-taking, physical examination, and standard radiography. Any abnormalities identified, along with their severity, can be used to arrive at a diagnosis, or a presumptive diagnosis, and begin early nonoperative treatment. The clinician does not need magnetic resonance imaging at this point, unless a presumptive diagnosis cannot be made or a more complex problem is suggested.

Shoulder Arthroplasty: Key Steps to Improve Outcomes and Minimize Complications.

Advances in shoulder replacement surgery have allowed for the successful treatment of various shoulder conditions. As the elderly population increases and the surgical indications for shoulder replacement surgery continue to expand, the number of shoulder replacements performed annually will continue to increase. Accordingly, the number of complications also will be expected to increase. Successful shoulder replacement outcomes require surgeons to have a thorough understanding of the surgical indications, surgical technique, and potential complications of the procedure. By reviewing the key aspects of shoulder replacement surgery and focusing on the surgical technique and common complications for both anatomic and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, surgeons can help improve outcomes and minimize complications.

Interobserver Agreement of the Eaton-Glickel Classification for Trapeziometacarpal and Scaphotrapezial Arthrosis.

PURPOSE: To determine whether simplification of the Eaton-Glickel (E-G) classification of trapeziometacarpal (TMC) joint arthrosis (eliminating evaluation of the scaphotrapezial [ST] joint) and information about the patient's symptoms and examination influence interobserver reliability. We also tested the null hypotheses that no patient and/or surgeon factors affect radiographic rating of TMC joint arthrosis and that no surgeon factors affect the radiographic rating of ST joint arthrosis. METHODS: In an on-line survey, 92 hand surgeons rated TMC joint arthrosis and ST joint arthrosis separately on 30 radiographs (Robert, true lateral, and oblique views) according to the (modified) E-G classification. We randomly assigned 42 observers to review radiographs alone and also informed 50 of the patient's symptoms and examination. Information about symptoms and examination was randomized. Interobserver reliability was determined with the s* statistic. Because of the hierarchical data structure, cross-classified ordinal multilevel regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the severity of arthrosis. RESULTS: Shortening the E-G classification to the first 3 stages significantly improved the interobserver reliability, which approached substantial agreement. Providing clinical information to observers marginally improved interobserver reliability. Factors associated with a lower E-G stage for TMC joint arthrosis, among observers who rated the severity of TMC joint arthrosis based on radiographs and clinical information, included female surgeon, practice setting, supervising surgical trainees in the operating room, self-reported number of patients with TMC joint arthrosis typically treated annually, male patient, higher patient age, pain limiting daily activities, and shoulder sign. A self-reported larger number of patients with TMC joint arthrosis treated annually was the only variable associated with a higher modified E-G classification to rate ST joint arthrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that simpler classifications that focus on a single anatomical area are reliable and that surgeon and patient factors can bias interpretation of objective pathophysiology such as radiographic findings. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Diagnostic III.

RESULTS OF HIP ARTHROPLASTY AFTER OSTEOSYNTHESIS OF PROXIMAL FEMUR.

The hip arthroplasty in case of destructive - dystrophic affection is considered as the most effective method, which provided social and home reintegration. A modern science development facilitates to this technique. However, specialists noted that the rate of endoprosthesis complication increased in the patients after osteosynthesis of proximal femur. The authors compared the results of patient's treatment that applied hip arthroplasty methods after osteosynthesis of proximal femur. The main group consisted of 38 patients who underwent hip arthroplasty after osteosynthesis of proximal femur. The control group had 43 patients with hip idiopathic osteoarthrosis, who underwent primary arthroplasty. The endoprothesis replacement was associated with increase of the rate of intraoperative and postoperative complications in the main group of patients. According to the results, given group of patients requires a special approach to diagnostics and treatment.

Discoid Meniscus: Diagnosis and Management.

Discoid lateral meniscus is a common abnormal meniscal variant in children. Detailed history and physical examination combined with an MRI of the knee predictably diagnose a discoid meniscus. The clinical presentation varies from being asymptomatic to snapping, locking, and causing severe pain and swelling of the knee. Because of the pathologic anatomy and instability, discoid menisci are more prone to tearing. Treatment options for symptomatic patients vary based on the type of anomaly, the age of the patient, stability, and the presence or absence of a tear. Improvements in arthroscopic equipment and technique have resulted in good to excellent short-term outcomes for saucerization and repair.

A new classification of peri-articular heterotopic ossification of the hip associated with neurological injury: 3D CT scan assessment and intra-operative findings.

In this paper we propose a new classification of neurogenic peri-articular heterotopic ossification (HO) of the hip based on three-dimensional (3D) CT, with the aim of improving pre-operative planning for its excision. A total of 55 patients (73 hips) with clinically significant HO after either traumatic brain or spinal cord injury were assessed by 3D-CT scanning, and the results compared with the intra-operative findings. At operation, the gross pathological anatomy of the HO as identified by 3D-CT imaging was confirmed as affecting the peri-articular hip muscles to a greater or lesser extent. We identified seven patterns of involvement: four basic (anterior, medial, posterior and lateral) and three mixed (anteromedial, posterolateral and circumferential). Excellent intra- and inter-observer agreement, with kappa values > 0.8, confirmed the reproducibility of the classification system. We describe the different surgical approaches used to excise the HO which were guided by the 3D-CT findings. Resection was always successful. 3D-CT imaging, complemented in some cases by angiography, allows the surgeon to define the 3D anatomy of the HO accurately and to plan its surgical excision with precision.

Development of an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)-based standard set to describe the impact of joint contractures on participation of older individuals in geriatric care settings.

INTRODUCTION: Joint contractures are characterized as impairment of the physiological movement of joints due to deformity, disuse or pain and have major impact especially for older individuals in geriatric care. Some measures for the assessment of the impact of joint contractures exist. However, there is no consensus on which aspects should constantly be measured. Our objective was to develop a standard-set based on the ICF for describing functioning and disability in older individuals with joint contractures in geriatric care settings, giving special emphasis to activities and participation. METHODS: The ICF-based standard set was developed in a formal decision-making and consensus process and based on an adapted version of the protocol to develop ICF Core Sets. These are sets of categories from the ICF, serving as standards for the assessment, communication and reporting of functioning and health for clinical studies, clinical encounters and multi-professional comprehensive assessment and management. RESULTS: Twenty-three experts from Germany and Switzerland selected 105 categories of the ICF component Activities and Participation for the ICF-based standard set. The largest number of categories was selected from the chapter Mobility (50 categories, 47.6%). CONCLUSIONS: The standard set for older individuals with joint contractures provides health professionals with a standard for describing patients' activity limitations and participation restrictions. The standard set also provides a common basis for the development of patient-centered measures and intervention programs. The preliminary version of the ICF-based standard set will be tested in subsequent studies with regard to its psychometric properties.

Update TFCC: histology and pathology, classification, examination and diagnostics.

The TFCC is a crucial stabilizer of the DRUJ. Based on its superficial and deep fibers, the TFCC guarantees unrestricted pronation and supination which is essential for performing sophisticated tasks. The ability to perform complex movements is of uppermost importance for hand function. Therefore, a functional intact TFCC is a prerequisite in this context. The articular disc of the TFCC is a fibrocartilaginous extension of the superficial zone of hyaline articular cartilage which arises from the radius. The peripheral 10-40 % of the TFC is vascularized. Degeneration of the articular disc is common with increasing age. Even though the central part of the articular disc is avascular, potential regeneration of lesions could be detected. The Palmer and Atzei classifications of TFCC lesions are complementary. TFCC innervation is based on different nerves. There is a high variability. A diligent clinical examination facilitates specific tests which help to allocate symptoms to the pathology. Therefore, a thorough clinical examination is not dispensable. Wrist arthroscopy remains the "gold standard" for diagnosing TFCC pathologies despite technical progress in imaging modalities. MR arthrography may have the potential to become a real alternative to wrist arthroscopy for diagnosing TFCC pathologies with technical progress in the future.